雨的功過，不可斷言，只能嘮叨一些細(xì)細(xì)道來
The merits and demerits of the rain can't be asserted. We can only nag some details
詩人眼中的雨是充滿詩情畫意的，然而，大自然的雨卻是變化無窮的，它可以沖毀橋梁，淹沒、破壞莊稼，給人類帶來災(zāi)難。下面，請站在科學(xué)的角度講述雨的別樣情形。
The rain in the poet's eyes is poetic, however, the rain in nature is changeable. It can destroy bridges, submerge and destroy crops, and bring disasters to human beings. Next, please tell us something else about rain from a scientific point of view.
1．講述雨水泛濫成災(zāi)的實(shí)例。
1. Tell the example of rain flooding.
古時的大禹治水，孟加拉國特大水災(zāi)
Dayu flood control in ancient times, great flood in Bangladesh
2．羅列與雨有關(guān)的奇特現(xiàn)象：梅雨、錢雨、泥雨、酸雨等等。說說它們形成的原因以及給人類帶來的災(zāi)害。
2. List the peculiar phenomena related to rain: plum rain, money rain, mud rain, acid rain, etc. Talk about the causes of their formation and the disasters they bring to human beings.
（1）梅雨：
(1) Meiyu:
6月中、下旬至7月上半月的初夏，我國長江中、下游兩岸（或稱江淮流域）至日本南部這一狹長區(qū)域內(nèi)往往有一段連續(xù)陰雨時段，出現(xiàn)頻繁的降水過程，常有大到暴雨。這時，正是江南梅子成熟時期，故稱“梅雨”。古詩“黃梅時節(jié)家家雨，青草池塘處處蛙”生動地描繪了當(dāng)?shù)孛酚昙竟?jié)的自然景象。因?yàn)槊酚昙竟?jié)里空氣濕度大、氣溫高，衣物等容易發(fā)霉，因此也有稱之為“霉雨”的。
From the middle and late June to the early summer of the first half of July, there is a continuous rainy period from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (or the Yangtze Huaihe River Basin) to the south of Japan, which often occurs frequent precipitation process and heavy rain. At this time, it is the mature period of Jiangnan plum, so it is called "Meiyu". The ancient poem "rain at home in Huangmei season, frogs everywhere in green grass pond" vividly depicts the natural scene of local Meiyu season. Because of the high humidity and temperature of the air in the plum rain season, clothes are easy to get moldy, so it is also called "moldy rain".
（2）錢雨：
(2) Qian Yu:
①現(xiàn)象：
Phenomenon:
說到錢雨。人民日報(bào)登載的材料中，敘述“一九四年的一天，蘇聯(lián)高爾基州突然下了一陣帶有大量古老銅錢的雨，人們把這種雨叫做銅錢雨”。而在我們中國，這樣的例子就很不少。據(jù)南北朝時代的任昉在《述異記》一書中載：“周時，咸陽雨錢，終日而絕。”“王莽時，未央宮中雨五銖錢?！?/p>
When it comes to money. In the materials published in the people's daily, it is stated that "one day in 194, there was a sudden rain with a large amount of ancient copper money in Gorky state of the Soviet Union. People call this rain copper money rain". In China, there are many such cases. According to Ren Fang of the northern and Southern Dynasties, in his book the story of differences, "in the Zhou Dynasty, the rain money in Xianyang was cut off all day long." "When Wang Mang was in the Weiyang palace, there was five baht in the rain."
“漢世，穎川民家雨金銖錢。”又據(jù)《宋史》《五行志》載：“紹興二年七月，天下雨錢，或從石甃中流出?！泵鞔摹栋奘穮R編》也有這樣的記載：“成化丁酉六月九日，京師大雨，雨中往往得錢?！笨梢婂X雨并非奇事。
"In the Han Dynasty, Yingchuan people's family had rain, gold and baht." According to the Song History and the five elements annals, "in July of the second year of Shaoxing, it rained money, or it flowed out of the stone cage." The collection of barnyard grass history in Ming Dynasty also has such a record: "on June 9, Chenghua and Dingyou, it rained heavily in the capital and often got money in the rain." It can be seen that Qian Yu is not a miracle.
