【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】芬芳襲人花枝俏，喜氣盈門捷報(bào)到。心花怒放看通知，夢(mèng)想實(shí)現(xiàn)今日事。喜笑顏開憶往昔，勤學(xué)苦讀最美麗。繼續(xù)揚(yáng)鞭再向前，前途無(wú)量正燦爛。努力備考，愿你前途無(wú)量,考入理想院校。以下是

　　

　　【第一篇】

　　“健康老齡化” 

　　successful ageing / aging

　　healthy ageing / aging

　　老齡化，寫成 ageing(英式英語(yǔ))和 aging(美式英語(yǔ))都可以。在寫作中，請(qǐng)大家統(tǒng)一用其中的一種拼法，不要在同一篇作文里面出現(xiàn)兩種拼法。

　　“健康老齡化”，國(guó)際上最專業(yè)的提法是 successful ageing，大家寫成 healthy ageing 也是可以的，國(guó)外很多針對(duì)老年人的保健養(yǎng)生網(wǎng)站都是用 Healthy ageing，但是世衛(wèi)組織的官方提法是 successful ageing。

　　關(guān)鍵詞破解：“老人” 用英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)?

　　older adults

　　senior citizens

　　old population

　　the aged

　　the old

　　old people(該表達(dá)正確，但是不建議，太業(yè)余)

　　下面就健康老齡化這個(gè)主題，從原因及現(xiàn)狀、內(nèi)涵與定義、目的與舉措這三個(gè)方面給大家總結(jié)了實(shí)用表達(dá)和萬(wàn)能句。

　　老齡化的原因及現(xiàn)狀

　　1. The population in China is ageing rapidly.

　　這是 “中國(guó)人口正在迅速老齡化” 之最最言簡(jiǎn)意賅、舉重若輕的寫法。一定要學(xué)會(huì)。

　　2. People all over the world are living longer, but their chances of spending these later years in good health and well-being vary within and between countries.

　　前半句描述現(xiàn)象，后半句順勢(shì)指出問(wèn)題。行云流水大抵如此。

　　3. The substantial increases in life expectancy at birth achieved over the previous century, combined with medical advances, escalating health and social care costs, and higher expectations for older age, have led to international interest in how to promote a healthier old age and how to age “successfully.”

　　幾個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)并列起來(lái)作句子主語(yǔ)，一下子就把人口老齡化的原因總結(jié)得太凝練了有木有!

　　4. For too many, old age brings a high risk of social isolation and poverty, with limited access to affordable, high-quality health and social services.

　　5. Strong public policies are thus needed to ensure that positive trends can be sustained and the benefits of a longer life can extend to everyone regardless of where they live or the socioeconomic group they belong to.

　　6. For older adults, life was no longer based on ego or endeavors. Life was different.

　　這個(gè)句子可以用在作文的最后一句，意猶未盡，回味無(wú)窮。

　　7. Today, older adults are experiencing on average better overall health, lower disability rates, and greater economic security than previous generations, due in part to key national programs such as Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid. However, older adults often encounter challenges to their physical, mental, cognitive, and social health.

　　此句條理清楚、邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，想賣弄實(shí)力寫長(zhǎng)難句的學(xué)霸必背。

　　健康老齡化的定義

　　1. Never has there been such a spotlight on older adults, and we can use this moment to redefine what it means to experience healthy aging in China.

　　這是一個(gè)很棒的過(guò)渡句，用于老齡化的原因和現(xiàn)狀后，定義之前，無(wú)縫銜接，自然過(guò)渡。

　　2. Successful aging refers to physical, mental and social well-being in older age.

　　這句話簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)用好操作，學(xué)霸學(xué)渣都要收!

　　3. Recent studies emphasize the importance of adaptation and emotional well-being in successful aging. New data suggests that for most senior citizens, subjective quality of life is more important than the absence of disease and other objective measures relating to physical and mental health.

