Unit 3
The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.(71)Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some，however，are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take，by persons in authority，act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.(72)This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted，however，that from time to time，questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.(73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
This kind of support，like all government support，requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straight forward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science，but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally，the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.(74)However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects.(75)New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.
Unit 4
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful，ground-clearing way to start.(71)Actually，it isn’t，because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.
On one view of rights，to be sure，it necessarily follows that animals have none.72)Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore，animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd，for exactly the same reason，so is the idea that tigers have rights. However，this is only one account，and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance，to infants，the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition，it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “I don’t like this contract?”
The point is this without agreement on the rights of people，arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.(73)It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset :it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another，more fundamental question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it.(74)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect，extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.
This view，which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood，may seem bravely “l(fā)ogical.” In fact it is simply shallow: the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others interests against one s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough，for most，to engage sympathy.(75)When that happens，it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
Unit 3 翻譯題解：
71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分為三段：
Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. / Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science / being to some extent self-accelerating.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1) 主干結(jié)構(gòu)是對比句Some... are... reasonable results of... Others are reasonable consequences of...
2) particular advances后面有多重定語in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
第三、詞的處理：
are... results of 是……的結(jié)果，來自于social needs 社會需求
to some extent 在一定程度上self-accelerating 自我加速
完整的譯文：
71) 在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來自社會需求，另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。
72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分為三段：
This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion / that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment / cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1) 主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主句+ when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語，when = at that time當(dāng)時，那時。
2) 第一個that從句是主句賓語the conclusion的同位語。
3) that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment是定語從句中的主語從句4) cannot generally be foreseen in detail是賓語從句的謂語。
第三、詞的處理：
trend 趨勢came to the conclusion 得出結(jié)論the specific demands 具體要求make of 向……提出scientific establishment 科研機構(gòu)in detail 詳盡
完整的譯文：
72)這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時一些國家的政府得出結(jié)論：政府向科研機構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。
73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分為三段：
This seems mostly effectively done / by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals / but of possible consequence in the future.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1) 主干結(jié)構(gòu)是系詞+過去分詞+被動賓語：This seems mostly effectively done by...
2) research后面是雙重定語not related to... but of...由此斷定related to意思等于of
第三、詞的處理：
This (主語代詞要譯出來)這一問題done 解決not related to 與……無關(guān)immediate goals 當(dāng)前目標(biāo)possible consequence 可能的影響
完整的譯文：
73) 給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無關(guān)但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研以支持，看來通常能有效地解決這一問題。
74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分為三段：
However, the world is so made / that elegant systems are in principle unable to / deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1)主干結(jié)構(gòu)是the world is so... that...
2) some后面有多重定語of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
第三、詞的處理：
elegant systems (精美的)完美的體系in principle 一般而言deal with 解決，處理aspects 原義是方面，聯(lián)系上下文譯成課題，問題
完整的譯文：
74) 然而，世界就是如此，完美的體系一般而言是無法解決世界上某些更加引人入勝的課題的。
75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future / as they have in the past, / giving rise to new standards of elegance.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1)as well as和，以及，連接兩個并列主語，must arise作句子謂語
2)as they have in the past方式狀語，as就像是……，同……一樣
3)giving rise to...表示伴隨狀語。
第三、詞的處理：
New forms of thought 新的思維方式new subjects for thought 新的思維對象
arise 出現(xiàn)giving rise to 給出，產(chǎn)生，帶來new standards of elegance 完美的新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
完整的譯文：
75) 同過去一樣，將來必然會出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
Unit 4 翻譯題解：
71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分為三段：
Actually, it isn't, because it assumes / that there is an agreed account of human rights, / which is something the world does not have.
第二、句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主從復(fù)合句。
1)because引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句
2)that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，從句中是存在句結(jié)構(gòu)there is an agreed account of human rights,3)which從句的先行詞是human rights，something后面是定語從句the world does not have.第三、詞的處理：
Actually 事實上 it主語代詞，根據(jù)上下文意思這種問法，這種說法，isn't后面省略的詞應(yīng)該是so或true an agreed account 約定的看法，共同的認(rèn)識 human rights 人的權(quán)利，人權(quán)
完整的譯文：
71)事實并非如此，因為這種問法是以人們對人的權(quán)利有共同的認(rèn)識為基礎(chǔ)的，而這種共同認(rèn)識并不存在。
72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分為三段：
Some philosophers argue / that rights exist only within a social contract, / as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1)主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主從復(fù)合句：Some philosophers argue that...
2)that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句
3)as part of...是賓語從句中的rights的主語補足語。
第三、詞的處理：
argue 論證a social contract 社會契約
as part of 作為(是)……的一部分entitlements 利益，權(quán)利
完整的譯文：
72)有些哲學(xué)家論證說，權(quán)利只存在社會契約中，是責(zé)任與利益相交換的一部分。
73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分為三段：
It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: / it invites you to think that animals should be treated / either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是：
1)it invites you to think that...后面是賓語從句。
2) animals should be treated either with..., or with...要么……要么…… 是表示選擇的方式狀語
3)the consideration后面的humans extend to other humans是定語。
第三、詞的處理：
leads ...to extremes 引向極端at the outset 從一開始invites you to think 使人們認(rèn)為consideration 關(guān)切，體諒humans extend to other humans 人對待人
完整的譯文：
73)這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個極端，它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)這樣對待動物：要么像對人類自身一樣關(guān)切體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。
74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分為三段：
Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, / extremists of this kind think / that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1)主干結(jié)構(gòu)是現(xiàn)在分詞短語狀語，主語+謂語+賓語從句。Arguing from...現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語。
2) the view和后面的從句that...是同位語關(guān)系
3) that...引導(dǎo)賓語從句。
第三、詞的處理：
Arguing from the view 從……觀點看，持……觀點different from... 與……不同in every relevant respect 在各相關(guān)方面extremists 極端主義者，持極端觀點的人
lie outside the area of moral choice 不在道德問題范圍，與道德取舍無關(guān)
完整的譯文：
74)這類人持極端看法，認(rèn)為人與動物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，對待動物無須考慮道德問題。
75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分為三段：
When that happens, it is not a mistake: / it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, / an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
第二、句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個復(fù)合句：
1)When...是前一個復(fù)合句的時間狀語
2)instinct后面的介詞短語for moral reasoning in action是它的定語
3)that...是定語從句，修飾先行詞an instinct，從句中是被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)，表示選擇。
第三、詞的處理：
that (代詞作主語)聯(lián)系上下文譯為這種反應(yīng)mankind's instinct for moral reasoning 人類道德觀念推理的本能in action 起作用rather than 而不
完整的譯文：
75)這種反應(yīng)并不錯，這是人類用道德觀念進行推理的本能在起作用，這種本能應(yīng)得到鼓勵而不應(yīng)遭到嘲弄。
