And是一個(gè)常用的并列連詞。其一般的用法和譯法,已有不少文章論及。本文僅就and的一些特殊用法作一簡單介紹。
一、and前后的兩部分表示同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,或同時(shí)存在的屬性、特征等,可譯為“又…又…”、“既…又…”、“一方面…,一方面…”、“而”等。例如:
1. The process of oxidation in human body gives off heat slowly and regularly. 人體內(nèi)的氧化過程緩慢而又有規(guī)則地放出熱量。
2. If a body is acted upon by a number of forces and still remains motionless, the body is said to be in equilibrium. 一個(gè)物體如果受到幾個(gè)力的作用而仍然保持平靜,我們就說該物體處于平衡狀態(tài)。
And前后的兩部分,有時(shí)表示不能同時(shí)并存的事物或動(dòng)作。這時(shí)and宜譯為“或”。例如:
3. The whole equipment can be assembled and dismantled in a matter of hours. 整套設(shè)備可以在幾小時(shí)內(nèi)安裝或拆卸完畢。
二、有時(shí)and的前面的部分表示原因或條件,后面的部分表示結(jié)果and=so that, 譯為“因此”、“所以”、“從而”等。例如:
1. Sound is carried by air, and without air there can be no sound. 聲音靠空氣傳播,因此沒有空氣也就沒有聲音。
2. After firing the torpedoes the forward part would lose weight and the submarine would be out of balance. 發(fā)射魚雷后,潛艇前部重復(fù)會(huì)減少,于是它就失去平衡。
表示因果關(guān)系時(shí),也有將表示原因的部分放在and之后。這時(shí)and=because,直接譯為“因?yàn)椤薄@纾?br />
3. Aluminium is used as the engineering material for planes and spaceships and it is both light and tough. 鋁用作制造飛機(jī)和宇宙飛船的工程材料,因?yàn)殇X質(zhì)輕而韌性好。
除了被連接的兩個(gè)分句之間有如上的因果關(guān)系外,and連接的兩個(gè)句子成分之間,前后也可能有這種因果關(guān)系。例如:
4. Reproduction provides new generations and makes possible the continuation of race. 生殖產(chǎn)生新的后代,從而使種族得以延續(xù)。
三、and之后的部分,有時(shí)具有讓步意義and = though, 這時(shí)可譯為“雖然”。例如:
Several disadvantages tend to limit the use of hydraulic controls and they do offer many distinct advantages. 液壓控制雖有許多突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn),但也存在一些缺陷,使其應(yīng)用范圍受到限制。
四、and表示一種同位關(guān)系,可譯作“即”、“也是”
1. When correcting, pay close attention to the seventh and last paragraph in the translation. 改稿時(shí)請(qǐng)密切注意譯文的第七段,即最后一段。
2. We have come to the last and most important step of the experiment. 我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)到了最后也是最重要的一個(gè)階段。
五、and有時(shí)連接兩個(gè)原形動(dòng)詞,但并不表示并列關(guān)系而是表示目的的關(guān)系
1. Allow me to go and measure the pressure again. 請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我去把壓力再測一次。
2. He told me that he would come and help with our design when his work was over. 他告訴我,在他的工作結(jié)束以后,他要來幫助我們進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。
六、and用在數(shù)字或數(shù)學(xué)概念中,表示相加:Six and seven is thirteen. 六加七等于十三。
用在the product of ... and ...的搭配中則表示“相乘”,如:The area of a triangle is equal to half the product of the base and the perpendicular height. 三角形的面積等于二分之一底乘高。
在帶分?jǐn)?shù)中,and也表示相加。翻譯時(shí)要按漢語中數(shù)字的習(xí)慣說法處理,并注意half, quarter等的譯法。例如:On the average, oceans are two and one third miles deep. 海洋的平均深度為二又三分之一英里。
在“between +數(shù)字+ and +數(shù)字”的短語中,and等于介詞to,譯為“到”,或用破折號(hào)或波浪號(hào)來表示。例如:
1. The lamp lights when the transistor temperature probe is connected to the rear panel and its temperature is between -20-60'C. 當(dāng)晶體管測溫器接到后板上并且其溫度在-20度到60度之間時(shí),這盞燈就亮了。
有時(shí)仍將and譯為“和”,在后面加上“之間”、“不等”,仍是“到”的意思。例如:
2. Tests were performed in stirred tanks, with volumes between 5 and 50 litres. 試驗(yàn)是在一些攪拌槽中進(jìn)行的,槽的容積介于5升和50升之間。
也可以直接用介詞 to代替and。例如:
3. The incubation period is most frequently between 7 to 21 days. 潛伏期大多為7到21天。
七、and用在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中
1. 用and連接同一個(gè)形容詞的比較級(jí),表示“發(fā)展”和程度的變化:
1)The patient is getting worse and worse. 患者的病情在不斷惡化。
2)The power output becomes lower and lower by overloading. 功率輸出由于過載而越來越低。
2. 用and連接同義詞。例如:
1)We completely and totally agree to the project put forward by them. 我們完全同意他們提出的方案。
2)The end and aim of the book is explained in the preface. 本書的目的在前言中作了說明。
3. 有時(shí)用and重復(fù)整個(gè)句子,也是為了起加強(qiáng)語氣的作用。如:We need to know and we need to know as much as possible in order to adapt to the sort of changes in all aspects of science that will fall upon us like a tidal wave. 為了適應(yīng)科學(xué)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域里象浪潮般向我們襲來的那種變化,我們需要知識(shí),需要盡可能多的知識(shí)。
