獲得GRE寫作滿分要先了解GRE寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),。下面小編就和大家分享如何從評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)入手備考GRE寫作,希望能夠幫助到大家,來欣賞一下吧。
如何從評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)入手備考GRE寫作
GRE寫作滿分要點(diǎn)解析,主要包括以下四點(diǎn):
1、迎合GRE考試評(píng)卷人的評(píng)卷思路:
每個(gè)評(píng)卷人對(duì)你文章的評(píng)閱非常快,不可能對(duì)每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)都很仔細(xì)地去看??忌鷳?yīng)該迎合評(píng)卷人的評(píng)卷思路,用最規(guī)范的結(jié)構(gòu)和最清晰的表達(dá)來體現(xiàn)自己的思路:首段要鮮明地提出觀點(diǎn),中間段落層次要拉開,每段的開始應(yīng)該就是該段的topic sentence。
2、熟練掌握新GRE寫作題庫:
為了達(dá)到公平,ETS公布了它考試的所有寫作題庫,那么為了達(dá)到能和native speaker一起競(jìng)爭(zhēng),考生應(yīng)該在考前對(duì)所有題目都進(jìn)行預(yù)習(xí)(節(jié)約考試時(shí)的審題時(shí)間),并通過100-150個(gè)提綱的寫作了解GRE寫作的一般結(jié)構(gòu),通過30-50篇寫作來練習(xí)自己的寫作思路和表達(dá)。對(duì)題庫中的題目越熟練,對(duì)考試越有利。
3. 新GRE寫作評(píng)分注重三方面
首先,從ETS公布的各分?jǐn)?shù)段評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)看,其評(píng)分主要注重以下三個(gè)方面:①、邏輯分析能力(要求insightful);②、文章的組織(要求well-organized);③、語言能力(要求standard written English; concise; varied structure等)。
4. 盡量提高AI部分的寫作能力而力保AA部分滿分
由于AA的寫作不牽涉自己觀點(diǎn)的展開,只須指出作者邏輯上的漏洞,因此在經(jīng)過訓(xùn)練以后,寫起來并不困難;而AI的寫作需要自己展開自己設(shè)立的觀點(diǎn),不但需要邏輯上的洞察能力,還需要論證觀點(diǎn)的能力,語言組織的能力,因此對(duì)于中國(guó)考生來講比較困難,難以短期內(nèi)有較大提高。
但是這兩個(gè)部分在總分中的權(quán)重是一樣的,因此考生的策略應(yīng)該是盡量提高AI部分的寫作能力而力保AA部分滿分(或高分)。因?yàn)槿绻鸄A部分滿分的話,AI部分只需爭(zhēng)取在4分以上就可以保證整體作文分?jǐn)?shù)在5分以上。
GRE寫作高分范文:北美GRE寫作滿分范文
The following appeared as part of an article in a daily newspaper:
"Most companies would agree that as the risk of physical injury occurring on the job increases, the wages paid to employees should also increase. Hence it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer: they could thus reduce their payroll expenses and save money."
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
GRE首段
This argument states that it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer because by making the workplace safer then lower wages could be paid to employees. This conclusion is based on the premise that as the list of physical injury increases, the wages paid to employees should also increase. However, there are several assumptions that may not necessarily apply to this argument. For example, the costs associated with making the workplace safe must outweigh the increased payroll expenses due to hazardous conditions. Also, one must look at the plausability of improving the work environment. And finally, because most companies agree that as the risk of injury increases so will wages doesn't necessarily mean that the all companies which have hazardous work environments agree.
GRE中間段1
The first issue to be addressed is whether increased labor costs justify large capital expenditures to improve the work environment. Clearly one could argue that if making the workplace safe would cost an exorbitant amount of money in comparison to leaving the workplace as is and paying slightly increased wages than it would not make sense to improve the work environment. For example, if making the workplace safe would cost $100 million versus additional payroll expenses of only $5,000 per year, it would make financial sense to simply pay the increased wages. No business or business owner with any sense would pay all that extra money just to save a couple dollars and improve employee health and relations. To consider this, a cost benefit analysis must be made. I also feel that although a cost benefit analysis should be the determining factor with regard to these decisions making financial sense, it may not be the determining factor with regard to making social, moral and ethical sense.
