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新概念英語第三冊語法解析

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新概念英語文章短小精悍,語句幽默詼諧,語法全面系統(tǒng)。今天小編給大家?guī)硇赂拍钣⒄Z第三冊語法解析,希望可以幫助到大家,下面小編就和大家分享,來欣賞一下吧。

新概念英語第三冊語法解析:類比法、夸張法、排比法

類比法(Analogy)是一種詞義修辭格,把兩種本質(zhì)上不相同的事物就其某方面的共同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較,通過比喻說明某種道理或描繪某種復(fù)雜情況。例如,Lesson 27的第一句, “It has been said that everyone lives by selling something.” 作者把人們生活工作的方式類比成銷售貨物的方式,每個(gè)人都是一定意義上的推售員,抽象的為謀生而付出的努力被比喻成具體的可供售賣的貨物。通過這樣的類比,讀者找到了聯(lián)系的線索,加深對句子的理解并引起共鳴。假如我們要借助類比描繪英語的作用,我們就可以說,“What English means to a student is what weapons mean to the soldiers who fight in the battlefield.” 或 “If we obtain English proficiency, we obtain the key which leads us to more knowledge and opportunities.”

夸張法(hyperbole)也是詞義修辭,刻意地夸大或縮小把事物的特征,在數(shù)量,形狀和程度上加以渲染, “言過其實(shí)”地使事物的本質(zhì)特征更好地呈現(xiàn)出來,給人強(qiáng)烈的印象。Lesson 49, 作者談到阿姨家的仆人數(shù)量時(shí)提及”an army of servants (仆人大軍)” and “the shifting population(流動(dòng)人口)”, 把Bessie導(dǎo)致布丁砸在桌上的小意外說成 “catastrophe (大災(zāi)難)”, 不難看出這些都是夸張的例子。如果我們的朋友多不勝數(shù),我們也可以自豪地說,“I have an army of friends.”, 但是如果他們都是 “the shifting population who just come and go into my life without even a hello or goodbye (他們只是連招呼不打就來來去去的流動(dòng)人口)”,那么這樣的友情帶來的只是一個(gè) “catastrophe”, 因?yàn)闆]有得到真正的知己。

排比法(Parallelism),屬于結(jié)構(gòu)修辭,以語法結(jié)構(gòu)對稱來突出意義,增添氣勢。Lesson 51,闡述Bagrid預(yù)測計(jì)算機(jī)的功能, 文中出現(xiàn)了連續(xù)四個(gè)排比,充分證明了Bagrid非凡的眼光,“Bagrid foresaw a time when computers would be small enough to hold in the hand, when they would be capable of providing information about traffic jams…, when they would be used in hospital…, when they would relieve office workers and accountants of dull, repetitive clerical work..”排比是最常用的修辭之一,排比項(xiàng)通常以三項(xiàng)為起點(diǎn),控制于五項(xiàng)之內(nèi)。 結(jié)合一個(gè)寫大學(xué)教育的主題,以下的排比句躍然紙上, “University is the place where we absorb the most comprehensive knowledge, where we encounter friends of lifetime, where we cultivate our characters and personalities, where we create the most impressive part of our life.

新概念英語第三冊語法解析:介詞+關(guān)系代詞

“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句普遍用于正式的文體中,在非正式文體中介詞也可以放在后面,比如I found a room in which I can study.(正式) = I found a room I can study in.(非正式) 。

“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的情況一般用來替代關(guān)系副詞(where,when,why),when和where都可以用in/on/at which來替代,而關(guān)系副詞why被for which取代時(shí)有一個(gè)條件,即前面的先行詞必須是the reason。

能夠用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”這種形式的關(guān)系代詞主要有which和whom,個(gè)別情況有whose。判斷是否用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”一般有這樣兩個(gè)依據(jù):

1. 根據(jù)從句中的動(dòng)詞,形容詞,名詞和介詞的固定搭配而定。

2. 根據(jù)先行詞與從句中動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系及其含義而定。

讓我們從新概念三冊的原句中來學(xué)習(xí)一下

第5課: However, he had at last been allowed to send a fax in which he informed the editor that…… (in which中的which代指的是fax,而在傳真中應(yīng)該是in the fax)

第17課: Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and named it Angouleme. (這里牽扯到固定用法:know about,表示對…有所了解)

第17課: They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended.(這里是和后面動(dòng)詞的固定搭配有關(guān),be suspended from)

第32課: The most valuable find of all was the ship's log book, parts of which it was still possible to read. (which表示log book,這里作者要表達(dá)的是log book 的一部分,所以用part of)

第60課: She felt inhere handbag for the piece of paper on which her father had written down all the details… … (這里如同第5課的原句,介詞搭配和名詞paper有關(guān),應(yīng)該是on the paper)

