其實(shí)表達(dá)方式對英語的提升幫助很大，如果大家能在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)中多學(xué)習(xí)一些英文特殊的表達(dá)方式，那么對于托福聽力的理解力也會(huì)提升不少。下面小編就和大家分享托福聽力備考攻略，來欣賞一下吧。

托福聽力備考攻略

一.學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)方式

漢語中用副詞表達(dá)時(shí)態(tài)，而英語中是用動(dòng)詞的變形來表達(dá)時(shí)態(tài)的。中國考生一般都對時(shí)態(tài)缺乏敏感度，這是很正常的，這就像外國人很難掌握我們漢語中的聲調(diào)一樣。

在托福聽力中，尤其是在lecture(講座)中，我們要特別注意時(shí)態(tài)的變化。因?yàn)樵谕懈５膌ecture文段開頭部分，教授常常會(huì)通過討論過去講的內(nèi)容來引出本次講座的內(nèi)容，或者討論過去的理論和觀點(diǎn)與當(dāng)前的新理論和新觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行對比。如果不注意時(shí)態(tài)，一股腦地聽下來，很容易會(huì)混淆lecture的主題，影響答題。

例如，官方真題Official16中第二篇lecture的開頭如下

Up until now in our discussions and readings about the broken early classical periods, we've been talking about the development of musical styles and genres within the relatively narrow social context of its patronage by the upper classes…

But I think if I were asked to identify a single crucial development in European music of this time, it would be the invention of the piano…

這篇lecture主要講的是鋼琴的發(fā)明對西方音樂史的影響，教授在講座開頭回憶了上幾節(jié)課談到的出資人如何影響音樂家的創(chuàng)作風(fēng)格。句中"we've been talking about…"這樣的現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，表明了教授在討論過去講過的內(nèi)容。后面由表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)折的"But"引導(dǎo)的用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)講述的內(nèi)容才是lecture的真正重心。

所以，如果在聽力中能夠抓住時(shí)態(tài)的變化，我們就能更好地把握文段的結(jié)構(gòu)和層次，將文章聽得更有調(diào)理。

二.學(xué)習(xí)否定表達(dá)方式

在否定意義的表達(dá)上，漢語和英語的表述方式有比較大的差別。

我們來假設(shè)一個(gè)場景：媽媽讓小明吃菠菜補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng)，可是小明非常不喜歡菠菜的味道，于是小明對媽媽說：“媽媽，你別讓我吃了，我_____菠菜了?！?/p>

如果根據(jù)場景，幫小明把話補(bǔ)全來表達(dá)對菠菜的厭惡和否定，那么漢語表達(dá)大概會(huì)是：“媽媽，你別讓我吃了，我最不喜歡菠菜來了?！狈穸ǖ恼Z氣會(huì)很直接的表達(dá)出來。

那么，美語的表達(dá)會(huì)是怎么樣的呢，大概會(huì)是:"Mommy, please, the last thing I would like to eat is spinach. "是的，美國人會(huì)說他想吃的東西中的一個(gè)是菠菜。這個(gè)邏輯對中國人來說是比較“曲折”的，但是我們必須適應(yīng)，否則聽力中的某些關(guān)鍵句就會(huì)反應(yīng)不出來到底是什么含義。(可參考：新航道基礎(chǔ)階段《教程》中82頁關(guān)于實(shí)習(xí)的對話練習(xí)，其中出現(xiàn)過類似表達(dá)。)

另外，雙重否定的形式在漢語的固定詞組中比較常用，如“不得不”、“無不”等等。但是雙重否定在英語中用得更為靈活，不單單以固定詞組的形式出現(xiàn)。

舉個(gè)例子來說，如官方真題Official24中的篇lecture,講鱷魚的發(fā)聲。其中有一句話是同學(xué)們特別容易迷惑:"No discussion of reptiles would be complete without some mention of crocodiles."按句序翻譯過來就是：“關(guān)于爬行動(dòng)物的討論不會(huì)完整，如果不提到鱷魚?！庇帽容^通順的中文表達(dá)出來就是“如果討論爬行動(dòng)物，那么我們就不得不談到鱷魚?！睆闹胁浑y看出，中文的雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊固定，而英文就比較松散靈活。同學(xué)們只有適應(yīng)這樣的表達(dá)方式才能較快地反應(yīng)出句子的含義。

