《新概念英語(yǔ)》是1997年由外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社和培生教育出版中國(guó)有限公司聯(lián)合出版的一套英語(yǔ)教材。下面小編就和大家分享新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)Lesson15~19原文及翻譯，希望有了這些內(nèi)容，可以為大家學(xué)習(xí)新概念英語(yǔ)提供幫助!

新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)Lesson15原文及翻譯

Secrecy in industry

工業(yè)中的秘密

First listen and then answer the following question.

聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。

Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?

Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.

J.D. BERNAL The Social Function of Science

New words and expressions

secrecy

n. 秘密

effectiveness

n. 成效，效力

inquiry

n. 調(diào)查研究

positive

adj. 確實(shí)的

process

n. 過(guò)程

patent

n. 專(zhuān)利;

v. 得到專(zhuān)利權(quán)

agent

n. 情報(bào)人員

參考譯文

有兩個(gè)因素嚴(yán)重地妨礙工業(yè)中科學(xué)研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密氣氛;二是研究人員缺乏個(gè)人自由。任何一項(xiàng)研究都涉及到保密，那些從事科研的人員自然受到了限制。他們不能和其他國(guó)家、其他大學(xué)、甚至往往不能與本公司的其他部門(mén)的同行們進(jìn)行有效的接觸。保密程度自然差別很大。某些大公司進(jìn)行的研究屬于一般和基礎(chǔ)的研究，因此不保密對(duì)他們才有利。然而，依賴(lài)這種研究的很多工藝程序是在完全保密的情況下進(jìn)行的，直到可以取得專(zhuān)利權(quán)的階段為止。更多的工藝過(guò)程根本就不會(huì)取得專(zhuān)利權(quán)，而是作為秘方保存著。在這化學(xué)工業(yè)方面尤為突出。同物理和機(jī)械工業(yè)相比，化學(xué)工業(yè)中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)要多得多。有時(shí)，保密竟達(dá)到了這樣的程度，即連研究工作的整個(gè)性質(zhì)都不準(zhǔn)提及。比如，很多公司向圖書(shū)館借閱科技書(shū)籍時(shí)感到困難，因?yàn)樗鼈儾辉缸屓思矣浵滤鼈児镜拿趾徒栝喌哪骋槐緯?shū)。他們生怕別的公司的情報(bào)人員據(jù)此摸到他們可能要從事的某項(xiàng)科研項(xiàng)目。

新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)Lesson16原文及翻譯

The modern city

現(xiàn)代城市

What is the author's main argument about the modern city?

In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants.

ALEXIS CARREL Man, the Unknown

New words and expressions 生詞和短語(yǔ)

physiological

adj. 生理的

maximum

adj. 限度的

consideration

n. 考慮

descendant

n. 子孫，后代

artificial

n. 人工的

impose

v. 強(qiáng)加

dimension

n. 直徑

skyscraper

n. 摩天大樓

tenant

n. 租戶(hù)

civilized

adj. 文明的

banal

adj. 平庸

luxury

n. 豪華

deprive

v. 剝奪

monstrous

adj. 畸形的

edifice

n. 大廈

toxic

adj. 有毒的

ceaselessly

adv. 不停地

throng

v. 擠滿(mǎn)，壅塞

參考譯文

在工業(yè)生活的組織中，工廠對(duì)工人的生理和精神狀態(tài)的影響完全被忽視了?，F(xiàn)代工業(yè)的基本概念是：以最低成本獲取最多產(chǎn)品，為的是讓某個(gè)個(gè)人或某一部分人盡可能多地賺錢(qián)。現(xiàn)代工業(yè)發(fā)展起來(lái)了，卻根本沒(méi)想到操作機(jī)器的人的本質(zhì)。工廠把一種人為的生存方式強(qiáng)加給工人，卻不顧及這種生存方式給工人及其后代帶來(lái)的影響。大城市的建設(shè)毫不關(guān)心我們。摩天大樓完全是按這樣的需要修建的：每平方英尺地皮取得收入和向租房人提供使他滿(mǎn)意的辦公室和住房。這樣就導(dǎo)致了許多摩天大廈拔地而起，大廈內(nèi)眾多的人擠地一起。文明人喜歡這樣一種生活方式。在享受自己住宅的舒適和庸俗的豪華時(shí)，卻沒(méi)有意識(shí)到被剝奪了生活所必需的東西。大得嚇人的高樓和陰暗狹窄的街道組成了今日現(xiàn)代化的城市。街道上充斥著汽油味和有毒氣體，出租汽車(chē)、卡車(chē)、公共汽車(chē)的噪音刺耳難忍，絡(luò)繹不絕的人群擠來(lái)擠去。顯然，現(xiàn)代化的城市不是這居民的利益而規(guī)劃的。