新概念英語第三冊語法解析:平行與省略

平行結(jié)構(gòu):

即并列結(jié)構(gòu):由并列連詞連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上對等的語言成分構(gòu)成并列。平行結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是名詞和名詞,副詞和副詞,分詞和分詞,不定式和不定式,動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞,句子和句子等的并列,而不能其中一個(gè)概念用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá),而另一個(gè)概念用不定式或從句來表達(dá)。

平行結(jié)構(gòu)在英文學(xué)習(xí)中是個(gè)拓展層面,掌握后會(huì)對自己的語感有很大提升。比如美國前總統(tǒng)肯尼迪當(dāng)年的名言:And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. 就是用了這種平行結(jié)構(gòu)。

新三中的平行結(jié)構(gòu)也是不甚枚舉,一起來看一下:

第15課: George took off his jacket, rolled up his sleeves and pushed is right arm through the drain cover.

第27課: He may hunt, beg, or steal occasionally to keep himself alive; he may even, in times of real need, do a little work; but he will never sacrifice his freedom.

第37課: Ships may be delayed by storms; flights may be cancelled because of bad weather, but trains must be on time.

第47課: Lawn mowers whining on a summer's day, late-night parties in apartment blocks, noisy neighbors, vehicles of al kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet village, planes and helicopters flying overhead, large radios carried round in public places and played at maximum volume.

省略結(jié)構(gòu):

按照語法的分析,句子應(yīng)該具備的成分,有時(shí)出于修辭上的需要,在句中并不出現(xiàn),這種句子叫做省略句(elliptical sentences)它雖然省去句子語法構(gòu)造所需要的組成部分,但仍能表達(dá)其完整的意義。

第27課:In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort.

在這個(gè)地方,作者省略了后面的分局中的live,但是要注意的是,只能省略live,而by這個(gè)小介詞是不可以省略的。英國文學(xué)家培根在他的《論讀書》中,同樣運(yùn)用了省略的修辭手法。

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 讀書足以怡情,足以.足以長才。

Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. 讀書使人充實(shí),討論使人機(jī)智,讀書使人充實(shí),討論使人機(jī)智,筆記使人準(zhǔn)確。

英文中的省略句用詞楹聯(lián),言簡意賅,起到一定的修飾作用,但省略必須根據(jù)習(xí)慣、語言內(nèi)容和上下文而定。希望同學(xué)們在日常的閱讀中多多積累這樣的句子。

新概念英語第三冊語法解析:贅詞與否定

(1) 所謂贅詞,即累贅,也是句中不該重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的部分,因此不能使用。

1. advance + forward ×

proceed + forward ×

progress + forward ×

這三個(gè)詞匯本身具有“向前”的概念不能再與“forward”搭配

2. return + back ×

revert + back ×

3. sufficient enough ×

4. compete together ×

5. reason ... because ×

(正確結(jié)構(gòu):reason ... that ...)

6. join together ×

7. repeat again ×

8. new innovations ×

9. two twins ×

10. same identical × (都表示同一的,僅能使用其中一個(gè))

(2) 否定:注意在下列否定句中形容詞,副詞和代詞的變化。

1. He talked too much.

He didn't talk very much.

2. He will come back too.

He won't come back either.

3. She has already know that.

She hasn't known that yet.

4. We have some novels.

We haven't any novels.

5. He is telephoning someone.

He isn't telephoning anyone.

6. They are still in the classroom.

They aren't in the classroom any longer.

7. I like her a great deal.

I don't like her much.

8. She was away a long time.

She wasn't away long.

新概念英語第三冊語法解析:“獨(dú)立主格

“獨(dú)立主格”的意思就是“獨(dú)立出來的一個(gè)主格”,是描述除主句主語外的其他主語的結(jié)構(gòu)。我們先來看一幅唯美浪漫的畫面:這個(gè)女孩靜靜地站在樹下。天上的雪花紛紛飄落。用英文可以說“The girl is standing quietly under the tree, with the snowflakes dancing in the air.”句中的 “with the snowflakes dancing in the air”就是 “獨(dú)立主格”。 “獨(dú)立主格”顧名思義,首先是“獨(dú)立”,說明這個(gè)成分是獨(dú)立于主句存在的,比如這個(gè)句子中,即使去掉“with the snowflakes dancing in the air”,前面的句子還是一個(gè)整句,其結(jié)構(gòu)不會(huì)受任何影響,所以說“with the snowflakes dancing in the air”是獨(dú)立于主句“The girl is standing quietly under the tree ”的。同時(shí),根據(jù)“獨(dú)立主格”的功能,“with the snowflakes dancing in the air” 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)描述的其實(shí)就是另一個(gè)主語“the snowflakes”的動(dòng)作“dancing”.

