我們都知道，托福獨(dú)立寫作中必須要舉例論證，舉例論證就需要引入例子，那寫作中可以使用那些短語來引入例子呢?下面小編就和大家分享托福獨(dú)立寫作引入例子的詞組有哪些，希望能夠幫助到大家，一起來學(xué)習(xí)吧!

托福獨(dú)立寫作引入例子的詞組有哪些?

例子引入短語一 such as 和Like

用such as與like來舉例，是廣大考生比較熟悉的，但是在使用的時(shí)候需要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

1. 在such as與like之前是籠統(tǒng)的概念，后面跟具體的含細(xì)節(jié)的例子，如上面的expert guidance(專業(yè)指導(dǎo))就是籠統(tǒng)的概念，而help with course preparations and methodology for appropriate lesson giving就是具體的含細(xì)節(jié)的例子。

2. 用such as比用like正式，在正式場合，應(yīng)盡量使用such as。

3. such as中的as與like都是介詞，后跟名詞或動(dòng)詞的ing形式，如Activities such as rock climbing, bungee jumping and parachuting are extreme sports(攀巖，蹦極與跳傘都是極限運(yùn)動(dòng))。在托福寫作考試的過程中，單詞的詞性一定要慎重考慮，選擇單詞的正確詞性(動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞等)非常重要。

例子引入短語二 include和range from…to…

這兩種引入現(xiàn)象的方法并沒有被很多考生所掌握，特別是range from…to…?？梢赃@樣說，能夠正確使用range from…to…的考生英語寫作基礎(chǔ)往往都是不錯(cuò)的。使用include與range from…to…，我們需要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

1. include與range from…to…可用作一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式，如例句1與3;也可用作ing形式，如例句2與4。

2. range from…to…通常表示范圍比較廣，如上面的ranging from course preparations to methodology for appropriate lesson giving，也就是說，從備課經(jīng)驗(yàn)到恰當(dāng)?shù)纳险n方法論(當(dāng)然還包括像如何對付調(diào)皮的學(xué)生，如何與學(xué)生家長配合讓學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效率最大化等方面)，該有的都會(huì)有，“應(yīng)有盡有”。

3. 我們一定要有意識(shí)地學(xué)習(xí)并使用如range from…to…等更加高級的表達(dá)方式，而不是停留在自己已經(jīng)熟知的套路上。

例子引入短語三.for example和for instance

提到舉例，相信大部分考生都會(huì)第一時(shí)間想到for example或for instance，甚至有些考生一篇獨(dú)立寫作中有四五個(gè)for example，因?yàn)樵谕懈＊?dú)立寫作中會(huì)有多個(gè)地方用到舉例。從常理來說，這樣不但會(huì)讓評分人產(chǎn)生“審美疲勞”，而且也給人以英語知識(shí)積累不多，犯“詞窮”之感?！锻懈？荚嚬俜街改稀肥且罂忌讵?dú)立寫作中體現(xiàn)syntactic variety(句法多樣性)的。鑒于此，筆者建議盡量不要使用for example與for instance。但是，如果對這兩種表達(dá)情有獨(dú)鐘，非要使用不可，也是可以的，但需要注意以下幾點(diǎn)(for example與for instance同義，可互換)：

1. 盡量將for example/for instance寫成插入語，這樣可以增加句法多樣性。

2. Take, for example/for instance, …就相當(dāng)于我們所熟悉的Take … for example/for instance。

3. for example/for instance一般可插入到一個(gè)句子的主語與謂語之間。

上文中，小站君為大家詳細(xì)介紹了三類托福獨(dú)立寫作常用例子引入短語。從文中我們可以看到for example和for instance太過常用，建議少用;such as 和Like有正式和非正式之分，要用對場合;include和range from…to…會(huì)用的較少，大家可以學(xué)習(xí)用法在寫作中學(xué)以致用。

托福寫作解析:Why people attend college

托福寫作題目：

Why people attend college?

People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge). Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

解析：

說明人們選擇上大學(xué)的具體原因(一個(gè)或者多個(gè))：增加經(jīng)驗(yàn)、拓展知識(shí)、開闊視野

為了實(shí)現(xiàn)理想(ideal; idealistic)為了保證將來的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì) 父母要求子女上大學(xué) 別人都上大學(xué)了，所以自己也選擇讀書 找不到工作。

參考范文：

After graduating from high school many young people have the option to directly enter the work force. Most students who have the opportunity, however, decide to go to college before finding jobs (They attend college to obtain more choices,higher salaries, and more opportunities for advancement in an increasingly competitive job market. Before attending college, students have a limited opportunity to specialize. After obtaining a specific college degree a job applicant can be competitive for previously unavailable jobs.

For instance, applicants with Computer Science degrees would not only be qualified for jobs in hightech companies, they would also be well prepared for any job with computer skills as a prerequisite. With a larger range of potential jobs to choose from, degree holders are more likely to find a job that suits their particular needs and interests.