GRE中間段2
This argument also relies on the idea that companies solely use financial sense in analysing improving the work environment. This is not the case. Companies look at other considerations such as the negative social ramifications of high on-job injuries. For example, Toyota spends large amounts of money improving its environment because while its goal is to be profitable, it also prides itself on high employee morale and an almost perfectly safe work environment. However, Toyota finds that it can do both, as by improving employee health and employee relations they are guaranteed a more motivated staff, and hence a more efficient staff; this guarantees more money for the business as well as more safety for the employees.
GRE中間段3
Finally one must understand that not all work environments can be made safer. For example, in the case of coal mining, a company only has limited ways of making the work environment safe. While companies may be able to ensure some safety precautions, they may not be able to provide all the safety measures necessary. In other words, a mining company has limited ability to control the air quality within a coal mine and therefore it cannot control the risk of employees getting blacklung. In other words, regardless of the intent of the company, some jobs are simply dangerous in nature.
GRE末端
In conclusion, while at first it may seem to make financial sense to improve the safety of the work environment sometimes it truly does not make financial sense. Furthermore, financial sense may not be the only issue a company faces. Other types of analyses must be made such as the social ramifications of an unsafe work environment and the overall ability of a company to improve that environment (i.e。, coal mine)。 Before any decision is made, all this things must be considered, not simply the reduction of payroll expenses.
GRE這篇官方欽定滿分的范文,其最明顯的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于:
1. 字?jǐn)?shù)高達(dá)599words, GRE充分體現(xiàn)了字?jǐn)?shù)為王的判分傾向。
2. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的五段制,首段、GRE末端,中間三段,看上去很美。
3. 沒有陳詞濫調(diào)、GRE滿篇廢話的模板式語言。
只有以上三點(diǎn)離滿分還是很遠(yuǎn)的,GRE之所以SIX,我看更重要的在于,每段各盡其責(zé),既獨(dú)立又統(tǒng)一,形成了完整的ARGUMENT,specifically:
1. 首段再現(xiàn)了原TOPIC的推理過程,GRE并指出其assumptions多有不適;尤其令閱卷人高興的是:首段在最后簡(jiǎn)化羅列了推理中的三個(gè)問題。要知道美國(guó)人就喜歡的作文---總分式,在首段就把三個(gè)ideas羅列出來,然后在中間三段分別展開,先總后分,一目了然。
2. 中一的TS -- “The first issue to be addressed is whether increased labor costs justify large capital expenditures to improve the work environment.”可謂是一針見血,一劍封喉。對(duì)于這樣嚴(yán)重的推理漏洞,如果不首先指出,其argument必然軟弱乏力。此所謂Topic中的 “必削點(diǎn)”,不可不察。
3. 中二的TS – “This argument also relies on the idea that companies solely use financial sense in analysing improving the work environment.”這可謂是劍走偏鋒,獨(dú)辟蹊徑,出人所料。文章竟然批評(píng)了Topic以錢為本經(jīng)營(yíng)理念,提出了要以人為本,這樣寫是有一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn),畢竟這不是Issue。那本文是如何化險(xiǎn)為夷的呢?且看本段最后一句“this guarantees more money for the business as well as more safety for the employees.”我不由得長(zhǎng)舒一口,人家再次回歸了,又回到了Topic中以“Money”為本的推理。
4. 中三的TS – “Finally one must understand that not all work environments can be made safer.”這充分體現(xiàn)了作者不只是坐而論道的arguer,而是關(guān)心其可行性的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者,考慮到方案本身的可行性和局限性。
5. 末端不但對(duì)首段提出的論點(diǎn)做出了重復(fù)性的總結(jié),GRE而且又不厭其煩地把中間三段的ideas一一羅列。如此“啰嗦”估計(jì)令某些同學(xué)略有不齒,但這恰恰是美國(guó)人的最愛,cultural shock了吧?
