想要提升速記能力大家需要掌握一些具有特定含義的替代符號和單詞縮寫，今天小編給大家?guī)硗懈？谡Z提升速記能力這些信息符號和單詞縮寫要掌握,希望可以幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
托?？谡Z提升速記能力這些信息符號和單詞縮寫要掌握
托?？谡Z信息速記替代符號一覽
↑ increase,develop, improve
↓decrease, reduce, worsen
→ since, so that, cause& effect
√ agree, right, reasonable,good, excellent, positive
× wrong, incorrect,disagree, negative
≈about, approximately,around
= just like, similar to, thesame as
≠ different from, not thesame as
$ dollar fee
∕or
+/&and, add, plus,what’s more
% percent
:/-- explain, mean, say
>more than, more…
托福口語速記如何進行單詞縮寫?
單詞縮寫的原則上是前面2-3個字母，加上尾綴如：government—govm, education–edut,exercise-ex, teacher-t, geography-geoy, psychology-psy, excited-excd etc.
托福口語答題質(zhì)量提升策略
托福ibt考試已將口語能力的考核加入，而且分值和閱讀、聽力、寫作對等。這就使得以前只關(guān)注讀寫聽的考生不得不花時間和精力來準備托福口語考試。據(jù)調(diào)查統(tǒng)計，考生各部分的成績排列從閱讀、聽力、寫作到口語依次降低，口語的分數(shù)在各部分中通常是最低的。這個現(xiàn)象在考生中引起的巨大的恐慌。另一種狀況是，即便是平時自認為口語能力不錯，聽力能力也很好的同學(xué)，也會對自己最后較低的口語成績感到不解。于是口語部分的考核就變得更加令人琢磨不透了。Ets 對口語部分的評判標準定得也相對模糊，從某種意義說，不能提供給考生清晰的指導(dǎo)。這樣一來，口語能力差的同學(xué)怕考試，口語能力好的同學(xué)也對之沒有太大信心，口語部分的考核似乎成了考生們的“鬼門關(guān)”。
筆者在執(zhí)教托福口語課程的過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)，目前大多數(shù)考生對“口語好”的定義似乎都是“說得相對流利，發(fā)音比較準確，語速不會太慢”。這無可厚非。然而，剛才提到的準則僅僅只是“口語好”的外包裝，大家需要關(guān)注的更重要的是說話的“實效性”，即思維邏輯，語言組織和詞句質(zhì)量。
我覺得沒有必要過多提醒大家關(guān)于語言“外包裝”的問題，因為這絕對是大家注重的方面，所以在口語強化班里的同學(xué)基本都有練習(xí)過或是系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)過發(fā)音，這很叫人欣慰。可是，大家一定要注意，ibt的口語是電腦錄音，評判者是通過聽錄音來做分數(shù)評估的，所以，“說得快”未必是件好事，說得清楚才是重點。考慮到評卷者的“聽覺疲勞”，說話的“斷句”和重點詞匯在重音和語調(diào)上的突出，則是有效傳達信息的關(guān)鍵。所以同學(xué)們不要一味求快，而要注意斷句，語調(diào)和重音。
看看下面的例子： The Great Wall was the greatest man-made military defense structure in ancient China.
這是一個在口語表述當(dāng)中很上檔次的句子，但如果大家一口氣讀完的話，這個句子的美感就體現(xiàn)不出來了，而且在錄音的情況下很可能還會讓評卷者無法聽清楚。于是我們需要借助短句和重音來表達，下面我用/作為斷句的標志，用〉來點明重音，于是我們可以這樣來處理這個句子：
The Great Wall〉/was the greatest /man-made military defense structure〉/in ancient China.
