托福寫作一直都是中國考生的弱項，其實在托福寫作中很多考察點同學(xué)們沒有意識到，，下面小編就和大家分享托福寫作需了解的10個核心準(zhǔn)則。希望能夠幫助到大家，來欣賞一下吧。

托福寫作需了解的10個核心準(zhǔn)則

Elementary principles of composition

1. Make the paragraph the unit of composition: one paragraph to each topic

不同的段落構(gòu)成文章，每個段落僅傳遞一個觀點

2. As a rule, begin each paragraph with a topic sentence; end it in conformity with the beginning

規(guī)則：每個段落均以主題句開頭，并且首尾呼應(yīng)。

A. the topic sentence comes at or near the beginning;

主題句前置

B. the succeeding sentences explain or establish or develop the statement made in the topic sentence;

段落圍繞主題句展開，后面的句子對主題句進行展開解釋

C. the final sentence either emphasizes the thought of the topic sentence or states some important consequence.

末尾句或者對主題句進行強調(diào)，或者闡述主題句帶來的結(jié)果。

3. Use the active voice

主動句永遠(yuǎn)比被動句直接有力

Eg: There were a great number of dead leaves lying on the ground

= Dead leaves covered the ground. (清晰生動)

Eg: The reason that he left college was that his health became impaired.

= Failing health compelled him to leave college. (簡潔有力)

Eg: It was not long before he was very sorry that he had said what he had.

= He soon repented his words. (簡潔有力)

4. Put statements in positive form

以肯定的形式表達(dá)否定的意思, 避免使用平淡、毫無色彩，猶豫不決和含糊其辭的語言。

Eg：He was not very often on time.

= He usually came late.

Eg: He did not think that studying Latin was much use.

= He thought the study of Latin useless.

Eg: The taming of the Shrew is rather weak in spots. Shakespeare does not portray Katharine as a very admirable character, nor does Bianca remain long in memory as an important character in Shakespeare’s works.

= The women in The Taming of the Shrew are unattractive. Katharine is disagreeable, Bianca insignificant.

5. Omit needless words

刪除冗詞

Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word tell.

有力的寫作一定簡潔。

Owing to the fact that

=Since (because)

In spite of the fact that

=Though (although)

Call your attention to the fact that

=Remind you (notify you)

The fact that he had not succeeded

=His failure

6. Avoid a succession of loose sentences

別寫流水賬，找找語言的邏輯關(guān)系，通過who, which, when, where, and while 這些詞把句子串起來。

7. Express co-ordinate ideas in similar form

Parallel structure 平行結(jié)構(gòu)講究對稱美：內(nèi)容對等，結(jié)構(gòu)一致。

Eg: Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.

Parallel structure: Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.

8. Keep related words together

詞的位置決定詞的關(guān)系，所以遵循‘物以類聚’，意思關(guān)聯(lián)緊密的詞放在一塊。

A: 主謂之間不分割，補充信息需前置

Eg: Wordsworth, in the fifth book of The Excursion, gives a minute description of this church.

Eg: In the fifth book of the Excursion, Wordsworth gives a minute description of this church. (狀語前置，主謂毗鄰)

B：關(guān)系代詞緊隨先行詞出現(xiàn)

Eg: There was a look in his eye that boded mischief.

Eg: In his eye was a look that boded mischief. (名詞look先行，關(guān)系詞that緊隨)

9. In summaries, keep to one tense

總結(jié)通常使用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，如果使用過去時，請保持時態(tài)一致。

10. Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end

欲擒故縱的圓周句(periodic sentence)中，強調(diào)信息后置。

Eg: Four centuries ago, Christopher Columbus, one of the Italian mariners whom the decline of their own republics had put at the service of the world and of adventure, seeking for Spain a westward passage to the Indies as setoff against the achievements of Portuguese discoverers, lighted on America.

Eg: With these hopes and in this belief I would urge you, laying aside all hindrance, thrusting away all private aims, to devote yourselves unswervingly and unflinchingly to the vigorous and successful prosecution of this war.

托福寫作：題庫范文附思路解析

1. Should universities finance students' sports activities equally as libraries? Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should give the same amount of money to their students' sports activities as they give to their university libraries. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

『分析』

不能完全同意。"same"是一件做不到的事情。普通大學(xué)，應(yīng)該或更多的錢在圖書館上 體育專科大學(xué)，當(dāng)然應(yīng)該花更多的錢在體育設(shè)施上資金分配的重要原則：產(chǎn)出應(yīng)該大于投入大學(xué)的辦學(xué)原則：要better brains;也要better bodies.

相關(guān)題目：[Related Topics: 147. Some relevant issues about public investments: 1) investment vs. profit; 2)

immediate needs vs. long-term benefits; 3) profit-making organization vs. nonprofit-making organization. Topics

about money allocation: 11. 19. 56. 95. 100. 167. personal attitudes of money: 32. 33. 48. 53. 131. 173. 177.185.]

