A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly1 dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous2 a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency3 of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal4 chords would be inadequate5 without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm-two entirely6 different movements.

　　Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly7 in tune8. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed9 not to sound like percussion10, and each overlapping11 tone has to sound clear.

　　This problem of getting clear texture12 is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.

　　Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly13 at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.