而且，我們還知道有金雨?！吨駮o(jì)年》載：“夏禹八年夏六月，雨金于夏邑。”后來任昉也寫道：“先儒說：夏禹時，天雨金三日。古詩云：安得天雨金，使賤同如土。是也?！彼凇妒霎愑洝分杏謱懙溃骸爸艹赏鯐r，咸陽雨金。今咸陽有雨金原?！薄皾h惠帝二年，宮中雨黃金、黑錫?！薄皾h世，翁仲儒家貧力作，居渭川，一旦天雨金十斛于其家?！毕筮@樣的金雨不知道外國是否也有。
Besides, we know there is a golden rain. "Bamboo Chronicle" contains: "Xiayu eight summer June, rain gold in Xiayi." Later, Ren Fang also wrote: "the first Confucian said that during the Xia Yu period, it rained for three days. The ancient poem says, "let the sky rain and gold, and let the base be like the earth.". Yes, too. " "When Zhou became king, it rained gold in Xianyang. Now Xianyang has yujinyuan. " "In the second year of emperor Huidi of Han Dynasty, the rain in the palace was golden and black tin." "In the Han Dynasty, wengzhong was a poor Confucian, and lived in Weichuan. Once it rained, the golden tree would be in his home." I don't know if there is such a golden rain in other countries.
還有五谷雨。任昉說：“吳桓王時，金陵雨五谷于貧民家、富者則不雨矣。”照他這么說，好象老天爺居然也會區(qū)別貧富似的。這當(dāng)然是一種附會。宋代劉敬叔的《異苑》
There is also grain rain. Ren Fang said: "when King Huan of Wu Dynasty, the rain in Jinling did not rain for the poor and the rich." According to him, it seems that God can also distinguish the rich and the poor. It's a kind of affiliation, of course. The alien garden by Liu Jingshu in Song Dynasty
又載：“涼州張駿，字公彥，九年天雨五谷于武威、燉煌，植之悉生。”在五谷之中，有降稻米的。如晉代崔豹的《古今注》載：“惠帝三年，桂宮、陽翟俱雨稻米?！币灿薪凳虻?。崔豹又寫道：“宣帝元康四年，長安雨黑黍。”《宋史》《五行志》也說：“元佑三的六月，臨江縣涂井鎮(zhèn)，雨白黍；七月又雨黑黍?！蓖瑯?，《元史》《五行志》載：“至元十一年十月，衢州東北雨米如黍；邵武雨黑黍，如蘆穄；信州雨黑黍，郡邑多有，民皆取而食之。”又有雨粟的。崔豹說：“武帝建元四年，天雨粟。”“宣帝地節(jié)三年，長安雨黑粟?！碑?dāng)然也有雨麥的。晉代張華的《博物志》載：“漢武帝時，光陽縣雨麥?！痹诟鞯乜h志中還有許多同樣的記載，我沒有一一去查閱，這里就不列舉了。
Also recorded: "Liangzhou Zhang Jun, the word Gongyan, nine years of rain in Wuwei, stew Huang, planting all life." Among the five grains, there are those that drop rice. For example, Cui Bao's "ancient and modern notes" in the Jin Dynasty states: "in the third year of emperor Hui, Guigong and Yangzhai have rice." There are also millet. Cui Bao wrote: "in the fourth year of Yuankang, Emperor Xuan, Chang'an rain and black millet." "Song History" and "wuxingzhi" also said: "in June of Yuanyou 3, Dujing Town, Linjiang County, rain and white millet; in July, rain and black millet." In the same way, the history of Yuan Dynasty and the five elements record: "in October of the 11th year of the Zhiyuan Dynasty, rain rice in the northeast of Quzhou was like millet; shaowuyu black millet was like Lushan; Xinzhou rain black millet was mostly found in counties and cities, and people took it and ate it." And rain millet. Cui Bao said, "in the fourth year of Emperor Wu's founding, it rained millet." "Three years of Xuandi Festival, Chang'an rain black millet." Of course, there are also Yumai. Zhang Hua of the Jin Dynasty's "Museum records" contains: "when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Guangyang County Yumai." There are a lot of the same records in the local county annals. I didn't check them one by one, so I won't list them here.
如果只看上面所舉的幾部書，我們還不能完全發(fā)現(xiàn)其他各種下雨的趣聞。其實(shí)二十
If we only read the books mentioned above, we can't find all kinds of other interesting stories about rain. Actually twenty
五史和筆記小說中的材料，多至不可勝數(shù)。隨便再打開《漢書》《五行志》，其中就寫道：“元帝永光二年八月，天雨草，而葉相膠結(jié)，大如彈丸?！边@大概可以叫做草雨吧。
There are countless materials in the five histories and the note novels. Open "Hanshu" and "wuxingzhi" casually, which read: "in August of the second year of Yongguang, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, it rained grass, and the leaves were cemented, as big as bullets." This may be called grass rain.