本文最令我欣賞的地方,GRE就是對(duì)EXAMPLES的運(yùn)用
1. 中間段一,運(yùn)用了“設(shè)例”GRE(假設(shè)的情況),$100 million啦、$5,000了,很幼稚是吧?可美國(guó)人喜歡啊;咱中國(guó)的學(xué)生,尤其是理工科的,喜歡用一些相當(dāng)高深的例子,有沒有想過那些閱卷老師能看懂嗎?尤其是在極短時(shí)間內(nèi),他們IQ又不高,知識(shí)又不多,聯(lián)想又不豐富……
2. 中間段二,運(yùn)用了“具例”GRE(具體的例子),舉一個(gè)婦孺皆知的Toyota例子把想說明的問題統(tǒng)統(tǒng)道出,再次體現(xiàn)出美國(guó)人喜歡淺顯易懂的事例。
3. 中間段三,運(yùn)用了“泛例”GRE(某一類人、團(tuán)體或組織),通過采煤行業(yè)指出了計(jì)劃可行性的所受到的制約,一個(gè)多么質(zhì)樸無華的泛例,充分地考慮到了閱卷老師的理解能力。
以上這一切怎能不讓美國(guó)閱卷者頻頻頷首,GRE嘖嘖稱善呢?他或她手中的筆在紙上劃出了一條美麗的弧線 —— 6
相反,有些中國(guó)學(xué)生,憑借自己繁密的邏輯、GRE淵深的例子和云霧繚繞的行文,每每令那些閱卷者咬唇咂舌,shrug連連,又怎能獲得一個(gè)理想的分?jǐn)?shù)呢?你挑戰(zhàn)了他的智商,他必然報(bào)復(fù)你的分?jǐn)?shù)。
GRE作文寫作技巧之句子擴(kuò)充
很多人苦惱句子寫不長(zhǎng),一句話寫下來才6~7個(gè)詞不到,而且這還是用了前面說的in the first place的用法。怎么辦?
舉個(gè)例子,也通過擴(kuò)充這個(gè)句子來闡述我所謂的寫作的方法。
例子:Firstly, I agree with you.
比如有個(gè)學(xué)生要表達(dá)“首先我同意你”的這個(gè)意思,于是他寫了這句話,再也寫不下去了,不知道怎么辦。
那好,首先,我再重申,不要去用那種很無聊的用in the first place替換firstly,因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)詞都只不過是表達(dá)你下面要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容的邏輯順序,先說哪個(gè)后說哪個(gè),重要但不是最重要的,別人要知道的是你首先要表達(dá)的到底是什么。如果你要想與眾不同點(diǎn)可以把firstly改成primarily?詞就顯得高級(jí)了點(diǎn)。(但對(duì)老外來說差不多就是了)
再者就是重點(diǎn)了,寫一個(gè)句子前你要問自己三個(gè)問題:1)你同意他到什么程度?非常同意,敷衍地同意,還是完全徹底的同意 2)你在哪個(gè)方面同意他?物質(zhì)上,精神上,還是肉體上 3)同意他什么東西?他的意見,思維,行為,還是其他。4)什么樣的意見?In short,當(dāng)你寫到這個(gè)同學(xué)的這個(gè)層面上的時(shí)候,只能說明你有了你要表達(dá)意思的框架,那你要表達(dá)的細(xì)節(jié)呢?相信大家其實(shí)都已經(jīng)想好細(xì)節(jié)了,或者想都不用想心里一下就有譜了,但是因?yàn)槭怯⒄Z,所以大家怕于表達(dá),哪怕是中文也懶于表達(dá),為什么不表達(dá)出來呢!表達(dá)出來不就有字?jǐn)?shù)了嗎!而且把這些細(xì)節(jié)寫出來,你整句話的表達(dá)就非常到位了,讀者也能一下準(zhǔn)確接受到你要表達(dá)的意思和深淺。而且這樣的細(xì)節(jié)本身并不是為了湊字?jǐn)?shù)用的,本來就是一種表達(dá)的需要,別人需要的是從你那里得到盡可能多的細(xì)節(jié)和信息。比如老板問你最近公司財(cái)務(wù)如何,你說還不錯(cuò),老板會(huì)覺得你在敷衍他,因?yàn)槟銢]有告訴他細(xì)節(jié)而他想知道的也是細(xì)節(jié)。同樣的東西,寫一句話你能盡可能得多問自己幾個(gè)問題,多扣那些細(xì)節(jié)出來,那你表達(dá)不就到位了嗎?
根據(jù)這個(gè)思路,我們來擴(kuò)充一下這個(gè)同學(xué)的這句話:
比如說,我首先是完全同意你,再者我在精神上同意你,(可能物質(zhì)上有困難),同意的是你的觀點(diǎn)(可能你的行為我就不同意了),而且你的觀點(diǎn)是獨(dú)特的。這樣一下,細(xì)節(jié)有了,就可以成句了。
Primarily, I totally agree with your unique opinion mentally.