資金分配問題：資金的有效運用(efficiency of money allocation)的重要體現(xiàn)是投入產(chǎn)出比(input-output ratio)。

即便是nonprofit-making organization也要保證資金的投入產(chǎn)出的平衡(balance of input and output)。

『范文』

The main responsibility of a university is to develop a student's academic ability. While physical health is an important prerequisite for mental health and academic achievement, sports should play a comparatively small role in college student's lives. Since a student's main activity outside of the classroom is studying, occupying from four to eight hours of their day, a peaceful studying environment plays an important role in a student's academic development. College dorm rooms can have up to eight students sleeping in one small room and are not good environments for students to study in. To provide excellent studying environments for their students, universities must build large librariesdesigned to accommodate students as well as books. Since sports should occupy a much smaller part of the student's time, perhaps only an hour a day, sports facilities need not be as extensive or well-equipped as libraries. In addition to the costs of building adequate library faculties, a university must also pay every year to keep its collection well organized and up-to-date. The goal of every university library should be to have the most current books and materials its students need in order to study and do cutting edge research. The larger the student body, the more comprehensive a library's collection must be. A well-trained staff must also care for the materials and help the students. Continuing costs for sports, on the other hand, are relatively low, requiring only a few part-time staff and maintenance routines. For the most part, students are happy to organize their own sporting events and exercise routines quite independently of the school. Although a student's health is critical to their academic success, the investment that a school needs to make to ensure a physically fit student body is relatively small. Considering that the main mission of the school is to develop a student's mind and not their body, the school should put more of its resources into its libraries and not its sports activities.

2. Why people visit museums?

Many people visit museums when they travel to new places. Why do you think people visit museums? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

『分析』

精彩內(nèi)容第二頁繼續(xù)......

個人偏好，或者習(xí)慣，比如喜愛歷史。

可以短時間內(nèi)了解一個地方的歷史、文化。[85]提提供了一個線索：因為他只有一天的時間!

可以看到珍貴的藝術(shù)、文化、歷史、科學(xué)等收藏。

著名的博物館周邊，由于游客眾多，一般也會有很多其他值得參觀的地方，也會有很好吃的餐館。

另外，也有些人去博物館，沒有什么特別的理由。別人都去，于是他也去了[1]、[42] 。

『范文』

People travel to new places for many different reasons. One of the most common reasons is to see a new place, culture, or way of life. For a total outsider with only a short amount of time, museums offer a glimpse into these ways of life through specially designed education, cultural insights, and entertainment.

People come to museums to learn about the world. The educational experience in a museum is quite different than that of reading or studying. In a museum, learning experiences are direct and thrilling. Reading books about primitive history might seem boring, but seeing the huge skeleton of a terrifying dinosaur in person is a thrilling experience. Reading history books about the Nanjing Massacre are horrifying, sad, and yet abstract, but a trip to the Memorial Museum in Nanjing is an experience that has moved many students to tears. Museums can make otherwise distant and mundane educational experiences come to life. The museums of a place tell an outsider much about what the people of that place value culturally. A trip to the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art would tell the visitor that Americans are interested in art from all over the world, but by comparing the size of the European Art collection with that of the Asian Art collection, one might conclude that Americans feel a strong cultural affinity with European Art. Similarly, a tourist to a place like San Francisco, where there is a large museum devoted solely to Asian Art, might conclude that people from San Francisco have a stronger affinity to Asian culture.

Meanwhile, many people who travel simply want to relax and be entertained, and museums also provide an excellent venue for leisure. Even most nominally educational museums provide exciting attractions like movie theaters and special cultural performances such as dances, gourmet dinners, lectures, and musical performances from jazz to rock and roll. Many museums in the United States hold special nights once a week where young people can drink and socialize. Museums are not only spaces for education and culture, but have also become important entertainment and social venues.

3. Eat at home or out?

Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food athome. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

『分析』

不要急于作出選擇，先進行比較，然后根據(jù)情況選擇

去餐館或者吃快餐的優(yōu)缺點：方便、快捷、多種口味;昂貴、衛(wèi)生可能得不到保障、快餐使人發(fā)胖[3]

在家吃飯的優(yōu)缺點：干凈、可以做出自己喜歡的口味、節(jié)省、與家人和朋友共同準(zhǔn)備食物很開心;花費時間、可能做的沒有餐館那么好吃;

在不同的情況下會有不同的選擇。周末休息應(yīng)該跟家人在家里吃飯。與老朋友久別重逢應(yīng)該找一家安靜的餐館……

相關(guān)題目：[3]

『范文』

After a hard day of work or study, many people feel like cooking for themselves is too much trouble. They prefer to grab a quick bite to eat at a restaurant and go home for rest as quickly as possible. But for me cooking at home is worth the time and trouble because it is cheaper, healthier, and more enjoyable.

Buying my own groceries and cooking for myself is much less expensive than eating in a restaurant. I find that a meal that I cook myself on average costs half to two-thirds less than a comparable meal in a restaurant.

Restaurants have to rent space, hire chefs, waiters, and managers, as well as buy food and make a profit. When I cook I have no overhead. The only extra expense I have to pay is the time it takes for me to cook the food.