此外，崔豹還說過：“漢帝永和中，長安雨綿，皆白?！庇终f：“宣帝元康四年，南陽
In addition, Cui Bao also said: "the emperor Yonghe, Chang'an rain cotton, all white." He added: "in the fourth year of Yuankang, Emperor Xuandi, Nanyang
雨豆。”《宋史》《五行志》也載：“元豐二年六月，忠州雨豆；七月甲午，南賓縣雨豆。”這些綿雨、豆雨等等例子可以說明，下雨的時候，能夠隨雨下降的東西還有不少，決不止于我們所說的這一些。
Rain beans. " "Song History" and "wuxingzhi" also contain: "in June of the second year of Yuanfeng, Zhongzhou Yudou; in July Jiawu, Nanbin Yudou." These examples of continuous rain, bean rain and so on can show that when it rains, there are many things that can fall with the rain, not only what we said.
②原因
Reasons for
那末，我們應(yīng)該怎樣解釋這類現(xiàn)象呢？這些是神怪現(xiàn)象嗎？顯然不是。這些現(xiàn)象實(shí)際上都是由旋風(fēng)所引起的。旋風(fēng)又叫做回風(fēng)，古人早已知道它的厲害了。
So, how should we explain this kind of phenomenon? Are these supernatural phenomena? Obviously not. These phenomena are actually caused by cyclones. Whirlwind is also called return wind. The ancients knew it was powerful.
明代《管窺輯要》一書，引唐代天文學(xué)家李淳風(fēng)的話說：“回風(fēng)卒起，而圜轉(zhuǎn)扶搖，有如羊角，向上輪轉(zhuǎn)，有自上而下者，或磨地而起者，總謂之回風(fēng)。”當(dāng)回風(fēng)刮起的時候，飛沙走石，平地而起，直沖到高空中去。因此，地面的東西往往會被刮到天上，刮到很遠(yuǎn)的地方，然后又落到地面上來。這樣就形成了所謂錢雨、金雨等等奇怪的現(xiàn)象。
In the Ming Dynasty, Li Chunfeng, an astronomer in the Tang Dynasty, was quoted as saying: "the return wind blows up, while the circle turns to support the swing, just like a sheep's horn, turning upward, and the top-down or the ground grinds up, which is called the return wind." When the return wind blows, flying sand and rocks, rising from the ground, straight into the air. As a result, things on the ground are often blown to the sky, far away, and then to the ground. In this way, the so-called money rain, gold rain and other strange phenomena are formed.
實(shí)際上這些現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生，道理卻很簡單。
In fact, the reason for these phenomena is very simple.
我們走到郊外曠野去，常?？匆娨魂囆L(fēng)卷起沙土，變成一條黃色的飛龍。據(jù)說，人要是處于這個龍卷風(fēng)的中心，就非常危險(xiǎn)。甚至天上的飛鳥，如果碰上這股龍卷風(fēng)也逃不了。所以，《宋史》《五行志》說：“慶元二年十二月，吳縣金鵝鄉(xiāng)銅錢百萬自飛?！边@當(dāng)然是被旋風(fēng)刮跑了的?！独m(xù)文獻(xiàn)通考》載：明代“洪武八年，庫錢飛。時南臺民家屋上有錢，豎立瓦上，各貫以竹，或得一二十文，皆庫錢也”。明代蔣一葵的《長安客話》也寫道，“涿州舊有塔在桑乾河中，名鎮(zhèn)河塔。嘉靖元年，塔崩，內(nèi)有古錢，皆飛空如蜨?！卑堰@些記載同前面所舉的例子連起來看，問題的真相就表現(xiàn)得非常清楚了。
When we went out to the countryside, we often saw a whirlwind turning the sand into a yellow flying dragon. It is said that people are very dangerous if they are in the center of the tornado. Even the birds in the sky can't escape the tornado. Therefore, "Song History" and "wuxingzhi" said: "in December of the second year of Qingyuan, a million yuan of copper money flew from Jin'e Township in Wu County." Of course, it was blown away by the whirlwind. "General examination of the continued literature" contains: in the Ming Dynasty, "eight years of Hongwu, treasury money flies. At that time, people in Nantai had money in their houses, standing on tiles, each with bamboo, or getting 120 Wen, all with money. ". Jiang Yikui's Chang'an Hakka in Ming Dynasty also wrote that "the old tower of Zhuozhou is in the sangqian River, the famous town river tower. In the first year of Jiajing, when the pagoda collapsed, there was ancient money in it, all of which were flying in the sky When these records are combined with the previous examples, the truth of the problem is very clear.
從下雨的趣聞中，我們不難知道，有許多離奇古怪的現(xiàn)象，只要仔細(xì)研究，其中都有一些道理。因此，我們對于古人遺留下來的各種記錄材料，甚至包括許多神怪記錄在內(nèi)，也不要隨便一概抹殺，而要從中尋找有用的東西。
From the anecdotes of rain, it is not difficult for us to know that there are many bizarre phenomena. As long as we study them carefully, there are some reasons. Therefore, we should not kill all the records left by the ancients, even many gods and monsters, but seek useful things from them.
