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大學(xué)生助學(xué)金申請(qǐng)書范文2022

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為什么常常有同學(xué)托福獨(dú)立寫作跑題或者偏題?其實(shí)歸根結(jié)底都是因?yàn)椴粫?huì)審題導(dǎo)致的。下面小編就和大家分享 想寫好作文要先學(xué)會(huì)審題,希望能夠幫助到大家,來欣賞一下吧。

想寫好作文要先學(xué)會(huì)審題 托福獨(dú)立寫作審題2大誤區(qū)

托福獨(dú)立寫作審題誤區(qū)一 沒注意關(guān)鍵詞

同學(xué)們考寫作考了這么多年,大多數(shù)出題的形式都已爛熟于心,看到題目之后覺得熟悉于是興沖沖提筆就寫,其實(shí),這種看似“熟練”的表象下藏著巨大的隱患——同學(xué)們很有可能因?yàn)榭吹锰於雎阅硞€(gè)決定題目意思的關(guān)鍵詞。例如:

例1:

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only main cause for people’s unhealthy eating habits.

看到這個(gè)題目,同學(xué)們立刻會(huì)開始想,有沒有other reasons for unhealthy habits,想出三條

如:1. People’s tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours;

2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on “endless diets”;

3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever.

綜上所述,advertising is not the only cause.

這個(gè)寫法看起來非常完備,但其實(shí)犯了一個(gè)不起眼卻嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤——題目不是要我們證明it is not the only cause,而是要我們?nèi)プC明it is not the only main cause。多一個(gè)“main”,意思是很不一樣的。如果我們只需要證明it is not the only cause,那么找出other causes即可即例1中的寫法。但是,如果我們要證明it is not the only main cause,就需要證明other causes that we mentioned are also main causes,這就需要在每一段中加上一些專門的說明。或者,更簡(jiǎn)單的辦法是去證明advertising is not even a cause, 直接在每段的末尾加上advertising與該段所論述的unhealthy eating habit無關(guān)的論述即可。If it is not a cause, how can it be the only main cause? 這樣一來,就不用通過證明還有其他main cause來反駁了,事實(shí)上,證明某種cause是main cause還是挺有難度的,因此筆者推薦同學(xué)們用后一種方式進(jìn)行論述。因此,文章還是disagree,而三段的主題句分別應(yīng)該是:

1.People’s tight schedules do not allowthem to eat at regular hours, and it is obvious that they are too busy to be influenced by advertising;

2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on “endless diets”, and this is more like a result of human nature, the pursuit of beauty, but not advertising;

3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever, and it is quite clear that no advertisingencourages them to do so.

例2:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.

看到這個(gè)題目,很多同學(xué)會(huì)可能會(huì)這樣寫:Agree. 1. Students should take more specialized courses (專業(yè)課)in order to be knowledgeable and skillful enough for their future careers(接著開始論述being knowledgeable and skillful的重要性); 2. Participating in internships helps students to have a clearer picture of their vocational development in the future(接著開始論述如果沒有實(shí)過習(xí),在工作的時(shí)候是多么地feel so unprepared); 3. Attending more club activities is an effective way to improve social skills, which are crucial for success both in life and at work(接著開始論述good social skills對(duì)職業(yè)和生活的幫助).

如果不看括號(hào)里的內(nèi)容,僅看主題句,這篇文章是沒有任何問題的。然而,括號(hào)中的論述從嚴(yán)格意義上來講,是不能支持“more”這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子:“我們需要錢”和“我們需要更多錢”在證明的時(shí)候重點(diǎn)是不一樣的。如果證明“我們需要錢”,應(yīng)該詳細(xì)闡述錢的“不可或缺性”,比如生活、學(xué)習(xí)、教育都需要錢;但是如果證明“我們需要更多錢”,重點(diǎn)則應(yīng)該放在“錢不夠”的論述上,證明在學(xué)習(xí)、生活、教育方面的預(yù)算都很緊張。同樣地,上面的題目中僅僅證明Knowledge for careers, field experience and social skills are important是不夠的,事實(shí)上,這些根本不需要證明,需要證明的事情是graduates today are not well prepared in the three aspects. 因此這篇文章應(yīng)該是一篇“抱怨型”的文章,詳細(xì)地去論述學(xué)校工作的不足。參考思路如下:Agree. 1. Many students today complain that they cannot learn practical skills and up-to-date information, for some of their teachers are not qualified enough to teach specialized courses; 2. Since many students are not allowed enough time to participate in internship programs before graduation, they know very little about what their future jobs like; 3. Joining clubs is possible for every college student, yet not every club provide is capable of offering enough opportunities for students to practice their social skills.