　　4. There are a few investigations into older people's views of what is successful ageing. Their definitions include mental, psychological, physical, and social health; functioning and resources; life satisfaction; having a sense of purpose; financial security; learning new things; accomplishments; physical appearance; productivity; contribution to life; sense of humour; and spirituality.

　　面版本的“健康老齡化”定義。

　　5. Additionally, recent studies have shown that for most senior citizens, subjective quality of life is strongly tied with psychosocial protective traits such as resilience, optimism, and mental and emotional status.

　　健康老齡化的目的與舉措

　　1. Therefore, all sectors must be engaged in planning for the opportunities of a growing population of older adults to ensure people are not only adding years to life, but life to years.

　　2. One important outcome of the conference was the administration's announcement of the evelopment of a report to advance healthy aging with a national strategy.

　　3. The Strategy’s aim is to increase the length of people’s lives and ensure their lives are healthy and productive.

　　此句地道實(shí)用有好記，必收。

　　4. The vision of the Strategy is working together to improve the health and quality of life for individuals, families, and communities by moving the country from a mindset focused on sickness and disease to one based on prevention and wellness.

　　學(xué)會(huì)了嗎，提到“目的、目標(biāo)” 不要老是用 goal，試試 vision。vision 是什么意思?vision 就是“愿景”!

　　5. A person's ability to interact with others has been consistently viewed as vitally important to successful aging.

　　6. Many researchers have believed that social relationships have become the single most important factor in measuring a person's psychological well-being or happiness.

　　7. These healthy aging actions were identified based on a review of the scientific literature and consultation with experts in the fields of aging and public health, as well as experts from medical fields.

　　【第二篇】

　　請(qǐng)大家在 50 分鐘之內(nèi)，按醫(yī)學(xué)博士英語(yǔ)統(tǒng)考作文部分的要求完成下面的作文。

　　Part V Writing (20%)

　　Directions: In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.

　　濫用抗生素的危害

　　抗生素濫用已成為世界范圍內(nèi)公共衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域的重大問(wèn)題。除污染環(huán)境、威脅人體健康外，因產(chǎn)生耐藥性而出現(xiàn)的 “超級(jí)細(xì)菌”，是目前最令人擔(dān)心的問(wèn)題。

　　開發(fā)一個(gè)新藥一般需要 10 年左右時(shí)間，而一代耐藥菌的產(chǎn)生往往只需要兩年。抗生素濫用情況加重，最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致“超級(jí)細(xì)菌”橫行。按照目前耐藥情況的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，我國(guó)很有可能成為最先陷入超級(jí)細(xì)菌頻生、最終無(wú)抗生素可用境地的國(guó)家之一。因?yàn)榧?xì)菌變異速度太快，一些國(guó)家不得不通過(guò)政府出資來(lái)推動(dòng)解決這一問(wèn)題。

　　專家說(shuō)，盡管地表水中抗生素的濃度比醫(yī)用劑量低得多，但長(zhǎng)期不間斷地排放，會(huì)污染地下水和土壤，進(jìn)而污染食物。人和動(dòng)物置身其中，很可能感染耐藥菌。

　　有關(guān)資料顯示，截至 2017 年我國(guó) 7 歲以下兒童因?yàn)椴缓侠硎褂每股卦斐啥@的數(shù)量多達(dá) 30 萬(wàn)人，占耳聾兒童總數(shù)的 30%～40%，而一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家卻只占 0.9%。

　　據(jù)調(diào)查，農(nóng)村是抗生素濫用的重災(zāi)區(qū)，不論是養(yǎng)殖業(yè)還是醫(yī)療用藥，都普遍存在盲目使用抗生素的問(wèn)題。濫用抗生素會(huì)損傷肝腎，產(chǎn)生不良反應(yīng)，導(dǎo)致人體菌群失調(diào)免疫力下降。