三.學(xué)習(xí)約定俗成表達(dá)方式

在英語中有很多約定俗成的表達(dá)方式，而且這些方式往往都是由簡單的單詞組成，非常容易望文生義。如果不知道這些表達(dá)方式的正確含義，以美式思維方式理解和記憶，就不能很好的理解聽力文段。下面簡單地舉兩個(gè)例子：

1. rule of thumb：

在OG聽力部分的Practice Set1中，教授說了這樣的話：

So, think about what you'd need to include if you were going to explain your research project to someone with general or casual knowledge about the subject, like . . . like your parents. That's usually my rule of thumb: would my parents understand this?

這里的"rule of thumb"不是“大拇指原則”，它的意思是“經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談;通常的行事原則”。這個(gè)短語的起源說法不一，有一種說法是：舊時(shí)英國人普遍遵循一個(gè)原則，就是丈夫不能用比拇指粗的東西鞭打妻子。所以，了解了短語背后的故事，我們就能明白為什么拿這個(gè)短語代表“經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談”的意思了。

2.put two and two together：

在官方真題Official3的一個(gè)lecture中，有這樣的表述：

So he put two and two together, and decided there was an element in the sun that hadn't been discovered here on the earth yet.

這里的"put two and two together"并不是“2+2=4”，而是“根據(jù)已有的資料推論”的意思。想象一下，把手頭的資料和線索七拼八湊起來，然后得出結(jié)論。只不過，漢語中我們用的“七”和“八”來代表凌亂無序，這里用"two"和"two"來表達(dá)罷了。

托福聽力備考中，很多同學(xué)沒有注意到學(xué)習(xí)表達(dá)方式對聽力提升的重要性，上文中為大家總結(jié)了積累英文表達(dá)方式，建議大家在平時(shí)多注意學(xué)習(xí)。如果精通了英文表達(dá)方式，托福聽力自然也會(huì)有明顯提升。

2020托福聽力練習(xí)：運(yùn)輸貨物的絲綢之路傳播疾病

For thousands of years, what's called the Silk Road was a group of land and sea trade routes that connected the Far East with South Asia, Africa, the Middle East and southern Europe. Of course, when humans travel they carry their pathogens with them. So scientists and historians have wondered if the Silk Road was a transmission route not just for goods, but for infectious disease.

Now we have the first hard evidence of ancient Silk Road travelers spreading their infections. The find comes from a 2,000-year-old latrine that had first been excavated in 1992. The report is in the Journal of Archaeological Science.

"So the site is a relay station on the Silk Road in northwest China. It's just to the eastern end of the Tarim Basin, which is a large arid area just to the east of the Taklamakan desert, and not far from the Gobi Desert. So this is a dry part of China."

Piers Mitchell, paleopathologist at the University of Cambridge, and one of the study's authors, along with his student Ivy Yeh and colleagues in China.

In the latrine, archaeologists found used hygiene sticks wrapped with cloth. These were used for what you think they were used for.

"This excavation was great because the cloth was still preserved and the feces was still adherent to the cloth on some of the sticks. So the archaeologist kept these sticks in the museum. And so my Ph.D. student, Ivy Yeh, who's first author on the paper, she went out to China took some scrapings from the feces adherent to the cloth. So we were then able to analyze that down the microscope when she brought it back to Cambridge."

Where they found eggs from parasites—including one from a liver fluke.

"And that's the exciting one because that's only found in eastern and southern China and in Korea, where they have marshy areas that have the right snails and the right fish."

The fluke needs snails and fish for its lifecycle, but there were no such snails or fish in this dry region of China. So the unlucky traveler who harbored the parasite had to have transported the disease to that spot.

"Well firstly it tells us that people were doing very long journeys along the Silk Road and you might think that's obvious. But no one really knew how long people were traveling. Some people may have been trading, only going short distances selling their goods on to the next person. And so the goods might have gone all the way along the Silk Road, but people might not. But we know that some people were doing huge distances..."

"Secondly it shows that this was, would be a viable route for the spread of those other infectious diseases like Bubonic plague and leprosy and anthrax that people had previously suggested might have been spread between East Asia and Europe along the Silk Road. Because modern genetic analyses have shown similarities between the strains of one end and the other."