一、and前后的兩部分表示同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,或同時(shí)存在的屬性、特征等,可譯為“又…又…”、“既…又…”、“一方面…,一方面…”、“而”等。例如:
1. The process of oxidation in human body gives off heat slowly and regularly. 人體內(nèi)的氧化過程緩慢而又有規(guī)則地放出熱量。
2. If a body is acted upon by a number of forces and still remains motionless, the body is said to be in equilibrium. 一個(gè)物體如果受到幾個(gè)力的作用而仍然保持平靜,我們就說該物體處于平衡狀態(tài)。
And前后的兩部分,有時(shí)表示不能同時(shí)并存的事物或動(dòng)作。這時(shí)and宜譯為“或”。例如:
3. The whole equipment can be assembled and dismantled in a matter of hours. 整套設(shè)備可以在幾小時(shí)內(nèi)安裝或拆卸完畢。
二、有時(shí)and的前面的部分表示原因或條件,后面的部分表示結(jié)果and=so that, 譯為“因此”、“所以”、“從而”等。例如:
1. Sound is carried by air, and without air there can be no sound. 聲音靠空氣傳播,因此沒有空氣也就沒有聲音。
2. After firing the torpedoes the forward part would lose weight and the submarine would be out of balance. 發(fā)射魚雷后,潛艇前部重復(fù)會(huì)減少,于是它就失去平衡。
表示因果關(guān)系時(shí),也有將表示原因的部分放在and之后。這時(shí)and=because,直接譯為“因?yàn)椤薄@纾?br />
3. Aluminium is used as the engineering material for planes and spaceships and it is both light and tough. 鋁用作制造飛機(jī)和宇宙飛船的工程材料,因?yàn)殇X質(zhì)輕而韌性好。
除了被連接的兩個(gè)分句之間有如上的因果關(guān)系外,and連接的兩個(gè)句子成分之間,前后也可能有這種因果關(guān)系。例如:
4. Reproduction provides new generations and makes possible the continuation of race. 生殖產(chǎn)生新的后代,從而使種族得以延續(xù)。
三、and之后的部分,有時(shí)具有讓步意義and = though, 這時(shí)可譯為“雖然”。例如:
Several disadvantages tend to limit the use of hydraulic controls and they do offer many distinct advantages. 液壓控制雖有許多突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn),但也存在一些缺陷,使其應(yīng)用范圍受到限制。
四、and表示一種同位關(guān)系,可譯作“即”、“也是”
1. When correcting, pay close attention to the seventh and last paragraph in the translation. 改稿時(shí)請(qǐng)密切注意譯文的第七段,即最后一段。
2. We have come to the last and most important step of the experiment. 我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)到了最后也是最重要的一個(gè)階段。
五、and有時(shí)連接兩個(gè)原形動(dòng)詞,但并不表示并列關(guān)系而是表示目的的關(guān)系
1. Allow me to go and measure the pressure again. 請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我去把壓力再測一次。
2. He told me that he would come and help with our design when his work was over. 他告訴我,在他的工作結(jié)束以后,他要來幫助我們進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。
六、and用在數(shù)字或數(shù)學(xué)概念中,表示相加:Six and seven is thirteen. 六加七等于十三。
用在the product of ... and ...的搭配中則表示“相乘”,如:The area of a triangle is equal to half the product of the base and the perpendicular height. 三角形的面積等于二分之一底乘高。
在帶分?jǐn)?shù)中,and也表示相加。翻譯時(shí)要按漢語中數(shù)字的習(xí)慣說法處理,并注意half, quarter等的譯法。例如:On the average, oceans are two and one third miles deep. 海洋的平均深度為二又三分之一英里。
在“between +數(shù)字+ and +數(shù)字”的短語中,and等于介詞to,譯為“到”,或用破折號(hào)或波浪號(hào)來表示。例如:
1. The lamp lights when the transistor temperature probe is connected to the rear panel and its temperature is between -20-60'C. 當(dāng)晶體管測溫器接到后板上并且其溫度在-20度到60度之間時(shí),這盞燈就亮了。
有時(shí)仍將and譯為“和”,在后面加上“之間”、“不等”,仍是“到”的意思。例如:
2. Tests were performed in stirred tanks, with volumes between 5 and 50 litres. 試驗(yàn)是在一些攪拌槽中進(jìn)行的,槽的容積介于5升和50升之間。
也可以直接用介詞 to代替and。例如:
3. The incubation period is most frequently between 7 to 21 days. 潛伏期大多為7到21天。
七、and用在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中
1. 用and連接同一個(gè)形容詞的比較級(jí),表示“發(fā)展”和程度的變化:
1)The patient is getting worse and worse. 患者的病情在不斷惡化。
2)The power output becomes lower and lower by overloading. 功率輸出由于過載而越來越低。
2. 用and連接同義詞。例如:
1)We completely and totally agree to the project put forward by them. 我們完全同意他們提出的方案。
2)The end and aim of the book is explained in the preface. 本書的目的在前言中作了說明。
3. 有時(shí)用and重復(fù)整個(gè)句子,也是為了起加強(qiáng)語氣的作用。如:We need to know and we need to know as much as possible in order to adapt to the sort of changes in all aspects of science that will fall upon us like a tidal wave. 為了適應(yīng)科學(xué)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域里象浪潮般向我們襲來的那種變化,我們需要知識(shí),需要盡可能多的知識(shí)。