　　一般說(shuō)來(lái)，濫用抗生素有四大危害。

　　第一，毒副作用。

　　是藥三分毒，應(yīng)嚴(yán)格遵照醫(yī)囑服藥，切不可盼復(fù)心切，擅自加大抗菌藥物 (包括抗生素和人工合成的抗菌藥，如氟哌酸) 的藥量，否則很可能損傷神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、腎臟、血液系統(tǒng)。尤其是對(duì)肝腎功能出現(xiàn)異常的患者，更要慎重。需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，輕度上呼吸道感染選用口服抗生素即可，但很多人卻選擇了靜脈輸液，這無(wú)形中也增加了出現(xiàn)副作用的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

　　第二，過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。

　　多發(fā)生在具有特異性體質(zhì)的人身上，其表現(xiàn)以過(guò)敏性休克最為嚴(yán)重。青霉素、鏈霉素都可能引發(fā)，其中青霉素最常見也更為嚴(yán)重。過(guò)敏反應(yīng)嚴(yán)重時(shí)可能致命。

　　第三，二重感染。

　　當(dāng)用抗菌藥物抑制或殺死敏感的細(xì)菌后，有些不敏感的細(xì)菌或霉菌卻繼續(xù)生長(zhǎng)繁殖，造成新的感染，這就是 “二重感染”。這在長(zhǎng)期濫用抗菌藥物的病人中很多見。因此治療困難，病死率高。

　　第四，耐藥

　　由于細(xì)菌的進(jìn)化永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)停止，因而對(duì)任何抗生素都會(huì)有產(chǎn)生耐藥性的可能?？咕幬锏臑E用正讓我們付出巨大的代價(jià)，藥品不良反應(yīng)、藥源性疾病大量增加，越來(lái)越多的細(xì)菌對(duì)抗藥品的能量不斷增大，例如幽門螺旋桿菌，對(duì)喹諾酮類藥品的耐藥性，已經(jīng)升至百分之八十二。而且由于藥物長(zhǎng)期刺激，使一部分致病菌產(chǎn)生變異、成為耐藥菌株。這種耐藥性既會(huì)被其他細(xì)菌所獲得，也會(huì)遺傳給下一代?！俺?jí)細(xì)菌” 很大程度上就是抗菌藥物濫用催生出來(lái)的。如果這種情況繼續(xù)惡化下去，很可能使人類面臨感染時(shí)無(wú)藥可用的境地。

　　第一，關(guān)于作文的標(biāo)題，記住兩點(diǎn)：

　　如果中文原文有標(biāo)題，那我們的作文也應(yīng)該擬一個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)的英文標(biāo)題;

　　英文標(biāo)題中，除了介詞，其他所有單詞都應(yīng)首字母大寫。

　　之前給大家預(yù)測(cè)的抗生素濫用這篇文章的中文標(biāo)題是 “濫用抗生素的危害”，那么用英文我們可以寫成：

　　Hazards of Antibiotic Abuse

　　這個(gè)標(biāo)題中，hazards 也可以寫成 dangers。

　　　  到了考場(chǎng)上，遇到關(guān)鍵詞不會(huì)寫也不要慌，要想辦法變通，abuse(濫用)這個(gè)詞不會(huì)，用 overuse(過(guò)度使用)來(lái)替代，確實(shí)意思有偏差，比較勉強(qiáng)，但是如果我們 overuse 的在后面追加一個(gè) misuse(亂用)，即 overuse and misuse 聯(lián)手，大體上也敵得過(guò) abuse 了。

　　第二，下面，就抗生素濫用(antibiotic abuse)這個(gè)主題，從定義、現(xiàn)狀、原因、危害、舉措這個(gè)五個(gè)方面為大家整理了實(shí)用的、可套用的句子。這些句子全部選自主流外媒，嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、地道。

　　定 義

　　Antibiotic misuse, sometimes called antibiotic abuse or antibiotic overuse, refers to the misuse or overuse of antibiotics, with potentially serious effects on health.