同學(xué)們?cè)趯懳恼碌臅r(shí)候一定要注意,學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作不是句型和辭藻的堆砌,整篇文章一定是一個(gè)well-organized system,這個(gè)system中很重要的原則之二就是——1、每個(gè)中間段的topic sentence是用來支持main idea的;2、topic sentence后面的每句話都是用來支持該topic sentence的。在上面的兩個(gè)例子中,大家會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)例1的錯(cuò)誤主要是main idea沒有很好地被topic sentence支持;而例2的錯(cuò)誤在于topic sentence雖然看起來是支持main idea的,但是論述的內(nèi)容可能跟關(guān)鍵詞“more”無關(guān),從而不能有力地支持topic sentences。這些錯(cuò)誤的起因,則是對(duì)題干中關(guān)鍵詞的忽略。

托福獨(dú)立寫作審題誤區(qū)一 關(guān)鍵詞理解不準(zhǔn)確

與忽略關(guān)鍵詞的人不同,有些同學(xué)過于執(zhí)著于關(guān)鍵詞的字面意思,而沒能看出其背后的implication,從而被關(guān)鍵詞限制住思路,無法下筆。比起忽略關(guān)鍵詞,這種錯(cuò)誤更常發(fā)生在細(xì)心且實(shí)力不錯(cuò)的同學(xué)身上,也很值得大家注意。筆者建議,在寫文章的時(shí)候要靈活,不要拘泥于關(guān)鍵詞的字面意思,否則理由很不好想,就算想出來也很難用英文表達(dá)。例如:

例3:

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education.

題目的意思是說,比起投資大學(xué)教育,政府應(yīng)該在小學(xué)教育上投入更多的資金。看到這個(gè)題,同學(xué)們會(huì)有不同的看法,大體來講無非是兩種——認(rèn)為university education應(yīng)該花更多的錢或反之。但是,大家很快會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)證明任何一種觀點(diǎn)都是不容易的。比如說,有些同學(xué)可能會(huì)這樣寫:Agree. 1. Elementary school education involves more students than university education and it requires more money; 2. Colleges and universities have more sponsors than elementary schools so that the government should offer more financial support for the latter.3. Since elementary school education is the cornerstone of university education, it deserves more money from the government.

上面的主題句看起來是沒有問題的,然而在展開的時(shí)候困難重重——個(gè)點(diǎn)里說Pupils的數(shù)量多所以花錢多,這的確是事實(shí),可是pupil人均所需要的經(jīng)費(fèi)卻肯定比university students少,最關(guān)鍵的是,我們并沒有數(shù)據(jù)作為支撐;第二點(diǎn)里說校友或社會(huì)人士的支持使得大學(xué)在財(cái)政方便面比小學(xué)要寬裕的多,然而,這還是一個(gè)沒有數(shù)據(jù)就無法證明的觀點(diǎn);第三點(diǎn)里說elementary school education是university education的基礎(chǔ)所以前者就應(yīng)當(dāng)比后者得到更多的預(yù)算,這是一個(gè)典型的邏輯錯(cuò)誤,因此在段落展開的時(shí)候?qū)?huì)十分困難。A是B的基礎(chǔ)并不意味著要為A花更多的錢??傊?,錢本身就是一個(gè)可以量化的東西,如果真的以錢的多少來寫這道題,在沒有數(shù)據(jù)支持的情況下是很難成文的。許多同學(xué)之所以在寫的時(shí)候覺得自己的文章很牽強(qiáng),就是因?yàn)榘言撐漠?dāng)成了論述題,而大家要知道,論述題都是要會(huì)給出數(shù)據(jù)讓我們來分析的。那么,在沒有數(shù)據(jù)的情況下,這種題目該怎么寫呢?找到money后面的implication很重要。其實(shí),題目并不是要我們?nèi)ビ懻撃姆N教育應(yīng)該花更多的錢,而是讓我們?nèi)?duì)比兩種教育的重要性,自然地,更加重要的教育就應(yīng)該花更多的錢。所以我們可以有以下論述:

(Main idea) I cannot agree that the government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education, because they are equally important.

(Topic sentence) 1. Elementary school education prepares children for college education by teaching them how to learn and what they are supposed to learn.

