【導(dǎo)語】芬芳襲人花枝俏,喜氣盈門捷報(bào)到。心花怒放看通知,夢(mèng)想實(shí)現(xiàn)今日事。喜笑顏開憶往昔,勤學(xué)苦讀最美麗。繼續(xù)揚(yáng)鞭再向前,前途無量正燦爛。愿你前途無量,考入理想院校。以下是
【文章一】
The teacher allows too much noise in the classroom
那位老師聽任教室內(nèi)有過分的嘈雜聲。
He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing.
他應(yīng)該知道,警察是不會(huì)允許這種事情的。
The dogs have greater freedom too,for they are allowed to wander outside their enclosure.
那些狗也有了較大的自由,因?yàn)樵试S它們?cè)跂艡谕饷娴教幣芘堋?/p>
而permit又不包含allow的這樣一層含義:克制著自己不去禁止,而allow卻不包含permit的這樣的含義:同意或者默許
We do not allow (or permit) gambling.
我們不允許賭博;
grant 所表示的“允許”包含這樣的意思:上級(jí)就下級(jí)的要求,把自認(rèn)為是一種恩惠或權(quán)利給予別人
He requested that the premier grant him an internview.
他要求那位總理接見他一次。
Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a call-box.
獲得了許可后,一名警察陪他來到公用電話亭。
composed of men of the same nationality or who spoke a common language.
法令指出連隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)當(dāng)盡可能地由同一民族的人或操同一語言的人組成
lift raise elevate
都含“舉起”的意思。
lift 指“用體力或機(jī)械力把某物從地面舉到一定的高度”,如:
She can lift a pail of water from the ground.
她能把一桶水提起來。
raise 與Lift 可換用,但著重“垂直高舉”或“將物件由較低處移至較高處的適宜位置,以發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的作用”,如:
raise a flag.
升旗。
elevate 指“提高(嗓子、思想等)”,如:
Good reading elevates the mind.
閱讀好書可使思想高尚。
lift,raise,rear,elevate,hoist 這組動(dòng)詞的一般含義是“提起”,“舉起”。
lift 強(qiáng)調(diào)“提升很重的或者抬起比較重的東西”,當(dāng)用于比喻時(shí),可以指雄偉高大的建筑物或大山的“高聳入云”
The dish now had to be lifted vertically because one edge was resting against the side of the canal.
現(xiàn)在必須垂直著提升餡餅盤,因?yàn)楸P的一邊靠在運(yùn)河的側(cè)面上。
raise 在用于“提升”的意義時(shí),可包含費(fèi)力也可能不包含費(fèi)力,但總帶有“垂直”提升的意思;在用于比喻時(shí),可以表示喂羊家畜、家禽,照料農(nóng)作物的生長(zhǎng),募集資金,抬募軍隊(duì),養(yǎng)育兒童等
…there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom……。
當(dāng)從海底提上來一只箱子時(shí),船上出現(xiàn)了極為興奮的場(chǎng)面。
Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another.
我們的牧師老是在為這樁或那樁事募款。
rear和raise在文學(xué)語言中?;Q使用。在表示養(yǎng)育兒童時(shí),rear 為美國(guó)南方各州慣用詞
She bore three children and reared (or reaised) two of them.
她生過三個(gè)孩子,養(yǎng)大了兩個(gè)。
【文章二】
elevate 一般具有l(wèi)ift和raise的含義,但elevate 常用于抽象概念的提高,如“提高文學(xué)鑒賞力”,“提高情操”等
Good reading elerates the mind.
讀好書可以提高情操。
hoist 尤指“以機(jī)械提升重物”
The cargo was soon hoisted into the ship.
貸物很快就被吊進(jìn)船艙。
change,alter,vary,modify這組動(dòng)詞的一般含義是“改變”或“變化”。
change 是通用詞,它有兩層基本含義:“變”和“換”?!白儭笨梢灾负驮瓉淼臉幼踊蛐再|(zhì)稍有不同,也可以指有本質(zhì)的差異。
At first,she decided to go to the police,but fearing that she would never see Rastus again-the letter had made that quite clear-she changed her mind.
起初,她決定去警察局,但是她由于擔(dān)心再也見不到拉斯特斯了-那封信說得相當(dāng)清楚-她改變了主意。
He then changed into overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman.
然后他換上工裝褲,作為清潔工人度過接下去的八小時(shí)。
alter 所表示的“改變”只是細(xì)節(jié)的,或外表的變化,并不表示本質(zhì)的改變。如:把一件衣服改小一些或只把衣袖稍放肥一些,但衣服的式樣仍然不變,這時(shí)用alter便很確當(dāng)
He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be alltered.
他可以溫和地指責(zé)一個(gè)官員,或者甚至建議議會(huì)修改法律條款。
vary 一般表示轉(zhuǎn)換、變易、增生所致的“變化”或“不同”
The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint.