新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)Lesson17原文及翻譯

A man-made disease

人為的疾病

What factor helped to spread the disease of myxomatosis?

In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit. This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits. It overran a whole continent. It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle. Scientists discovered that this particular variety of rabbit (and apparently no other animal) was susceptible to a fatal virus disease, myxomatosis. By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows, local epidemics of this disease could be created. Later it was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits. So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one. It effectively spread the disease all over the continent and drastically reduced the rabbit population. It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated. There were hopes, however, that the problem of the rabbit would become manageable.

Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence. A French physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate and introduced myxomatosis. It did not, however, remain within the confines of his estate. It spread through France, Where wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as sport and a useful food supply, and it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but where domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to the disease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry. The question became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented.

RITCHIE CALDER Science Makes Sense

New words and expressions 生詞和短語(yǔ)

settlement

n. 新拓居地

enterprising

adj. 有事業(yè)心的

settler

n. 移居者

Antipodes

n. 新西蘭和澳大利亞(英)

promiscuous

adj. 雜亂的

abandon

n. 放任，縱情

overrun

v. 蔓延，泛濫

devastation

n. 破壞，劫掠

burrow

v. 挖、掘

susceptible

adj. 易受感染的

virus

n. 病毒

myxomatosis

n. 多發(fā)性粘液瘤

infect

v. 傳染

epidemic

n. 流行病

mosquito

n. 蚊蟲(chóng)

carrier

n. 帶菌者

exterminate

v. 消滅

ironically

adv. 具有諷刺意味地

bequeath

v. 把...傳給

pest

n. 害蟲(chóng)，有害動(dòng)物

pestilence

n. 瘟疫

confine

n. 范圍

domesticate

v. 馴養(yǎng)

參考譯文

在澳大利亞移民初期，一些有創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的移民不明智地把歐洲兔子引進(jìn)了澳大利亞。這種兔子在澳大利亞及新西蘭沒(méi)有天敵，因此便以兔子所特有的雜亂交配迅猛繁殖起來(lái)。整個(gè)澳洲兔子成災(zāi)。它們?cè)诘叵麓蚨?，吃掉本可以飼養(yǎng)數(shù)百萬(wàn)頭牛羊的牧草，給澳洲大陸造成了毀滅性的破壞。科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種特殊品種的兔子(顯然不包括別的動(dòng)物)易患一種叫“多發(fā)性粘液瘤”的致命毒性疾病。通過(guò)讓染上此病的動(dòng)物在洞內(nèi)亂跑，就可以使這種疾病在一個(gè)地區(qū)蔓延起來(lái)。后來(lái)又發(fā)現(xiàn)，有一種蚊子是傳播這種疾病的媒介，能把此病傳染給兔子。因此，世界上其他地方在設(shè)法消滅蚊子的時(shí)候，澳大利亞卻在促使這種蚊子大量繁殖。蚊子把這種疾病擴(kuò)散到整個(gè)澳洲大陸，效果甚佳，結(jié)果兔子的數(shù)目在為減少。后來(lái)，明顯看出，兔子對(duì)這種疾病已產(chǎn)生了一定程度的免疫力，所以兔子不可能被完全消滅。但是，已有希望解決兔子所帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題。