這樣句子就要八個(gè)詞了,而這時(shí)候你只是不帶感情的表達(dá)了你的意思,如果要再帶上感情的表達(dá),不就又有字?jǐn)?shù)又有感情色彩了嗎?這時(shí)候,還有一個(gè)問題,就是agree with其實(shí)還不準(zhǔn)確,沒有力度,或者說不夠細(xì)節(jié)化,沒有一種傾向性強(qiáng)烈的感覺,如果改成support,雖然這個(gè)詞很簡(jiǎn)單,但是明顯比agree with更給人以力度,也更有傾向性,讓人更明白你是支持他的而不僅是同意而已,這就涉及到用詞到位準(zhǔn)確的問題,這在后面的內(nèi)容會(huì)提到。
Primarily, I totally support your unique opinion mentally, whether rightly or wrongly.
不管對(duì)錯(cuò)與否,首先我都在精神上完全支持你獨(dú)特的觀點(diǎn)。
這時(shí)候句子就有12個(gè)詞了,而四六級(jí)的句子一般都在12個(gè)詞左右,這樣的句子不僅字?jǐn)?shù)上夠了,還表達(dá)到位了,何樂而不為呢?
還有是一個(gè)用詞的問題,也是一個(gè)非常大的問題,這就需要大家去積累了,需要去背詞什么的了。
第一,用詞要準(zhǔn)確到位,盡量不要用那些很泛意思的詞,比如說do, is, make, get等
例子:I walk along the river under the moonlight.. (walk,river)
請(qǐng)注意walk這個(gè)詞,讓我們假想你是在忙完一天繁重的工作后,詩情畫意的沿小河走,這時(shí)候walk便不足以表達(dá)你的放松和愜意,用中文說此時(shí)的 walk就是散步,為什么不用amble呢?此時(shí)的amble更能說明你此時(shí)的心情而不僅僅是泛泛的走而已。同樣的道理,river是泛指所有的河流,不分大小粗細(xì),而如果你此時(shí)想那天你走的就是一條小溪而且那時(shí)確實(shí)很浪漫,brook是不是比river更加細(xì)節(jié)化而準(zhǔn)確了呢?當(dāng)然這都是基于你對(duì)詞匯的掌握量和掌握的準(zhǔn)確度有關(guān),所以還是要下苦功夫去讀去背。
所以成句后比較好的是:
I amble along the brook under the moonlight.
我在月光下沿著小溪散步
而用泛詞或者不準(zhǔn)確的表達(dá)會(huì)出現(xiàn)你的表達(dá)不準(zhǔn)確甚至出丑,比如說你擠牛奶,寫了get some milk from cattles,或者make some milk from cattles,翻譯成中文就是從牛那兒搞點(diǎn)牛奶,或者取點(diǎn)牛奶,而且cattle是泛指所有的牛包括公牛和母牛(cow),是不是很可笑而且很不地道,文章自然也大失色彩,讓人判為低級(jí)。
第二,副詞(組)或從句的使用
很多時(shí)候的使用往往可以收到很好的效果。副詞就是形容一個(gè)狀態(tài)或者行動(dòng)的詞,它可以表示程度,情況,方面等等,所以一句話里加上一兩個(gè)副詞很多時(shí)候可以讓表達(dá)更準(zhǔn)確。當(dāng)每句話都用副詞的話,句子不就很千篇一律了?副詞和一些副詞詞組的替換使用可以克服這個(gè)問題。
比如前面的agree with的那個(gè)例子,mentally就很準(zhǔn)確的告訴了別人你同意的是在精神的層面上,物質(zhì)上等等其他的不一定同意,因?yàn)闆]錢或者其他原因,這就限定和細(xì)節(jié)化了你所要表達(dá)的意思的范圍。而如果當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)你已經(jīng)有一句了hastily,而后面那句還要表達(dá)草率的程度時(shí)候,不妨換個(gè)in hasty,這樣詞就避免了重復(fù)。
To sum up, 要準(zhǔn)確的表達(dá)你的意思,一定要做到的兩點(diǎn)就是第一能盡可能多的在句子中填加你要表達(dá)的細(xì)節(jié),這些細(xì)節(jié)表達(dá)了你所到說的意思的程度和范圍等等,第二就是要用詞準(zhǔn)確到位,不要為了湊字?jǐn)?shù)而去湊字?jǐn)?shù),而要想的是最準(zhǔn)確的告訴讀者你所要表達(dá)的所有意思。這也是交流的關(guān)鍵。