作文是英語知識水平的綜合素質(zhì)體現(xiàn)，它要求同學(xué)們既要有扎實的語言基本功，又要具備一定的審題能力、想象能力、表達(dá)能力、評價能力及書法排版能力。因為基本功不扎實，多數(shù)同學(xué)在作文時總會出現(xiàn)這樣或者那樣的問題，例如，文體不符、詞匯誤用、句子單一等，造成作文的得分較低，影響了總的英語成績。因此，作文能力不強(qiáng)一直是同學(xué)們比較普遍的問題。其實歸結(jié)起來，作文“缺鈣”一共有四類癥狀，深入地剖析這些癥狀，就能找到作文偏科的根本原因，同時寫作時適當(dāng)?shù)靥子靡恍┠０澹o寫作能力“缺鈣”的同學(xué)好好進(jìn)補(bǔ)。

Composition is the comprehensive quality of English knowledge. It requires students to have not only solid basic language skills, but also certain examination ability, imagination ability, expression ability, evaluation ability and calligraphy typesetting ability. Because the basic skills are not solid, most students always have some problems in their composition, for example, inconsistent style, misuse of vocabulary, single sentence, etc., which results in low scores in composition and affects the overall English scores. Therefore, the ability of composition is not strong has been a common problem for students. In fact, there are four kinds of symptoms in the composition "calcium deficiency". If we analyze these symptoms thoroughly, we can find the root cause of the partial composition. At the same time, we can apply some templates properly to supplement the students who are "calcium deficient" in writing ability.

癥狀一文體格式混亂

Symptom style disorder

【表現(xiàn)】 讀了作文要求之后，提筆就寫——明明要求寫一封表達(dá)建議的書信，結(jié)果寫成了議論文;或者明明要求寫說明文，偏偏寫成了記敘文;或者總算文體沒有弄錯，結(jié)果寫通知誤用日記的格式，寫書信又誤用通知的格式。

[performance] after reading the requirements of composition, write when writing - clearly ask for a letter to express suggestions, and the result is written as argumentative paper; or clearly ask for clear text, but it is written as narrative; or the final style is not wrong, and the result is that the notice is written in the format of diary, and the letter is written in the format of notice.

【癥結(jié)】 平時缺乏作文文體方面的針對性訓(xùn)練，對英語作文的幾種常用文體及其相應(yīng)的寫作格式不熟悉，拿到寫作材料習(xí)慣性地對寫作要求一掃而過，提筆就寫自己最熟悉的格式。

[crux] there is a lack of targeted training in writing style at ordinary times. I am not familiar with several commonly used English writing styles and their corresponding writing formats. When I get the writing materials, I will habitually sweep through the writing requirements and write the most familiar format.

【突破之道】明確文體和對應(yīng)格式

[the way of breakthrough] clear style and corresponding format

常用文體有記敘文、說明文、議論文還有應(yīng)用文等。近幾年的高考書面表達(dá)多以應(yīng)用文為主，提供的形式多以圖畫、提綱、表格出現(xiàn)，書寫的格式大都是書信、通知。所以，同學(xué)們應(yīng)該掌握書信的稱呼、開頭、正文、結(jié)尾、簽名等方面，另外，口頭通知和書面通知的不同要清楚?？傊瑢W(xué)們應(yīng)根據(jù)寫作提示分析材料，明確寫作文體和其相應(yīng)的格式。

The common styles are narrative, expository, argumentative and practical. In recent years, the written expression of college entrance examination is mainly applied, and the forms provided are mostly pictures, outlines and forms. The written forms are mostly letters and notices. Therefore, students should master the address, beginning, text, end, signature and other aspects of the letter. In addition, the difference between oral notice and written notice should be clear. In a word, students should analyze the materials according to the writing tips, and make clear the writing style and its corresponding format.

癥狀二 時態(tài)人稱混亂

Symptom two tense person confusion

【表現(xiàn)】 作文時，時態(tài)和人稱運(yùn)用混亂——時態(tài)方面，要么整篇文章都是一種時態(tài)(以一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時居多)，要么就是一段甚至一句話中出現(xiàn)三種以上的時態(tài);人稱方面，要么文章開頭是第一人稱，寫到文中甚至文末就成了第二、第三人稱，要么前面是單數(shù)人稱，寫著寫著就變成復(fù)數(shù)人稱。

[performance] in composition, tense and person use are confused - in terms of tense, either the whole article is a kind of tense (most of which are general present tense and general past tense), or there are more than three kinds of tenses in a paragraph or even a sentence; In terms of person, either the first person at the beginning of the article, or the second or third person at the end of the article, or the singular person at the front, or the plural person when it is written.

【癥結(jié)】 英語基礎(chǔ)知識不牢固，對英語中時態(tài)和人稱所代表的含義及其運(yùn)用掌握不足，因此無法根據(jù)文體來選擇正確的時態(tài)和人稱而濫用或者混用。

[crux] the basic knowledge of English is not solid, and the meaning and application of tense and person in English are not well grasped, so it is impossible to choose the correct tense and person according to the style and abuse or mix them.