具有諷刺意味的是，歐洲把這種兔子作為有害動(dòng)物傳給澳洲，而歐洲自己卻染上了這種人為的瘟疫般的疾病。一位法國(guó)內(nèi)科醫(yī)生決定除掉自己莊園內(nèi)的野兔子，于是引進(jìn)了這種多發(fā)性粘液瘤疾病。然而，這種疾病并未被局限在他的莊園內(nèi)，結(jié)果在整個(gè)法國(guó)蔓延開(kāi)來(lái)。野兔在法國(guó)一般不被當(dāng)作有害動(dòng)物，而被視為打獵取樂(lè)的玩物和有用的食物來(lái)源。這種疾病又蔓延到了英國(guó)。在英國(guó)，野兔被當(dāng)作有害的動(dòng)物，可是家兔是賺錢(qián)的毛皮工業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)，然而家兔同樣易感染這種疾病?，F(xiàn)在的問(wèn)題是，人類(lèi)能否控制住這種人為的疾病。

新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)Lesson18原文及翻譯

Porpoises

海豚

What would you say is the main characteristic of porpoises?

There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation. Marine Studio biologists have pointed out that, however intelligent they may be, it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of lifesaving. On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship. In 1928 some porpoises were photographer working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress. If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks. Porpoises and sharks are natural enemies. It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.

Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive. They are constantly after the turtles, who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities. One young calf especially enjoyed raising a turtle to the surface with his snout and then shoving him across the tank like an aquaplane. Almost any day a young porpoise may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life. This is not easy, and may require two porpoises working together. In another game, as the turtle swims across the oceanarium, the first porpoise swoops down from above and butts his shell with his belly. This knocks the turtle down several feet. He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack. Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way down to the floor of the tank. He is now satisfied merely to try to stand up, but as soon as he does so a porpoise knocks him flat. The turtle at last gives up by pulling his feet under his shell and the game is over.

RALPH NADING HILL Window in the Sea

New words and expressions 生詞和短語(yǔ)

porpoise

n. 海豚

mariner

n. 水手

shark

n. 鯊魚(yú)

formation

n. 隊(duì)形

dolphin

n. 海豚科動(dòng)物

unconscious

adj. 不省人事

beaver

n. 海貍

ashore

adv. 上岸

waterlogged

adj. 浸滿(mǎn)水的

scent

n. 香味

ensue

v. 接著發(fā)生

intrigue

v. 引起興趣

indignity

n. 侮辱

snout

n. 口鼻部

shove

v. 硬推

aquaplane

n. 駕浪滑水板

oceanarium

n. 水族館

swoop

v. 猛撲

belly

n. 腹部

equilibrium

n. 平衡

butt

v. 碰撞

crack

n. 重?fù)?/p>

參考譯文

長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，海員中流傳著一種迷信的說(shuō)法，認(rèn)為海豚會(huì)把快要淹死的人托到水面，救人性命;或在人們周?chē)嘘?duì)保護(hù)，使他們免遭鯊魚(yú)傷害。海洋攝影室的生物學(xué)家指出，無(wú)論海豚多么聰明，認(rèn)為它們有救人的動(dòng)機(jī)可能是錯(cuò)誤的。當(dāng)它們偶爾把一個(gè)失去知覺(jué)的人推到岸邊時(shí)，更大的可能是出于好奇或游戲，就像它們追逐被船首犁開(kāi)的浪花一樣。1928年，有人拍攝到了海豚像海貍一樣把浸透水的床墊推上岸的情景。正如報(bào)道中所說(shuō)，如果海豚保護(hù)人不受鯊魚(yú)侵害，那么它們可能是出于好奇;而鯊魚(yú)可能是聞到了可以美食一頓的香味。海豚和鯊魚(yú)是天然仇敵，雙方可能隨之發(fā)生搏斗，搏斗結(jié)果是海豚趕走或咬死鯊魚(yú)。

海豚對(duì)凡是活的東西都感興趣，不管是鳥(niǎo)、是魚(yú)，還是野獸。它們經(jīng)常追逐海龜，海龜則溫順地忍受著各種侮辱。一只小海豚特別喜歡用鼻子把海龜推到水面，然后像滑水板一樣把海龜從水池的這一邊推到那一邊。幾乎每天都可以看到一只小海豚把鼻子頂入一只300磅重的海龜?shù)挠矚は旅妫疵匕阉^(guò)來(lái)。這并非易事，可能需要兩只海豚合伙干才行。在另一場(chǎng)游戲中，當(dāng)海龜游過(guò)水族館時(shí)，第一只海豚從上方猛撲下去，用腹部撞擊龜殼。這一下子把海龜撞下去好幾英尺。海龜剛恢復(fù)平衡，第二只海豚又沖過(guò)來(lái)猛擊一下。這只海龜最終被撞到池底。此時(shí)的海龜，只要能站起來(lái)就滿(mǎn)足了，但它剛站起來(lái)，就被一只海豚擊倒。海龜終于屈服了，將4條腿縮進(jìn)殼內(nèi)。游戲到此結(jié)束。