　　It is a contributing factor to the development of antibiotic resistance, including the creation of multidrug-resistant bacteria, informally called "super bugs", which can develop resistance to multiple antibiotics and cause life-threatening infections.

　　現(xiàn) 狀

　　Antibiotic resistance is one of the world's most pressing health problems. According to a recent survey, up to one-third to one-half of antibiotic use in humans is unnecessary or inappropriate.

　　The rapid emergence of resistant bacteria is occurring worldwide, endangering the efficacy of antibiotics, which have transformed medicine and saved millions of lives. Many decades after the first patients were treated with antibiotics, bacterial infections have again become a threat.

　　Antibiotics are drugs used for treating infections caused by bacteria. Also known as antimicrobial drugs, antibiotics have saved countless lives. Misuse and overuse of these drugs, however, have contributed to a phenomenon known as antibiotic resistance. This resistance develops when potentially harmful bacteria change in a way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of antibiotics.

　　Antibiotics have been commonly available since the 1940s, and have done wonders at saving patients with infections ranging from pneumonia to sexually spread diseases. But bacteria have increasingly gained the power to shrug off antibiotics.

　　原 因

　　The overuse of antibiotics — especially taking antibiotics even when they're not the appropriate treatment — promotes antibiotic resistance. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, up to one-third to one-half of antibiotic use in humans is unnecessary or inappropriate.

　　Experts say chances of resistance increase when antibiotics are not used long enough or are taken for the wrong reasons, allowing bacteria to survive and adapt.

　　Livestock producers routinely give antibiotics to animals to make them grow faster or help them survive crowded, stressful, and unsanitary conditions. When these drugs are overused—by humans or animals—some bacteria become antibiotic-resistant, threatening the future effectiveness of these medicines. Public-health officials say antibiotic resistance is one of the leading human health threats of our time.

　　There has been massive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. The most abundant use of antimicrobials worldwide are in livestock; they are typically distributed in animal feed or water for purposes such as disease prevention and growth promotion.

　　Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics and insufficient infection control in health care facilities can contribute to drug resistance and put patients at risk for deadly infections, like C. difficile-associated diarrhea.

　　危 害

　　Overuse is one reason antibiotics are losing their punch, making infections harder to treat.

　　Frequent and inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause bacteria or other microbes to change so antibiotics don’t work against them. This is called bacterial resistance or antibiotic resistance. Treating these resistant bacteria requires higher doses of medicine or stronger antibiotics. Because of antibiotic overuse, certain bacteria have become resistant to even the most powerful antibiotics available today.

　　Antibiotic resistance is a widespread problem, and one that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) calls "one of the world's most pressing public health problems." Bacteria that were once highly responsive to antibiotics have become more and more resistant. Among those that are becoming harder to treat are pneumococcal infections (which cause pneumonia, ear infections, sinus infections, and meningitis), skin infections, and tuberculosis.

　　In addition to antibiotic resistance, overusing antibiotics can lead to other problems. Antibiotics kill many different bacteria, even the good ones that help keep the body healthy. Sometimes taking antibiotics can cause a person to develop diarrhea due to a lack of good bacteria that help digest food properly. In some cases, bad bacteria, like Clostridium difficile (or C diff), may overgrow and cause infections.

　　舉 措

　　Now more than ever is the time for public health authorities and health care facilities to work together. Health departments, track and alert health care facilities to drug-resistant outbreaks in their area. Health care facilities, work with public health authorities to share information about antibiotic-resistant germs and C. difficile to stop their spread.

　　With effective infection control and antibiotic stewardship efforts, we could save 37,000 lives over five years.

　　【第三篇】

　　請(qǐng)大家在 50 分鐘之內(nèi)，按醫(yī)學(xué)博士英語(yǔ)統(tǒng)考作文部分的要求完成下面的作文。中途不得查詞典、不得百度，要模擬自己是在考試，逼一逼自己，寫不出來(lái)也要硬寫。

　　Part V Writing (20%)

　　Directions: In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.