【突破之道】 明確時態(tài)和人稱

[the way of breakthrough] clear tense and person

同學(xué)們要根據(jù)選好的文體和寫作內(nèi)容確定時態(tài)和人稱。一般來說，記人敘事多用一般過去時;發(fā)布通知多用一般將來時和祈使句式;發(fā)表議論大多用帶有情態(tài)動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時;人物介紹、現(xiàn)狀說明常用一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在完成時。定準(zhǔn)時態(tài)后接下來一定要知道各時態(tài)的構(gòu)成及用法要點(diǎn)，但要記住，寫作時時態(tài)并不唯一，要依據(jù)表達(dá)內(nèi)容而選定正確的時態(tài)。人稱方面則要注意前后統(tǒng)一，避免出現(xiàn)前后人稱屬性或者單復(fù)數(shù)不一致的情況。

Students should determine the tense and person according to the selected style and writing content. Generally speaking, the general past tense is often used to record people's narratives; the general future tense and imperative sentence patterns are often used to issue notices; the general present tense with modal verbs is mostly used to issue comments; the general present tense and present perfect tense are commonly used in character introduction and current situation explanation. After the tense is fixed, we must know the composition and main points of usage of each tense, but we should remember that the tense is not unique in writing, and we should choose the right tense according to the content of expression. In the aspect of person, we should pay attention to the unity of the former and the latter, so as to avoid the inconsistency between the former and the latter.

癥狀三 詞匯運(yùn)用混亂

Symptom three vocabulary confusion

【表現(xiàn)】 經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)亂用詞語的現(xiàn)象，同時使用一些較難的、較長的、用法不熟悉的單詞，或者明明用一些簡單的詞匯就能夠很清楚地表達(dá)意思，偏偏要選擇一些難度較大的、不常用的表達(dá)方式。

[expression] there is often a phenomenon of misuse of words. At the same time, some difficult, long and unfamiliar words can be used, or some simple words can clearly express the meaning, but it is necessary to choose some difficult and uncommon expressions.

【癥結(jié)】 寫作時對文章的脈絡(luò)把握不足就匆匆下筆，對其中所需的詞匯和常用表達(dá)方式理解記憶不牢固。平時練習(xí)時，習(xí)慣性地忽略一些形式簡單但用途較廣泛的基本詞匯和表達(dá)方式，喜歡選擇復(fù)雜的詞匯和表達(dá)方式。

[crux] when writing, if you don't grasp the context of the article, you can write in a hurry, and you can't understand and remember the words and common expressions you need. In normal practice, we habitually ignore some basic words and expressions which are simple in form but widely used, and like to choose complex words and expressions.

【突破之道】確定所需主要詞匯和所用表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu)

[breakthrough] determine the main vocabulary and expression structure

應(yīng)該根據(jù)文章體裁和內(nèi)容逐個確定寫作要點(diǎn)。對于圖畫和圖表可在草稿紙上用中文列出并理清要點(diǎn)，然后選詞造句，要注意語言的準(zhǔn)確得當(dāng)，力求用最簡潔的話表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確的意思。同時，平時寫作要多進(jìn)行發(fā)散思維，例如，是用verysorry還是terriblysorry，是surprised還astonished。同學(xué)們應(yīng)學(xué)會盡可能避免使用較高級的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯，如非謂語動詞、復(fù)合句等，以免造成過失性失分。

The main points of writing should be determined one by one according to the style and content of the article. For pictures and charts, you can list and sort out the main points in Chinese on the draft paper, then choose words and sentences, pay attention to the accuracy and appropriateness of the language, and strive to express the accurate meaning in the simplest words. At the same time, in normal writing, divergent thinking should be carried out more often, for example, whether to use veriysory or terriblysory, whether to use surprised or astonised. Students should learn to avoid using advanced grammatical structures and vocabulary as much as possible, such as non predicate verbs and compound sentences, so as not to cause negligent loss of points.

癥狀四語序句序混亂

Disorder of four word order of symptoms

【表現(xiàn)】 作文的語序、句序混亂，通常這里寫一點(diǎn)，跳過去又另起一點(diǎn)，這樣造成要么文章洋洋灑灑一大篇卻全是廢話，沒有中心和重點(diǎn)，什么都沒有表達(dá)清楚;要么通篇沒有適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡詞、句，整篇文章一“逗”到底，密密麻麻讓人找不著北。

[performance] the word order and sentence order of a composition are disordered. Usually, one point is written here, and another point is skipped. As a result, either the article is full of nonsense, without center and focus, and nothing is expressed clearly; or the whole article is full of inappropriate transitional words and sentences, and the whole article "teases" to the end, which makes people unable to find the north.

【癥結(jié)】 平時練習(xí)時不注意表達(dá)的連貫性，想到哪里就寫到哪里，寫作之前沒有列提綱的習(xí)慣，不去深入思索怎樣表達(dá)才能達(dá)到最好的效果，從而造成整篇文章邏輯思維混亂，層次不清晰。

[crux] in normal practice, we don't pay attention to the consistency of expression, write where we want to, and don't have the habit of outlining before writing, and don't think deeply about how to express to achieve the best effect, thus causing the logical thinking confusion and unclear level of the whole article.

【突破之道】 整理成篇 行文連貫

[the way to break through] make a coherent passage

同學(xué)們應(yīng)該根據(jù)寫作內(nèi)容列好簡要提綱，分清文章的層次，確定詳略，寫好的單句要重新排列組合起來，使之前后連貫成一篇完整的文章。同時選用恰當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞或句子使文章過渡自然，行文流暢。另外，該分段時要分段，這樣文章才能中心突出，一目了然，整篇作文才能如行云流水般整齊劃一。

Students should make a brief outline according to the writing content, distinguish the levels of the article, determine the details, and rearrange the single sentences to make them coherent into a complete article. At the same time, choose the appropriate Related words or sentences to make the passage natural and fluent. In addition, this section should be divided so that the article can be central and clear at a glance, and the whole composition can be as neat and uniform as flowing clouds.