Additionally, employers are willing to pay a premium for highly qualified applicants. For example, many companies desire employees who are competent in more than one language and offer higher salaries to attract them.

Even if a job applicant without a college degree has high standardized test scores, employers may still place a higher value on an applicant with similar test scores who also possesses credentials from a wellknown university. Because of the extent to which a college degree is accepted by employers as proof of competence in a given field, college graduates are not only more likely to receive more job offers, they can also command higher salaries than applicants who lack college diplomas.

Finally, in addition to offering more choices and higher salaries, a college degree offers access to jobs with a clear path towards professional advancement. A B.S. in biology, for example, could allow a student to find a job in a lab after graduation, a first step on the road towards a career in scientific research. The same major could also be used to apply to medical school, and a career as a doctor. Both of these avenues would be unavailable without taking the first step of an undergraduate degree in biology.

托福寫作解析:美國環(huán)保認(rèn)證法

托福綜合寫作閱讀材料：

In an effort to encourage ecologicallysustainable forestry practices, an international organization started issuingcertifications to wood companies that meet high ecological standards by onserving resources and recycling materials. Companies that receive thiscertification can attract customers by advertising their product as Ecocertified. Around the world, many wood companies have adopted new, ecologicallyfriendly practices in order to receive Eco certification. However, it is unlikelythat wood companies in the United Stated will do the same, for several reasons.

為了能過促進(jìn)林業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，有個(gè)國際組織開始著手給那些達(dá)到了環(huán)保和再生利用要求的木材公司頒發(fā)認(rèn)證。獲得認(rèn)證的公司可以在廣告商宣傳自己是環(huán)保的，進(jìn)而吸引消費(fèi)者。在全球范圍內(nèi)來看，為了能得到環(huán)保認(rèn)證，很多木材公司已經(jīng)開始采用了環(huán)保策略。然而，就美國的公司來講不太會(huì)采取同樣的措施，原因如下。

First, American consumers are exposed to somuch advertising that they would not value or even pay attention to the Ecocertification label. Because so many mediocre products are labeled “new” or“improved,” American consumers do not place much trust in advertising claims ingeneral.

首先，由于每天接受大量廣告的轟炸，美國消費(fèi)者對于環(huán)保標(biāo)簽并不是很在意。由于很多的普通產(chǎn)品都標(biāo)榜“創(chuàng)新”或者“升級”，美國消費(fèi)者對于廣告上生成的東西基本上不怎么信任。

Second, Eco certified wood will be moreexpensive than uncertified wood because in order to earn Eco certification, awood company must pay to have its business examined by a certification Agency.This additional cost gets passed on to consumers – American consumers tend tobe strongly motivated by price, and therefore they are likely to choose cheaperuncertified wood products. Accordingly, American wood companies will prefer tokeep their prices low rather than obtain Eco certification.

第二，環(huán)保認(rèn)證后的木材會(huì)比普通木材價(jià)格昂過，因?yàn)槟静墓颈仨毾蛘J(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)支付審核費(fèi)用才能得到相關(guān)的認(rèn)證。這份額外的支出將會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)嫁給消費(fèi)者，而美國的消費(fèi)者對于價(jià)格非常敏感。因而，他們將傾向于選擇便宜的沒有認(rèn)證的產(chǎn)品。因而，美國的木材公司還是會(huì)選擇低價(jià)格而非環(huán)保認(rèn)證。

Third, although some people claim that italways makes good business sense for American companies to keep up with thedevelopments in the rest of the world, this argument is not convincing.Pursuing certification would make sense for American wood companies only ifthey marketed most of their products abroad. But that is not the case –American wood businesses sell most of their products in the United States,catering to a very large customer base that is satisfied with themerchandise.

第三，盡管有人聲稱這樣可以使美國的公司保持敏銳的商業(yè)觸覺，跟上世界發(fā)展的腳步。但是，這樣的說法是站不住腳的。只有當(dāng)美國的木材公司主要市場是針對海外的時(shí)候，追求環(huán)保認(rèn)證才變得有意義。但事實(shí)卻并非如此。美國木材公司的產(chǎn)品主要在美國銷售，而滿足了主要消費(fèi)者的需求就可以保證商業(yè)運(yùn)行順暢。

托福綜合寫作閱讀部分需要提取的觀點(diǎn)是：

- Main point: 環(huán)保認(rèn)證對于美國木材公司意義不大

- Sub point 1:美國消費(fèi)者對于廣告上的環(huán)保認(rèn)證并不信任

- Sub point 2:環(huán)保認(rèn)證會(huì)提高產(chǎn)品價(jià)格，而美國的消費(fèi)者對于價(jià)格敏感

- Sub point 3:這項(xiàng)認(rèn)證只對海外市場有效，而美國木材公司的市場主要在國內(nèi)