　　流感與普通感冒的區(qū)別

　　流感是由流感病毒引起的，經(jīng)飛沫傳播的急性呼吸道傳染性疾病。早春，由于氣候變化比較大，早晚溫差大，人體不能完全適應(yīng)氣候的變化，容易感冒。同時(shí)，春天天氣轉(zhuǎn)暖，氣溫回升明顯，萬(wàn)物復(fù)蘇，病毒、細(xì)菌等病原微生物也活躍起來(lái)，所以，在冬春交替的時(shí)候，比較容易患上流感。那么流感與普通感冒有什么區(qū)別呢?

　　第一，兩種疾病的病原體不同。普通感冒，俗稱 “傷風(fēng)”，是由多種病毒引起的，其中相當(dāng)部分是由某種血清型的鼻病毒引起。流感由流感病毒引起，流感病毒包括甲型、乙型和丙型三種;普通感冒可由多種病原體引起，如鼻病毒、腺病毒、細(xì)菌及支原體等，一般人在受涼、雨淋、過(guò)度疲勞后，因抵抗力下降時(shí)容易發(fā)病。

　　第二，兩種疾病的表現(xiàn)癥狀不同。與流感相比，普通感冒主要表現(xiàn)為打噴嚏、流鼻涕等上呼吸道癥狀，全身癥狀較輕，不發(fā)熱或僅有低熱，一般 3 至 5 天痊愈。流感的表現(xiàn)全身癥狀較重，突然畏寒、發(fā)熱、頭痛、全身酸痛、鼻塞、流涕、干咳、胸痛、惡心、食欲不振，嬰幼兒或老年人可能并發(fā)肺炎或心力衰竭。中毒型流感病人則表現(xiàn)為高熱、說(shuō)胡話、昏迷、抽搐，有時(shí)可以導(dǎo)致人死亡。

　　第三，流感與普通感冒的傳染性不同。流感病毒存在于病人的呼吸道，在病人咳嗽、打噴嚏時(shí)經(jīng)飛沫傳染給別人，流感的傳染性很強(qiáng)，由于這種病毒容易變異，即使是患過(guò)流感的人，當(dāng)下次再遇上流感流行，仍然會(huì)感染，所以流感容易引起暴發(fā)性流行。普通感冒較流感傳染性要弱得多，往往是個(gè)別出現(xiàn)，很少像流感流行那樣病人成批大量出現(xiàn)。

　　第四，流感與普通感冒的流行特點(diǎn)不同。流感的流行有明顯的季節(jié)性和周期性，常易發(fā)生暴發(fā)、流行甚至大流行。流行季節(jié)常在某些局限的范圍，如社區(qū)或單位發(fā)生暴發(fā);當(dāng)新的亞型產(chǎn)生時(shí)則可出現(xiàn)大流行甚至世界性大流行，如目前流行的甲型 H1N1 流感。普通感冒只是個(gè)別散發(fā)出現(xiàn)。

　　第五，流感有季節(jié)性和周期性。在溫帶和寒溫帶地區(qū)，流感的流行通常發(fā)生在冬春季，而在熱帶和亞 熱帶地區(qū)，則更多是在夏季流行。大流行時(shí)季節(jié)性不明顯。由于甲型流感病毒抗原的易變性、人類對(duì)流感免疫的不持久性及流感疫苗的有限性，致使流感流行呈現(xiàn)周期特點(diǎn)，一般 3 至 4 年一次小流行，10 至 15 年一次大流行。乙型、丙型流感周期性不明顯。

　　第六，在一定條件下，流感可能大流行或暴發(fā)。當(dāng)流感病毒發(fā)生變異產(chǎn)生新的亞型時(shí)，由于人群普遍缺乏免疫力，可以發(fā)生跨越一省、一國(guó)、一個(gè)大洲，乃至遍及全世界的流行，稱為大流行或世界大流行。在流感流行季節(jié)經(jīng)常會(huì)發(fā)生在一個(gè)局部地區(qū)或單位，特別是學(xué)校和托幼機(jī)構(gòu)，短時(shí)間內(nèi)突然有很多人發(fā)病稱為暴發(fā)。