大家可以試著讀一讀這個句子。斷句并可以是稍稍停頓，或者是拉長詞的讀音，我們在wall 的時候拉長讀音，在greatest和structure后稍作停頓，于是這個句子聽起來就更加容易理解，因為我們把句子的意群The Great Wall、was the greatest、man-made military defense structure、in ancient China劃開了。補充一點，這樣的口語聽來更上檔次。所以在這里，筆者想提醒大家是，為了使表達效果更好，是語言聽起來更加悅耳，我們不但要注意發(fā)音，還要注意說話時的斷句和重音。
這是語言的外包裝，但做好了這一切是絕對不夠的。正如每個人在打開美麗的包裝盒時所期待的是盒子里面更加誘人的禮物一樣，每個考官在悅耳的聲音背后更想想吸納入耳的絕對是有組織，有意義的詞句。所以另一重對語言的要求也接踵而至，即說話的 “實效性”：思維邏輯，語言組織和詞句質(zhì)量。
在第一和第二題的獨立口語任務(wù)中，大家需要作的是就自己的經(jīng)歷或向法來回答一些問題。題目主要涉及日常生活和一些社會現(xiàn)象，準備時間15秒，答題時間45秒。這類型考試的形式和面試很相似。15 的準備時間形如虛設(shè)，根本無法讓考生繪制一個好的答案。大家都知道，要想在面試中表現(xiàn)得好，事先必須有所準備，同理，要想在這兩個題目上得高分，預(yù)先的素材準備時必不可少的。正所謂：有備無患，胸有成竹。信心百倍，微笑說話。
我們先來看看關(guān)于如下題目的兩種答案：
What is you favorite place for reading?
Answer 1：
I think my favorite place for reading is the library. First because in the library， many students are reading and you will read with them. Second because in the library， you can get many books easily， so you can get to the information quickly. En …so I like to read in the library.
Answer 2：
Unlike many people， my favorite place for reading is the park. I just like the atmosphere. Reading is tiring， and when I feel tired， I can look up from the book and see people jogging on the path and boating on the lake. Then I feel relaxed. Still， when your eyes feel tired， there are many green trees and lawns to give them a good rest. In the park， you can see many old people taking their beloved birds and dogs for a walk. This gives me inspirations. Indeed， I like to read in parks rather than in libraries or classrooms.
大家一比較就會覺得，前者了無生趣，機械死板，內(nèi)容單薄;而后者新穎敵特，語言豐富，內(nèi)容翔實。我要求學(xué)學(xué)員在學(xué)習(xí)完畢之后能答出類似后者質(zhì)量的答案，但在15秒的時間內(nèi)準備出后面的答案對大多數(shù)同學(xué)來說是不現(xiàn)實的，而如果提前有所準備，情況就大為不同。于是第一和第二題的信心來自提前的準備。但考生又會有疑問，題目范圍如此之廣，涉題領(lǐng)域如此之大，怎么下手去準備呢?題目有無數(shù)，準備題目自然不是上策，而準備“資料庫”，學(xué)會“借題發(fā)揮”則不一樣，定會事半功倍，效果非凡。于是第一和第二題的成敗關(guān)鍵就在于資料庫的搭建和“轉(zhuǎn)話”技巧的培養(yǎng)。
第三題和第五題比較類似，都是聽對話之后回答相關(guān)的問題。聽懂對話是成功的一半，而如何不失重點，合理有效的組織答案則是成功的另一半。對于聽力好的同學(xué)而言，學(xué)習(xí)組織答案的技巧是關(guān)鍵。如果連聲累述而沒有重點，或是詞不達意缺少亮點，豈不白白浪費了好的聽力。對于聽力能力欠佳的同學(xué)而言，如何把握對話的節(jié)奏，關(guān)注重要的信息，用說話結(jié)構(gòu)的完整來彌補聽力的不足都是重要的技巧。這些都是課堂上講述的重點，也是備考信心的來源。
第三題：火眼金睛讀材料，熟門熟路記重點。
對話模式心有數(shù)，有效信息盡入耳。
第五題：對話結(jié)構(gòu)我知道，信息丟失不重要。
答題要點我抓到，說話結(jié)構(gòu)都知曉。
第四和第六題類似，是通過聽一段課堂講座來答題。生僻詞匯，快速語流給同學(xué)們造成了聽力上的巨大障礙。于是大家首要解決的問題是如何對待聽力材料，如何最好的利用聽到何讀到的信息，如何在合理的答題結(jié)構(gòu)中來隱藏聽力的缺失。這樣的題目對說話的技巧要求是非常高的，而掌握這些技巧就是考試信心的源泉。正是：
第四題：火眼金睛讀材料，熟門熟路記重點。
講座要點聽于耳，答題套路埋于心。
第六題：聽懂講演是重點，記下信息是關(guān)鍵。
巧妙避開不利點，結(jié)構(gòu)完美撐門面。
托?？谡Z考試準備階段的最后一個部分，當(dāng)然就是練習(xí)了。消除了心理的說英語恐懼，也積累了一定的材料并總結(jié)出了自己的答題思路，這個時候就要通過實踐自我考察了。
托?？谡Z解題的六大原則
INDEPENDENT SPEAKING TASKS
In the independent speaking portion of the TOEFL iBT test, you will give two short speeches on topics that are familiar to you. For the personal preference task, you will choose and support a preference from a particular category. For the personal choice task, you will make and support a choice between two contrasting options.