Mitchell says there's much more work to be done to better understand the spread of diseases around the world. Perhaps from analyzing skeletons—or various other kinds of remains—to be found along the Silk Road.

Thanks for the minute for Scientific American — 60-Second Science Science. I'm Cynthia Graber.

數(shù)千年來，海洋與陸地之間的貿(mào)易路線絲綢之路將遠(yuǎn)東、南亞、非洲、中東和南歐連接起來。當(dāng)然，人類在旅行時(shí)也攜帶著病原體?？茖W(xué)家和歷史學(xué)家懷疑，絲綢之路運(yùn)輸?shù)牟粌H僅是貨物，還有傳染性疾病。

現(xiàn)在，我們掌握了第一個(gè)有力的證據(jù)，證明古代絲綢之路的游客傳播了自身的疾病。這項(xiàng)結(jié)果源自1992年發(fā)掘的一個(gè)有2000年歷史的茅廁。該項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在《考古科學(xué)：報(bào)告》雜志上。

“這里是中國西北部絲綢之路上的一個(gè)中轉(zhuǎn)站。位于塔里木盆地的東端，塔里木盆地這塊廣闊干旱的地區(qū)位于塔克拉瑪干沙漠的東部，距離戈壁沙漠不遠(yuǎn)。這里是中國的一個(gè)干旱地帶?！?/p>

皮爾斯·米切爾是劍橋大學(xué)的古生物病理學(xué)家，同時(shí)也是該報(bào)告的作者之一，他和他的學(xué)生艾薇·葉以及來自中國的同事們一同進(jìn)行了該項(xiàng)研究。

考古學(xué)家在發(fā)掘的茅廁里發(fā)現(xiàn)了用過的衛(wèi)生棍，這些衛(wèi)生棍用布裹著。這些東西的用途和你認(rèn)為的一樣。

“這次發(fā)掘意義很大，因?yàn)檫@些布仍然保存完整，而且排泄物還附著在一些棍子裹著的布上?？脊艑W(xué)家把這些衛(wèi)生棍保存在博物館。我的博士學(xué)生艾薇·葉，同時(shí)也是該論文的第一作者，去中國刮取了布上的一些排泄物。這樣，我們就能夠在顯微鏡下分析她帶回劍橋的樣本?！?/p>

他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了寄生蟲的卵，還有肝吸蟲的卵。

“這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)讓我們興奮不已，因?yàn)檫@些只存在于中國東部和南部以及韓國，那里的沼澤地有含有這些病原體的蝸牛和魚類?！?/p>

肝吸蟲需要依靠蝸牛和魚類進(jìn)行生命循環(huán)，但是中國干旱地區(qū)沒有這些病原體所需要的蝸牛和魚類。所以，攜帶著寄生蟲的倒霉游客將疾病帶到了該地區(qū)。

“首先，這告訴我們，人們沿著絲綢之路長途跋涉，你可能認(rèn)為這是顯而易見的。但是沒有人確切知道人們到底走了多遠(yuǎn)。有些人可能一直在進(jìn)行貿(mào)易活動(dòng)，他們只走了很短的距離，將自己的貨物轉(zhuǎn)賣給他人。所以，貨物可能要一直沿著絲綢之路運(yùn)輸，但是人就不一定了。不過我們知道有些人的確走了很遠(yuǎn)的距離?！?/p>

“其次，這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，這可能也是黑死病、麻風(fēng)病和炭疽等傳染疾病的傳播路線，此前人們認(rèn)為這些疾病沿著絲綢之路在東亞和歐洲之間傳播。因?yàn)椋F(xiàn)代基因分析表明，菌株一端和另一端存在相似性?！?/p>

米切爾表示，為了更好的了解疾病在世界范圍內(nèi)的傳播，還有更多的工作要做。也許可以分析在絲綢之路上發(fā)現(xiàn)的骨骼或是其他類型的遺留物。

重點(diǎn)講解：

1. come from 來自;始于;

例句：The news comes from a reliable source.

這消息來自可靠的來源。

2. along with 與…一起;

例句：She came to dinner along with her boyfriend.

她和她的男朋友一道來用餐。

3. be adherent to 黏附;附著;

例句：The brass plate must be adherent to the steel.