　　第七，選擇藥物的不同。在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，很多人認(rèn)為只要患了流感或普通感冒就要使用抗菌藥物治療，其實(shí)不然?？咕幬飳?duì)病毒無(wú)效，濫用抗菌藥物不但不能帶來(lái)治療效果，還會(huì)導(dǎo)致大量耐藥菌株出現(xiàn)。一般而言，普通感冒時(shí)除非出現(xiàn)黃膿鼻涕或黃痰，并伴有發(fā)熱，不宜自行服用抗菌藥物;在明確有細(xì)菌感染或有并發(fā)癥時(shí)，需在醫(yī)生的指導(dǎo)下選擇抗菌藥物。

　　第八，治療基本原則不同。普通感冒，目前尚無(wú)特殊抗病毒藥物，該病為自限性，病程多在 1 周左右，無(wú)嚴(yán)重癥狀者可不用或少用藥，以對(duì)癥處理、休息、忌煙、多飲水、保持室內(nèi)空氣流通、防治繼發(fā)細(xì)菌感染為原則。如后期并發(fā)細(xì)菌感染，可根據(jù)病原菌選用敏感的抗菌藥物。常選青霉素、第一代頭孢菌素、大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類或氟喹諾酮類。堅(jiān)持有規(guī)律的適合個(gè)體的體育活動(dòng)、增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)、勞逸適度、生活規(guī)律，是預(yù)防普通感冒的方法。

　　第九，預(yù)防措施不同。普通感冒，沒(méi)有預(yù)防用疫苗。流感，接種流感疫苗是防控有效手段。需強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，對(duì)流行性感冒要做到早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早報(bào)告、早隔離和早治療。

　　  答案及范文例句和寫作思路

　　無(wú)論這個(gè)主題的作文怎么出，有一些核心的東西總是必須要掌握的，比如“流感”這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞怎么寫，比如怎么描述癥狀，如何治療、診斷和預(yù)防，比如怎么和普通感冒進(jìn)行對(duì)比等等。

　　關(guān)鍵詞破解：“流感” 和 “普通感冒” 用英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)?

　　流感：influenza，或 the flu

　　普通感冒：the common cold，或 the cold

　　“流感和普通感冒的區(qū)別” 可以寫成:

　　the difference between influenza and the common cold

　　今天的內(nèi)容分成三塊：

　　第一，流感相關(guān)的英文表達(dá)，包括定義、癥狀、并發(fā)癥、高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群、預(yù)防、診斷和治療。

　　第二，普通感冒相關(guān)的英文表達(dá)，包括定義、癥狀、高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群、病因等。

　　第三，流感和普通感冒的區(qū)別。

　　第一部分：流感 Key Facts About Influenza (Flu)

　　1. 流感的定義

　　Influenza (the flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It can cause mild to severe illness. Serious outcomes of flu infection can result in hospitalization or death. Some people, such as older people, young children, and people with certain health conditions, are at high risk of serious flu complications.

　　2. 流感的癥狀

　　People who have the flu often feel some or all of these signs and symptoms that usually start suddenly, not gradually:

　　Fever* or feeling feverish/chills

　　Cough

　　Sore throat

　　Runny or stuffy nose

　　Muscle or body aches

　　Headaches

　　Fatigue (very tired)

　　Some people may have vomiting and diarrhea, though this is more common in young children than in adults.

　　* It’s important to note that not everyone with flu will have a fever.

　　3. 流感的并發(fā)癥(Complications)

　　The flu is dangerous because it can quickly lead to serious complications such as bronchitis and pneumonia, and even death. It can also make chronic conditions such as asthma and congestive heart failure worse.

　　4. 流感高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群(People at High Risk from Flu)

　　People at high risk for developing serious flu complications include young children, people over 65, pregnant women and those with chronic health conditions such as asthma, diabetes or heart and lung disease.