他所采取的行動(dòng),根據(jù)怨言的性質(zhì),而有所不同。
modify 主要用來表示有局限性的“改變”,當(dāng)用于事物時(shí),它所表示的“改變”,在程度上要大于 alter,在用于人的態(tài)度時(shí),它僅僅表示略加修飾,并不含有很大的變化
The industrial revolution modified the whole structure of English society.
工業(yè)革命變革了英國(guó)的整個(gè)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)。
【文章三】
remain stay
都指“繼續(xù)停留”或“繼續(xù)保持某種狀態(tài)、關(guān)系或行動(dòng)?!?/p>
remain 常可與stay 互換,但它強(qiáng)調(diào)“繼續(xù)停留于一處或保持原狀態(tài)、情況性質(zhì)而不改變”,如:
This place remains cool all summer.
這個(gè)地方整個(gè)夏天都涼爽。
stay強(qiáng)調(diào)“某人[物]繼續(xù)留在原地而不離開”,如:
He stayed to see the end of the game.
他一直呆到比賽結(jié)束
ability,capacity,faculty,talent,skill,competence,aptitude
These nouns denote the qualities in a person that permit or facilitate achievement or accomplishment.
這些名詞都表示某人具有取得進(jìn)步或成功的素質(zhì)。
Ability is the power,mental or physical,to do something:
Ability 是指智力或體力上具有做某事的能力:
“To make a fortune some assistance from fate is essential. Ability alone is insufficient”
(Ihara Saikaku)。
“要致富,光靠能力是不夠的,還得看機(jī)遇” (伊哈拉。塞科古)。
【文章四】
Capacity refers to an innate potential for growth,development,or accomplishment:
Capacity 指天賦的,如生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)展或成功的潛力:
“Not by age but by capacity is wisdom acquired” (Plautus)。
“智慧的獲得是依靠才能而不是年齡” (普洛提斯)。
Faculty denotes an inherent power or ability:
Faculty 指內(nèi)在的力量或能力:
An unerring faculty for detecting hypocrisy is one of her most useful attributes.
能無誤地看出偽善的能力是她身上最有用的特征之一。
Talent emphasizes inborn ability,especially in the arts:
Talent 強(qiáng)調(diào)天生的才能,尤其是在藝術(shù)方面:
“There is no substitute for talent. Industry and all the virtues are of no avail”
(Aldous Huxley)。
“勤奮及其他的品質(zhì)都不能彌補(bǔ)天分的不足” (阿爾多斯。赫胥黎)。
Skill stresses ability that is acquired or developed through experience:
Skill 強(qiáng)調(diào)由經(jīng)驗(yàn)而獲得或發(fā)展的能力:
“The intellect,character and skill possessed by any man are the product of certain original tendencies and the training which they have received”
(Edward L. Thorndike)。
“任何人的知識(shí)、性格和能力都是由起初的興趣加上后來接受的訓(xùn)練而得到的?!?愛德華L.桑戴克)。
Competence suggests the ability to do something satisfactorily but not necessarily outstandingly well:
Competence 指能做到使人滿意但并不一定特別出眾的能力:
The concerto was performed by a violinist of unquestioned competence but limited imagination.
小提琴家所演奏的協(xié)奏曲毫無疑問是出色的,但是缺乏想像力。
【文章五】
Aptitude implies inherent capacity for learning,understanding,or performing:
Aptitude 暗指內(nèi)在的學(xué)習(xí)、理解和表演的才能:
Even as a child he showed an unusual aptitude for mathematics.
甚至孩童時(shí)他就顯露出非同一般的數(shù)學(xué)才能
形容詞 complete 和 perfect 雖然都有“完全的”含義,但并非同義詞,在許多情況下它們只是詞義相近而已。
complete 的含義是“完整無缺的”、“圓滿的”
He is a complete stranger to me.
我一點(diǎn)也不認(rèn)識(shí)他。(可以和 perfect 換用)
Before long,the noise dropped completely
不久,那轟鳴聲就完全消失了。
perfect 不僅可表示“完整無缺”、“完全”或“純粹”,而且含有“完美無缺”、“勻稱”或“健全”的含義,總之它可以表示“盡善盡美”。由上可見,perfect 可以表示 complete 的含義,而 complete 只能表示 perfect 的一部分含義。 但是,a complete stranger 和 a perfect stranger 沒有什么差異,complete happiness 和 perfect happiness 都表示了“美滿的幸?!?。
But as they soon discovered,disguises can sometimes be too per fect.
正象他們不久就發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣,化裝效果有時(shí)可能太完美無缺了。
It is a perfect alibi.
這完全是在開脫罪責(zé)。
It's a perfect stranger here.
我在這里完全是個(gè)陌生人。(可以換用 complete)
注:perfect 的同義詞有 whole,entire; complete 的同義詞有 full,plenary.