黃銅片必須和鋼粘結(jié)。

sell on 轉(zhuǎn)賣;倒賣;

例句：Mr Farrier bought cars at auctions and sold them on.

法里爾先生拍得汽車后再將其轉(zhuǎn)手。

2020托福聽力練習(xí)：鸛靠撿垃圾生活

Humans aren't the only creatures who love junk food—many animals are known to enjoy sifting through our garbage to find edible treats.

And now we learn that some storks have stopped migrating from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa in the winter—they'd rather feed at landfills.

“They use landfill sites heavily during the winter and they travel very long distance to get to the sites.”

Aldina Franco of the University of East Anglia, one of the scientists who studied the storks' use of landfills in Portugal.

GPS tracking devices on 17 birds showed that the landfill life might mean up to 100-kilometer round-trips to feed—healthy distances, but far shorter than their historic migration routes.

“And also they use the nests throughout the year and look after the nests.

So these resident birds are in perfect condition, they are always ready to start breeding.

So as soon as spring arrives they're ready to go, the nest is in good condition, and they start breeding earlier.”

The number of storks overwintering in Portugal has shot up from fewer than 2,000 in 1995 to 14,000 in 2014.

The increase appears to reflect both changes in behavior and a booming stork population in general.

The study is in the journal Movement Ecology.

The Portuguese landfills are slated to close in 2018, with the trash diverted to covered recycling and composting facilities.

How will the storks respond?

Franco thinks they'll get back to basics.

“So the storks are social animals.

They live in colonies.

They migrate in groups.

So potentially as long as there are a few birds that still know the route, they can teach the ones that are currently residents how to migrate.”

不僅人類喜歡垃圾食品—許多動(dòng)物也喜歡翻垃圾箱找尋食物。

而現(xiàn)在我們了解到一些鸛已經(jīng)不再于冬天從歐洲向撒哈拉以南的非洲遷徙—因?yàn)樗鼈儗幵冈诶牙飳ふ沂澄铩?/p>

冬季它們嚴(yán)重依賴?yán)盥駡?，而且要飛很遠(yuǎn)的距離才能到達(dá)。

東安格利亞大學(xué)的一位科學(xué)家，愛爾迪娜·弗朗科研究了葡萄牙鸛是如何利用垃圾填埋場的。

對17只鸛的GPS追蹤定位裝置顯示垃圾填埋場的生活意味著覓食要來回飛行100千米，這可是段漫長旅途，但同它們過往的遷徙路線相比就變得微不足道了。

同時(shí)，鸛全年都需要棲居并照顧自己的巢穴。

因此這些沒有遷徙的鸛現(xiàn)在過著很好的生活，它們總是隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)行繁殖。

因此春天一到，它們就做好準(zhǔn)備，自己的愛巢處于絕佳狀態(tài)而它們則提早繁殖。

在葡萄牙過冬的鸛數(shù)量驟增，從1995年的不到2000只，躥升至2014年的1.4萬只。

數(shù)量上的增長總體上反應(yīng)了鸛行為上的變化以及數(shù)量的增加。

這項(xiàng)研究已在《運(yùn)動(dòng)生態(tài)學(xué)》雜志上發(fā)表。

而隨著垃圾進(jìn)行回收及堆肥處理，葡萄牙的垃圾填埋場將于2018年關(guān)閉。

屆時(shí)這些鸛該如何應(yīng)對呢?

弗朗科認(rèn)為它們會(huì)回歸以前的生活。

鸛是群居動(dòng)物。

它們依靠群體而活。

同時(shí)也成群遷徙。

因此只要少數(shù)鸛仍然知道遷徙路線，就可以教會(huì)現(xiàn)在的居民們?nèi)绾芜w徙。

1.junk food 垃圾食品

例句:That's all candy and junk food.

那都是糖果和垃圾食品。

2.as soon as 只要

例句:As soon as we found this out, we closed the ward.

我們一發(fā)現(xiàn)此事就關(guān)閉了病房。

3.look after 照顧

例句:I love looking after the children.

我喜歡照顧小孩。

4.ready to 準(zhǔn)備

例句:Are you ready to board, Mr. Daly?

你準(zhǔn)備好登機(jī)了嗎，戴利先生?