　　5. 流感的預(yù)防

　　In terms of flu prevention, the best defense against the flu is to get vaccinated. Experts also recommend everyday preventive actions, such as staying away from people who are sick, covering coughs and sneezes and frequent handwashing, to help slow the spread of germs that cause respiratory illnesses.

　　6. 流感的診斷

　　It is very difficult to distinguish the flu from other viral or bacterial causes of respiratory illnesses on the basis of symptoms alone. There are tests available to diagnose flu.

　　7. 流感的治療

　　There are influenza antiviral drugs that can be used to treat flu illness.

　　第二部分：關(guān)于普通感冒 Key Facts About The Common Cold

　　1. 普通感冒的定義 What is the common cold(or the cold)?

　　The common cold is the most widespread acute respiratory tract illness affecting all age groups. Many types of viruses can cause a common cold.

　　2. 普通感冒的癥狀(Symptoms)

　　Symptoms of a common cold usually appear one to three days after exposure to a cold-causing virus. Signs and symptoms, which can vary from person to person, might include:

　　Runny or stuffy nose

　　Sore throat

　　Cough

　　Congestion

　　Slight body aches or a mild headache

　　Sneezing

　　Low-grade fever

　　Generally feeling unwell (malaise)

　　3. 普通感冒的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群

　　Children younger than six are at greatest risk of colds, but healthy adults can also expect to have two or three colds annually.

　　Most people recover from a common cold in a week or 10 days. Symptoms might last longer in people who smoke. If symptoms don't improve, see your doctor.

　　4. 普通感冒的病因 Causes

　　Although many types of viruses can cause a common cold, rhinoviruses are the most common culprit.

　　A cold virus enters human body through one's mouth, eyes or nose. The virus

　　can spread through droplets in the air when someone who is sick coughs, sneezes or talks. It also spreads by hand-to-hand contact with someone who has a cold or by sharing contaminated objects, such as utensils, towels, toys or telephones.

　　5. 普通感冒的并發(fā)癥 Complications

　　Acute ear infection (otitis media).

　　Asthma. A cold can trigger an asthma attack.

　　Acute sinusitis. In adults or children, a common cold that doesn't resolve can lead to inflammation and infection of the sinuses (sinusitis).

　　Other secondary infections. These include strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis), pneumonia, and croup or bronchiolitis in children. These infections need to be treated by a doctor.

　　第三部分：普通感冒和流感的區(qū)別

　　The Difference between the Common Cold and the Flu

　　1. The flu comes on abruptly; the cold is more gradual.

　　2. Unlike the common cold, the onset of symptoms for flu (or Influenza) is very sudden and fast.

　　3. The common cold eventually fizzles, but the flu may be deadly.

　　4. In general, the flu is worse than the common cold, and symptoms are more common and intense.

　　5. Flu causes epidemics and pandemics with the potential for mortality, whereas the common cold is a nuisance for us.

　　6. October marks the beginning of a new influenza season. While common cold is generally a mild and uncomplicated disease, influenza can cause severe disease leading to hospitalization and occasionally death, especially older people, pregnant women, young children and people with chronic diseases.

　　7. The common symptoms of cold and flu lead to the confusion among these two terms and sometimes flu is neglected mistaking it as a common cold. Both are viral infections, but flu can be epidemic and pandemic with the potential for mortality.

　　8. Symptoms of common cold and influenza are similar and their mode of transmission also resembles, but yet they are two different diseases. Common cold being the less infectious and self-limiting is not taken very seriously, whereas influenza, associated with the complete respiratory tract can be fatal in it’s sever forms.

　　9. Because colds and the flu share many symptoms, it can be difficult to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone. Special tests that usually must be done within the first few days of illness can tell if a person has the flu.

　　10. Colds also don’t generally lead to the serious health complications that can come with flu and that in some cases can be deadly.