新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)Lesson19原文及翻譯

The stuff of dreams

話(huà)說(shuō)夢(mèng)的本質(zhì)

What is going on when a person experiences rapid eye-movements during sleep?

It is fairly clear that sleeping period must have some function, and because there is so much of it the function would seem to e important. Speculations about is nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest. 'Rest', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down. The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active. In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.

If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting? This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors. First the electroencephalograph (which is simply a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp) shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less. The second factor is more interesting and more fundamental. Some years ago an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep. He showed that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements, some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid. People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming. When woken at other times they reported no dreams. If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were no exhibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some personality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected. The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.

CHRISHER EVANS The stuff of dreams from The Listener

New words and expressions 生詞和短語(yǔ)

speculation

n. 推測(cè)

literally

adv. 確實(shí)

odd

adj. 奇特的

tissue

n. 組織

plausible

adj. 似乎有理的

hypothesis

n. 假說(shuō)

electroencephalograph

n. 腦電圖儀

electrode

n. 電極

scalp

n. 頭皮

psychiatrist

n. 精神病學(xué)家

punctuate

v. 不時(shí)介入

jerky

adj. 急動(dòng)的

disorder

n. 失調(diào)

implication

n. 表明

參考譯文

很清楚，睡眠必然具有某種作用。睡眠占去那么多時(shí)間，所以其作用似乎還是很重要。人們對(duì)睡眠作用的種.種猜測(cè)，確實(shí)有數(shù)千年之久。一項(xiàng)使人對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題感到困惑的奇怪的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，睡眠在很大程度似乎并不僅僅是為了使身體得到休息?！靶菹ⅰ?，從使肌肉得到放松等方面來(lái)看，只要稍微躺一躺，甚至坐一坐就能達(dá)到。人體組織在一定程度上有自我修補(bǔ)和自我恢復(fù)的能力，有張有弛地連續(xù)活動(dòng)時(shí)，其功能。事實(shí)上，睡眠狀態(tài)下仍有著基本的活動(dòng)量，以防止肌肉活動(dòng)停止。

如果睡眠的功能不是在于使身體得到休息，那么也許是讓大腦得以休息?若不是下面兩點(diǎn)，這種假使似乎是有道理的。第一點(diǎn)，腦電圖記錄儀(不過(guò)是一種把電極接到頭皮上記錄腦電活動(dòng)的儀器)顯示，人在睡眠時(shí)大腦活動(dòng)的方式有變化，但沒(méi)有跡象表明，其活動(dòng)總量有任何減少。第二點(diǎn)更有意思，也更重要。前些年，美國(guó)一位精神病學(xué)者發(fā)表了一篇報(bào)告，報(bào)告中記錄了眼球在睡眠時(shí)的活動(dòng)情況。他指出，平常人的睡眠周期中不時(shí)伴有一陣陣奇怪的眼球隊(duì)活動(dòng)，這些活動(dòng)有的飄忽而緩慢，有的急劇而快速。在眼球活動(dòng)期間被叫醒的人都說(shuō)自己在做夢(mèng);在其他期間叫醒他們，則說(shuō)沒(méi)有做夢(mèng)。如果有兩組人，一組人連續(xù)幾夜在眼球隊(duì)活動(dòng)時(shí)被叫醒;另一組人也是連續(xù)幾夜被叫醒，但是在眼球隊(duì)沒(méi)活動(dòng)時(shí)被叫醒的。結(jié)果，第一組人開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)性格失常，而第二組人似乎沒(méi)受什么影響。這一切暗示我們：睡眠受到干憂(yōu)沒(méi)關(guān)系，而做夢(mèng)受到干憂(yōu)是有問(wèn)題的。