In addition to being less expensive, when I buy my own groceries I can be sure I am buying the freshest and cleanest meats and vegetables available. Restaurants might think it's more important to buy the cheapest food possible in large quantities to make a higher profit. I also try and buy the healthiest food possible. For instance, when I buy meat, I try and buy the meat with the least fat on it. In a restaurant they add more fat and oil to dishes to make them taste better, but for me, health is more important.

Finally, cooking food with my friends and family brings me a special kind of joy. In a world that has increasingly focused on turning everyone into consumers, I enjoy being creative and producing something good. I enjoy learning and inventing new recipes and sharing them with friends. Even though it takes more time to shop, cook, and clean up when I cook for myself, at the end I have a sense that I did not waste the time so much as I truly enjoyed life for an hour at the end of the day.

4. Attending classes: required or optional?

Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.

『分析』

不要急于選擇哪一個觀點。因為兩個觀點都有些片面。盡量多地列舉兩種觀點的優(yōu)缺點，然后進行比較，

最終選擇一個立場。

上課的好處 [17]

自學(xué)的好處[17]

在培養(yǎng)大.學(xué).生.時，是否應(yīng)該以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自主能力為主?

如果強制所有的學(xué)生去上課，是否真的會提高所有學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效率?有些學(xué)生可能在某些課堂上得不到有效的幫助。

如果允許所有的學(xué)生都可以自由選課，是否會有些學(xué)生失去目標(biāo)?

有沒有這種的辦法?比如：選修課(optional course)/必修課(compulsory course)的設(shè)置

相關(guān)題目：[17];[137]

『范文』

The most important responsibility of college students is to pursue their course of study to the best of their ability. In most cases, this would mean attending every class. In reality, however, not every student is the same,and not every class is the same. If a student can study more effectively in another way, then that student should be allowed to pursue his/her studies to the best of his/her abilities, and not be required to attend classes that are not helpful to him/her.

Some students find it difficult to concentrate in large lecture classes and find reading quietly a more effective way of studying. If a student can achieve more by reading in the library and meeting with a professor during office hours than students who attend every class, he/she should not be prevented from studying in the most effective way for him/her.

The most important measures of a college student's academic progress are tests. In the weeks before exams, college student's need to arrange their own schedules becomes critical. For instance, if a student is very good at math but very poor at English, it might make more sense for that student to skip math class and spend the extra time preparing for an English test. If students are required to attend classes whose content they are already familiar with, at best they will be bored by redundant material, at worst they will fail tests in subjects they are less proficient in.

The argument might be made that it is the school's responsibility to organize its curriculum so that students are always challenged and therefore truly need to be at every class. I contend that it is impossible to tailor an entire school's curriculum to the individual needs of every single student. The best that can be hoped for is a well thought out curriculum with enough flexibility to handle the differences between individual students. Schools should trust the students to make choices that are in their own best interests, and use testing as the final arbiter of academic excellence.

5. What makes a good neighbor?

Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor?

Use specific details and examples in your answer.

『分析』

共有8道題問及各種人的qualities或者characteristics。[103]提供了最好的答案：intelligence; honesty; a sense of

humor。這些都是所有的人都應(yīng)具備的基本優(yōu)點。類似的還有optimistic and positive; politeness; loyalty;

perseverance; justice等等。[46]要求回答Have these qualities changed or remained the same over time in your culture?而以上提到的各個特征都是remained unchanged in any culture, and any period of time的——相對容易

回答(只需要說"從來就沒有變過"就可以了)。

相關(guān)題目：[18]、[22]、[46]、[62]、[93]、[103]、[179]。另外，174題的作文中(這一代人與上一代人有什么不同?)可以用一段的篇幅來描述一些不曾改變過的東西。

『范文』

Neighbors are extraordinarily important people in our lives. Many people make a decision about what place they want to live in based on their future neighbors. People most want to live near neighbors who are respectful, vigilant, and community-minded.

The foundation of any relationship, whether among neighbors or friends, colleagues or family members, is mutual respect. Respect between neighbors means that when they see each other they will be warm and polite.

Neighbors don't have to be friends, but they need not be strangers either. Because neighbors live close together, sometimes it is unavoidable that they will learn personal details about their neighbors. A respectful person will not intrude upon their neighbor's privacy, or share these private details with anyone else.

Another important aspect of being a good neighbor is to be vigilant. If people see a robber trying to break into their neighbor's house, then they should call the police. If they see a neighbor's young child in a dangerous situation, they should help the child, or at least give the alarm. If the government posts new regulations, they will help inform their neighbors of the new laws. If everyone in a neighborhood watches out for each other's safety, then the neighborhood will be a safer and more pleasant place. Moreover, good neighbors are community-minded. They care about their local environment. Good neighbors will not throw trash on the ground, and if they see trash on the ground they will pick it up. They will make decisions based with consideration to their neighbors. They won't play loud music late at night or get drunk and fight in public. They want to live in a happy, peaceful community and they believe that their personal actions have a direct effect on the happiness of all of their neighbors. If all the people in the community think about the good of the community when they make decisions, the whole community will benefit.