總而言之,托福獨(dú)立寫作審清題目的關(guān)鍵在于把握好題目中的關(guān)鍵詞,不論是理解錯(cuò)誤還是忽略關(guān)鍵詞都有可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致作文寫跑題。建議大家在開始寫托福獨(dú)立寫作之前先讀題目,找到關(guān)鍵詞,確定透徹理解以后再開始列大綱準(zhǔn)備寫作。

托福寫作:精準(zhǔn)用詞

第一種方法是用一個(gè)單詞代替一組意義相同的單詞,比如:

①用forget(忘記)代替do not remember(沒有記住)

②用ignore(忽視)代替do not pay attention to(不注意)

③用now(現(xiàn)在)代替at this point in time(此時(shí)此刻)

④用because(由于)代替due to the fact that(鑒于下列事實(shí))

第二種方法是省略同義詞或近義詞,比如在下面例句中,形容詞important(重要的)和significant(有重要意義的),就是兩個(gè)同義詞(也可以說是近義詞),我們可以省略important,只保留significant。

①The government project is important and significant.(這項(xiàng)政府計(jì)劃是重要的,有重要意義。)

②The government project is significant.(這項(xiàng)政府計(jì)劃有重要意義。)

第三種方法是在不改變句子含義的前提下,省略所有可以省略的單詞,比如在下面例句中,the cover of the book (書的封面)可以省略成the book cover,is red in color(是紅色的)可以省略成is red。

①The cover of the book is red in color.(書的封面是紅色的)

②The book cover is red.(書的封面是紅色的)

最后我們把這三種方法結(jié)合起來,將一個(gè)冗長(zhǎng)、繞嘴的句子,改寫成一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短、易懂的句子。

①University malls must be accessible and free from congestion in order that students, faculty and employees may have unobstructed passage through those areas of the campus.(校內(nèi)道路必須是便于通行的,不擁堵的,以便讓學(xué)生、教師和職員能夠無阻礙地通過,到達(dá)校園的各處。)

②University malls must be free enough from congestion to allow people to walk through easily.(校內(nèi)道路不應(yīng)當(dāng)擁堵,以便人們順利通行。)

托福寫作:如何避免啰嗦

所謂“言簡(jiǎn)樸實(shí)原則”,就是行文不啰嗦,句子應(yīng)越短越好,如果一個(gè)字能說清楚的,就不要用兩個(gè)字。

例如:At this point in time,we should pull together for our goal. 現(xiàn)在我們應(yīng)該為我們的目標(biāo)團(tuán)結(jié)一致。

這句話中“At this point in time”表示“現(xiàn)在”,我們完全可以用now來代替。

In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office. 他通常喜歡騎單車到辦公室。

很簡(jiǎn)單的一句話,完全可以寫成 He usually likes to ride bike to the office。

平時(shí)我們所說的用詞多樣化和地道并不是體現(xiàn)在這些時(shí)間副詞或者是完全可以簡(jiǎn)化的啰嗦句型上,而是指實(shí)用性極強(qiáng)的詞如動(dòng)詞和形容詞,比如:

Original:Solving trivial problems in the dorm will add your social experience and help you to understand other people's feelings and learn to be kind。

Revised: Solving trivial problems in the dorm will enrich your social experience and help you to understand other people's feelings and learn to be considerate。

add,kind表達(dá)的含義都比較寬泛。 add可以指數(shù)量上的增加,也可以指程度的加強(qiáng),對(duì)于“豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)、增加知識(shí)”這個(gè)意思,用enrich會(huì)使表達(dá)更準(zhǔn)確。

kind從字面意義上講是“好的、善良的”,用kind來形容人無法具體地表現(xiàn)出一個(gè)人的性格特征到底怎樣,原句中是想表達(dá)“考慮周到、體貼入微”的特點(diǎn),要準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)這個(gè)含義應(yīng)選擇considerate。

另外,我們常見的一些累贅用詞表現(xiàn)在句意的理解上。

比如:He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。他有多年經(jīng)商的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

actual是多余的,因?yàn)閑xperience已經(jīng)有actual的意味了。

We assembled(together) all the parts for our radio. 我們裝好收音機(jī)的零件。

assemble本身就有together的意思,因此together是多余的。“平等相處原則”的意思是行文不出現(xiàn)明顯的帶歧視或偏見的字眼,包括男女性別,也要避免區(qū)別,以示“平等”。

例如:

Many businessmen(businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful. 許多商人覺得工作壓力很大。

這句話寫 businessmen或是businesswomen都是不妥當(dāng)?shù)模梢愿臑?business people或 business executives或business managers就可以包括男女了。

當(dāng)然,一些帶有種族偏見的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要盡量避免使用,以免鬧出麻煩。例如:

對(duì)黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用Nigger(用 Black 還可以),禮貌的說法 是Afro-American 或African-American;對(duì)白人不要用Honky(這是黑人罵白人的用字),正確用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;對(duì)猶太人不要用 Hymies,應(yīng)該叫Jewish 或 Jewishpeople;對(duì)越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正確的用法多是Hispanics 或 Latins,不過據(jù)說西班牙人為了維護(hù)自己的文化,倒喜歡別人稱為 Spaniard。



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