古人寫詩，十分講究煉字，常是“吟安一個字，捻斷數(shù)莖須”，“兩句三年得，一吟雙淚流”。下面就古詩的“煉字”藝術(shù)作一點(diǎn)簡要介紹。

The ancients paid great attention to refining words when they wrote poems. They often said "chant an for one word, twist and break several stems and whiskers" and "two sentences for three years, one chant for two tears". Here is a brief introduction to the art of "refining words" in ancient poems.

1、一字傳情。用凝煉的文字表達(dá)豐富的意思。如“不知何處吹蘆管，一夜征人盡望鄉(xiāng)?！保ɡ钜妗兑股鲜芙党锹劦选罚┍M：都。著一“盡”字，寫出了征人思鄉(xiāng)的人數(shù)之多，佇立盼望的時間之長。

1. Word for word. Use condensed words to express rich meanings. If "I don't know where to blow the reed pipe, I'll visit my hometown overnight." (Li Yi, listening to the flute in the city at night) do: all. With a "do" word, wrote the number of homesickness, waiting for the long time.

2、以動襯靜。如“明月松間照，清泉石上流?！保ㄍ蹙S《山居秋暝》）前一句寫詩人所見：朗照的秋月，在松林間仿佛過了濾似的，分外皎潔，投下了斑駁陸離的光影，境界顯得更加寧靜。后一句寫詩人所聞：山泉格外清澈明凈，它在山石上潺潺流淌，似乎還能聽到它的叮咚的流水聲。用清泉流淌反襯“空山”的清幽。

2. Static with dynamic lining. Such as "the bright moon and the pines shine, and the clear spring stone flows upward." (Wang Wei's autumn dusk in the mountain) the poet saw in the previous sentence: the bright autumn moon seems to pass through the filter in the pine forest. It is especially bright, casting mottled light and shadow, making the realm more peaceful. As the poet heard later, the mountain spring is very clear and clear. It flows on the rocks and seems to hear its tinkling sound. With the flow of spring against the "empty mountain" quiet.

3、化靜為動。如“春風(fēng)又綠江南岸，明月何時照我還?！保ㄍ醢彩恫创现蕖罚┻@個“綠”字寫出了春風(fēng)的氣勢、力量和作用，境界開闊，色彩鮮明，給人以春意盎然，生機(jī)勃勃的美感。

3. Turn static into dynamic. Such as "the spring breeze and the South Bank of the green river, when will the bright moon shine on me?" (Wang Anshi's "berthing boat and Guazhou") this "green" character describes the momentum, strength and function of spring wind, which has a broad realm, bright colors, and gives people a sense of spring and vitality.

4、以動寫靜。如“沙上并禽池上瞑，云破月來花弄影?！保◤埾取短煜勺印罚┰卤臼窍鄬o止的，但因?yàn)橛辛嗽频娘h動，將“月”也寫得動起來了。著一“破”字，寫出明月沖破云層的動感。“花”本也是相對靜止的，但著一“弄”字，便將它寫得搖曳多姿起來?！芭弊忠庠邳c(diǎn)明：從云縫中探出頭來的月亮，把月光灑在嬌花上，像給嬌花蒙上了一層輕柔的白紗，晚風(fēng)輕輕地撩撥著含羞帶嬌的花。花在月光的映照下擺弄著嬌羞柔美的倩影。“破”、“弄”兩詞，將云、月、花三種景物都人格化了，富有生命感。

4. Write in motion. For example, "the sand and the pond are closed, and the clouds break the moon to make shadows." (Zhang Xian's "celestial Fairy") the month was relatively static, but because of the floating clouds, the "month" can also be written. With the word "break", write the movement of the moon breaking through the clouds. "Flower" is also relatively static, but with a "Nong" word, it will be swaying up. The word "Nong" is intended to make it clear: the moon protruding from the clouds sprinkles the moonlight on the delicate flowers, like a layer of soft white yarn covering the delicate flowers, and the evening breeze gently stirs up the flowers with shame and delicacy. Flowers in the moonlight under the shadow of playing coquettish soft. The words "break" and "Nong" personify the three landscapes of cloud, moon and flower, which are full of a sense of life.

5、以實(shí)顯虛。以有形顯無形。如“綠楊煙外曉寒輕，紅杏枝頭春意鬧?！保ㄋ纹睢赌咎m花》）“春意”是只可感知，不可聽聞的。春天來了，紅色的杏花擠滿枝頭，詩人就在這幅春景圖上著一“鬧”字，用擬人手法，把它寫活了。這一“鬧”字既是繪景，又是寫情，它不僅描繪了杏花盛開的艷麗景色，還寫出了在春風(fēng)吹拂下，杏枝搖曳，花兒微動的活潑神情。

5. To show emptiness with reality. Visible and invisible. Such as "green poplar smoke outside Xiaohan light, Apricot Branches spring." (Song Qi's Magnolia flower) "spring" can only be felt, not heard. Spring is coming, red apricot flowers are full of branches. The poet wrote the word "Nao" on this picture of spring scenery, using anthropomorphic technique to make it live. This word "Nao" is not only a painting of scenery, but also a painting of sentiment. It not only describes the gorgeous scenery of apricot blossom, but also describes the lively look of the apricot branches swaying and the flowers moving in the spring breeze.

6、以樂襯哀。如“感時花濺淚，恨別鳥驚心?！保ǘ鸥Α洞和罚B語花香，本是令人賞心悅目的景色，花鳥本是娛人之物，但因感時恨別，卻使詩人見了反而淚落心驚。這樣以樂景襯哀情，就使哀情更哀了。

6. Set off sorrow with music. Such as "when feeling splashed tears, hate other birds." (Du Fu's Spring Watch) the singing of birds and the fragrance of flowers are pleasant scenery. Flowers and birds are entertaining things. However, the poet is shocked by the feeling of hate when he sees them. In this way, setting off the sadness with the music scenery makes the sadness more sad.

7、一語顯旨。如“暖風(fēng)熏得游人醉，直把杭州作汴洲?！保稚额}臨安邸》）這兩句表面上是說那些宴樂西湖流連光景的游人，陶醉于香風(fēng)而逍遙自得。實(shí)際上這一“醉”字表明了那些忘懷故國的可恥嘴臉。這些人不但志氣喪失，甚至連骨氣也沒有了。凝聚了作者的感慨和激憤。

7. One word shows purpose. For example, "the warm wind makes tourists drunk, making Hangzhou bianzhou." (Lin Sheng's "the title of Lin'an residence") on the surface, these two sentences say that those tourists who enjoy the scenery of the West Lake enjoy the fragrance and enjoy themselves. In fact, the word "drunk" shows the shameful faces of those who forget their homeland. These people not only lose their ambition, but also their backbone. The author's emotion and indignation are condensed.

“煉字”的方法是多種多樣的，目的是選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)淖盅蹃肀砬檫_(dá)意，鑒賞時須根據(jù)詩意仔細(xì)琢磨體會，體會詩人的“煉字”藝術(shù)。

There are many ways to refine Chinese characters. The purpose is to choose the most appropriate words to express the meaning. When appreciating, we must carefully ponder and experience the poet's art of refining Chinese characters.