Unit 1
According to the new school of scientists，technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.(71)Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.(72)“In short”，a leader of the new school contends，“the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”
(73)Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo，Newton，Maxwell，Einstein，and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to，and derived great benefit from，craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.
The centerpiece of the argument of a technologies，genius no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’ s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy，an astronomer of the second century，whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.(74)Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story，according to the new school of scientists，was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.
Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.(75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
Unit 2
The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting，classifying，assigning，or promoting students，employees，and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books，magazines，the daily press，and even in Congress.(71)The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools，with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable，meaningless，or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades，research productivity，sales records，or whatever is appropriate.(72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned，the skills he has developed，or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has，qualitatively，the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.(73)Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
(74)In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined. Properly used，they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized，but there are many things they do not do.(75)For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
Unit 1 翻譯題解：
71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
Science moves forward, they say, / not so much through the insights of great men of genius / as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.
第二、句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：
not so much through... as because of... 與其……倒不如…… 因?yàn)?/p>
not so much... as 是個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是說so和as后面應(yīng)該兩個(gè)詞的意思應(yīng)該相同，所以多義介詞through的意思應(yīng)該等于
because of 因?yàn)?，由于?/p>
第三、詞的處理：
the insights of great men of genius是后面帶定語的名詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)，后置定語的順序應(yīng)該在漢語翻譯中應(yīng)該倒過來，即從后往前翻譯為：天才偉人的真知灼見。
more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool這是結(jié)構(gòu)是介詞like短語做定語修飾中心詞
more ordinary things，也是先翻譯定語，再翻譯中心詞：像改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等更為普通的東西。
they say插入語，按照漢語習(xí)慣，翻譯時(shí)放在句首。
完整的譯文：
71)他們說，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼見，不如說源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等更為普通的東西。
72) In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, / was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments / that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.
第二、句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：
1)系表結(jié)構(gòu)：the scientific revolution... was largely...
2) that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，先行詞是the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments
第三、詞的處理：
In short 簡而言之
the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments (詞性轉(zhuǎn)換)一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用
expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction 直譯：在難以計(jì)數(shù)的方向擴(kuò)大了科學(xué)的范圍
完整的譯文：
72)新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅(jiān)持說：簡而言之，我們所謂的科學(xué)革命，主要是指一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用，而這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用使科學(xué)發(fā)展無所不及。
73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分為三段：
Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation / have largely been ignored / by historians and philosophers of science.
第二、句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)簡單的被動(dòng)語態(tài)句：
tools and technology...have largely been ignored by ...主語部分有一個(gè)themselves反身代詞as a source of fundamental innovation介詞短語做定語
第三、詞的處理：
Over the years 多年來
philosophers of science 科學(xué)思想家們
完整的譯文：
73)工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉多年來在很大程度上被歷史學(xué)家和科學(xué)思想家們忽視了。
74) Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
Galileo's greatest glory was / that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens / to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.
第二、句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：
1)系表結(jié)構(gòu)Galileo's greatest glory was that...
2)不定式短語作定語結(jié)構(gòu)the first person to turn...
3)動(dòng)詞+賓語從句作目的狀語to prove that...
第三、詞的處理：
turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens (介詞on譯成動(dòng)詞)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對準(zhǔn)天空
rather than 而不是
完整的譯文：
74)伽利略的最光輝業(yè)績在于他在1609年第一個(gè)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對準(zhǔn)天空，以證實(shí)行星是圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)而不是圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn)的。
75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa / often depends on the issue / of which is seen as the driving force.
第二、句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：
1)表示選擇意思的從句Whether the Government ...or ...究竟是……還是……作句子的主語，謂語和賓語是depends on the issue
2)of which是賓語the issue的定語從句。
第三、詞的處理：
increase the financing of pure science 增加對純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入
at the expense of technology 減少對技術(shù)經(jīng)費(fèi)的投入
the driving force 動(dòng)力，驅(qū)動(dòng)力量
完整的譯文：
75)政府究竟是以減少對技術(shù)經(jīng)費(fèi)的投入來增加對純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動(dòng)力量。
Unit 2 翻譯題解：
71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, / critics divert attention from the fault / that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
第二、句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：簡單句加for引導(dǎo)的原因狀語。后面的that引導(dǎo)的是定語從句。
第三、詞的處理：
The target 根據(jù)上下文，這里特指標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試
divert attention from 原義是把注意力引開，引申為沒有注意到
lies with在于
ill-informed 不甚了解
incompetent users(詞性轉(zhuǎn)換)使用不當(dāng)
完整的譯文：
71)把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試作為抨擊的目標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樵谂険暨@類測試時(shí)，批評者沒有注意到測試的弊病在于使用測試的人對測試不甚了解或使用不當(dāng)。
72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
How well the predictions will be validated by later performance / depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom / with which it is interpreted
第二、句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：
1) How well...引導(dǎo)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)是主語從句，How well是主語從句中的狀語前置，depends是句子謂語
2) depends后面兩個(gè)介詞短語作并列賓語upon...and on...
3) the information used是名詞+定語
4) with which it is interpreted定語從句，先行詞是the skill and wisdom，代詞it指代the information
第三、詞的處理：
be validated by 為……所證實(shí) depends upon 取決于
reliability 可靠性 appropriateness 適應(yīng)性 interpreted 解釋
完整的譯文：
72)這些測試在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適應(yīng)性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。
73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation / depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity / and upon such factors as cost and availability.
第二、句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Whether to use..., or both...引導(dǎo)主語從句depends是句子謂語，upon... and upon...是并列結(jié)構(gòu)的雙賓語。
第三、詞的處理：
Whether to..., or 是……還是……
both 指代前句的tests, other kinds of information
in a particular situation 在某一特定情況下
therefore 因此 the evidence from experience 經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)concerning 與……有關(guān)的comparative validity 相對效度 such factors as... 諸如……等因素
完整的譯文：
73)因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測試還是其他種類的信息，或是兩者兼用，須憑有關(guān)相對效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)而定，也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和有無來源等因素。
74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為四段：
In general, the tests work most effectively / when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined / and least effectively / when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1) 主干結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)排比句the tests work most effectively when...and least effectively when...2) 連詞when引導(dǎo)的是狀語從句，意思是當(dāng)……的時(shí)候，從句中都是被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。
3) what is to be measured or predicted是第二個(gè)從句的主語。
第三、詞的處理：
In general 一般的說work most effectively 最為有效
be most precisely defined 很精確界定measured 測定
完整的譯文：
74)一般的說，當(dāng)所要測定的特征能很精確界定時(shí)，測試最為有效;而當(dāng)所要測定或預(yù)測的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測試的效果則最差。
75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1)主干結(jié)構(gòu)是并列句they do not compensate for..., and thus do not tell...
2) how able是表語前置，正常語序是：... youngster might have been how able
3)最后一個(gè)句子是虛擬語氣句的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等于If he had grown up...
第三、詞的處理：
they 指示代詞，測試compensate for 彌補(bǔ)gross social inequality 明顯的社會(huì)不公and thus 因此tell 說明underprivileged 貧困的、物質(zhì)條件差的under more favorable circumstances 在較好的環(huán)境下
完整的譯文：
75)例如，測試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公，因此它們不能說明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長的話，會(huì)有多大才干。