An effective speech begins with an introductory statement that tells the listener what the speech is about. The body of the speech is made up of explanations and details. A concluding statement completes the speech.
1. Listen carefully to the task and think about what you must do in your response.
Ask yourself these questions:
What is the topic of the task?
What am I being asked to do?
Then make a mental list of the answers to these questions. For example, look at the following task:
Name a skill you have learned and explain why it is important to you. Include details and examples to support your explanation.
For this task, you would make a mental list like the following:
The topic is about a skill I have learned. I need to:
Name the skill
Define the skill if the listener might not know what it is
Explain its importance
Include details and examples
2. Quickly decide on a topic.
It is easy to run out of preparation time while trying to decide what topic within the given category you will discuss. Quickly choose a topic and start thinking about the examples and details you can include for that particular topic. Remember, examiners are not interested in what the topic is but in how well you can express yourself.
3. Restate the task to include the topic that you ate going to speak about.
For the task in Strategy 1 above, you might choose to focus on the skill of touch-typing. Your restatement could be:
have learned how to touch-type, and this has been very important during my studies.
4. Work through your mental list of requirements.
For the task in Strategy 1 above, your list might be:
Name the skill. You have already named the skill in your restatement of the task statement.
Define the skill. Ask yourself if you need to define your topic. Will the listener know about the topic you have chosen?
Explain the importance to you of the topic you have chosen.
Include details and examples from your own experience.
5. Know your goal.
When studying, record your speech and make a transcript, writing it exactly as you said it. Then make improvements to it: correct mistakes, eliminate long hesitations, and replace words or rephrase sentences to avoid repetition. Practice reading the corrected version aloud, and time yourself. Read it again while timing yourself, and stop reading at 45 seconds. How far did you get?
You will find that 45 seconds is only enough time for you to restate the task with your topic and to give one or two examples and one or two details. Eliminate unnecessary examples and details from your transcript and read it again with a timer. Once you have eliminated enough to be able to read your response aloud in about 35-40 seconds, and the topic does not suffer from a lack of examples or detail, you know your goal. The remaining 5-10 seconds are for the natural hesitations and corrections a speaker generally makes when talking.
6. Get ready for the next item.
It is easy to get anxious if you run out of time and have not finished what you intended to say, or if you finish what you want to say and there is still time left. Take a deep breath to help you relax and get ready for the next part of the test.
托福口語task1-6答題注意點
TASK 1
1.一個主題句， 三點理由， 其中一點舉例
2.舉例越具體越好
3.題目分話題準備， 每類話題準備一個45秒回答(錄音)
TASK 2
1.主題句表明傾向性， 兩點理由充分陳述
2. 其中一點理由加上A/B的優(yōu)缺點比較
3.結(jié)尾的Conclusion sentence 不強求
TASK 3
1. 針對問題活用三段式的模版， 可以從模版第二段開始
2.閱讀段落和聽力段落描述時間比例約為1:2
3. 半數(shù)問題可能只針對聽力段落提問， 回答可不提閱讀段落
TASK 4
1.用兩三句話概括閱讀段落大意， 重點在聽力段落描述2.閱讀段落中有提到， 但沒有在聽力段落中提到的信息， 答題時可以不說
3.半數(shù)問題可能只針對聽力段落提問， 回答可不提閱讀段落， 引用概念即可
TASK 5
1.前半部分問題的描述盡量使用模版， 節(jié)約時間
2. 前半部分陳述問題+描述方案時做到條理清晰， 描述準確
3.描述個人傾向意見時不強求兩條理由， 一條充分描述即可
TASK 6
1. 描述清楚起因，結(jié)果和主要特征最重要
2.兩個例子或試驗分別進行描述， 說完一個再說另一個
3. 盡量不要遺漏重要信息， 同時注意不要張冠李戴
提醒大家，在聽到相關(guān)的考試題后，不要著急回答問題，平復(fù)一下自己的心情，找到主題，確立自己的觀點，進行闡述，適當(dāng)?shù)臅r候也可以通過舉例的方式，來讓考官認可你的觀點。如果說大家能夠做到這幾點，我想托?？谡Z考試對大家而言就不再是什么難題了