細(xì)心的人也會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),在這句話“The girl is standing quietly under the tree, with the snowflakes dancing in the air.”中,前面的主句有完整的“主語+謂語 ”,所以是句子;而后面的“獨(dú)立主格”結(jié)構(gòu)卻是“主語+非謂語”的格式,從語法上來說是“短語”,而不是“句子”。Bingo!“獨(dú)立主格”結(jié)構(gòu)本身就不是一個(gè)句子,因?yàn)樗枋龅氖恰傲硪粋€(gè)主語”——即“綠葉”的動(dòng)作或者狀態(tài)。the snowflakes對于the girl而言,相當(dāng)于是一個(gè)陪襯她的配角,主角the girl我們賦予她一個(gè)句子“The girl is standing quietly under the tree ”,而對于配角the snowflakes,我們?yōu)榱艘荒苛巳惑w現(xiàn)它的配角地位,在描述它的時(shí)候就不能賦予句子了,只能用短語with the snowflakes dancing in the air。這也說明了英語和中文的區(qū)別,中文是寫意,喜歡探索字里行間的隱義,而英文是寫形的,很多邏輯和關(guān)系都是直接通過語言結(jié)構(gòu)體現(xiàn)的。

根據(jù)上面的講解,我們來總結(jié)一下:假如現(xiàn)在有一個(gè)主角“紅花”A,在做一個(gè)動(dòng)作V1,與此同時(shí),作為他的背景或者配角,另外有一個(gè)配角“綠葉”C,他在做一個(gè)動(dòng)作V2,那么我們可以使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)將這句話寫成:A+V1, (with) C+V2的非謂語形式(最常見的是現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞)。

有了公式和用法,我們再來看新概念英語三第6課中的一個(gè)句子:The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.(寧靜突然被打破,一輛大轎車亮著前燈,響著喇叭,呼嘯著沖進(jìn)了拱廊街,在珠寶店門口停了下來。)閱讀這個(gè)句子的時(shí)候,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)思維會(huì)卡在劃橫線的這個(gè)部分上,所以我們先暫時(shí)不看,先分析when引導(dǎo)的這個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句,when a large car…roared down the arcade,比較好理解,就是當(dāng)“一輛大轎車呼嘯著沖進(jìn)了拱廊街”。而中間的這個(gè)with結(jié)構(gòu)就是“獨(dú)立主格”結(jié)構(gòu)。我們可以想象一下,當(dāng)大轎車在呼嘯著的時(shí)候,作者為了更加全面細(xì)致地描寫,需要再準(zhǔn)備幾個(gè)配角去陪襯汽車,這兩個(gè)配角就是“its headlights”和”its horn”,他們作為“綠葉”做的動(dòng)作分別是“正亮著”和“正響著”,對應(yīng)的非謂語動(dòng)詞分別是on和blaring,所以根據(jù)“獨(dú)立主格”的結(jié)構(gòu)最終寫出了“…a large car roared down the arcade,with its headlights on and its horn blaring.”這個(gè)句子,最后為了句子結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)美,再靈活地調(diào)整一下“獨(dú)立主格”的位置,便最終成就了“…a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.”這樣優(yōu)雅的句子。

一個(gè)是“紅花”加謂語,一個(gè)是“綠葉”加非謂語,不知大家是否已經(jīng)掌握了“獨(dú)立主格”結(jié)構(gòu)的獨(dú)特之處呢?我們可以再來看幾個(gè)例句,都是出自于新概念三教材:

1.“…I sat in my room for a few evenings with my eyes glued to a book.(Lesson 50) 我好幾個(gè)晚上坐在自己房間里,兩眼盯在書上。”

這里I是主角“紅花”,my eyes便成了配角“綠葉”。

2. “The girl, tears streaming down her face, begged to be allowed to slip into the guard's van.(Lesson 60)女孩淚流滿面,央求讓她不聲不響地到押車員車廂里去算了?!?/p>

這里the girl是主角“紅花”,tears成了配角“綠葉”,做的動(dòng)作是“streaming流淌”。with在這里沒有出現(xiàn),因?yàn)楠?dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中,with可以省略。

”妙用


新概念英語第三冊語法解析相關(guān)文章:

★ lessons 28~30新概念英語第三冊課后答案詳解

★ 新概念英語第三冊第3課:An unknown goddess

★ 新概念英語第三冊第35課:Justice was done

★ 新概念英語第三冊第59課:Collecting

★ 新概念英語三冊課后練習(xí)答案lessons 25~27

★ 新概念英語第三冊第33課:A day to remember

★ 新概念英語第三冊第48課:The silent village

★ 新概念英語第三冊第46課:Do it yourself

★ 新概念英語第三冊第10課:The loss of the Titanic

★ 新概念英語第三冊第40課:Who's who

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