托福閱讀說(shuō)明類文章閱讀技巧指點(diǎn) ,合實(shí)例從結(jié)構(gòu)入手逐段分析。今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福閱讀說(shuō)明類文章閱讀技巧指點(diǎn)，希望可以幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀說(shuō)明類文章閱讀技巧指點(diǎn) 結(jié)合實(shí)例從結(jié)構(gòu)入手逐段分析

托福閱讀說(shuō)明文怎么看懂?

一般而言，托福閱讀中的說(shuō)明文會(huì)說(shuō)明某個(gè)現(xiàn)象，文章的第一段是：介紹背景及引出下文;之后的主體段，結(jié)構(gòu)也很清晰：主旨句Topic sentence + 解釋句Explain + 舉例子Examples + 總結(jié)句Summary。 其實(shí)跟我們高考語(yǔ)文有異曲同工之妙。下面來(lái)看實(shí)例解析：

The Roman Army's Impact on Britain(選自官方真題Official-19)

In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.

these troops had a considerable impact on Britain，也就是第一句說(shuō)的是羅馬軍隊(duì)對(duì)英國(guó)有影響。這句話相當(dāng)于對(duì)題目的闡述，交代了文章的整個(gè)大背景。 之后2～4句其實(shí)交代前提，開始具體的說(shuō)開，要估算軍隊(duì)對(duì)平民的影響首先要了解一個(gè)事實(shí)：士兵不是平均分布的。那既然不是平均分布，肯定是有多有少的。所以，第三句接著說(shuō)了有些地方士兵少：很快融入帝國(guó)的區(qū)域;第四句說(shuō)有些地方士兵多影響大：軍隊(duì)駐扎的地方。第5～7句說(shuō)回重點(diǎn)，也就是what，到底有哪些影響：軍營(yíng)先要征地;然后會(huì)搶走當(dāng)?shù)仡I(lǐng)導(dǎo)參與政府的機(jī)會(huì);之后社會(huì)發(fā)展受阻，人民不滿而反抗，最后軍事鎮(zhèn)壓。

首段的第一句話，雖然句子很長(zhǎng)，但其實(shí)只需要抓住結(jié)構(gòu)層次進(jìn)行分析就能找到閱讀重點(diǎn)。

所以總共7句話的段落，分層三個(gè)層次，主旨句+前提說(shuō)明+重點(diǎn)闡述。事實(shí)上，段落第一句就完成了background+introduction雙重目的：英國(guó)被羅馬帝國(guó)征服+ 士兵的營(yíng)地/防御工事以及參與當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)所造成的影響。

Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. …… Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.

第二段一開始就交代了經(jīng)濟(jì)交換的影響：強(qiáng)大的購(gòu)買力，以及幫助修建基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。

Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. …… These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.

第三段還是在講經(jīng)濟(jì)：剛來(lái)的時(shí)候士兵有錢沒(méi)地方花;最后軍隊(duì)駐扎地變成了小鎮(zhèn)。

The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. …… By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.

第四段開始講另一個(gè)重大影響：當(dāng)?shù)厝送ㄟ^(guò)當(dāng)兵獲得可繼承的羅馬公民地位。

This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.

第五段，做了個(gè)小總結(jié)，講這種融合過(guò)程及當(dāng)?shù)卣心即龠M(jìn)了北部邊境的穩(wěn)定。

托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句：釋放水動(dòng)能

They revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency, the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost all of its kinetic energy. (TPO29, 48)

blade /ble?d/ n. (刀﹑ 劍﹑ 鑿等的)刃;(劃水槳﹑ 螺旋槳﹑ 鍬﹑ 鏟﹑ 板球擊球板等的)扁寬平面部分

kinetic /k?'net?k/ adj. 運(yùn)動(dòng)的，運(yùn)動(dòng)引起的

They revealed output powers (ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60) (for the largest wheels) and confirmed that (for maximum efficiency), the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, (having given up almost all of its kinetic energy).(TPO29, 48)

分析：

這個(gè)句子主干就是：

They revealed output powers and confirmed that

賓語(yǔ)從句的主干：the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed

中文：水應(yīng)該從葉輪上盡可能光滑地流過(guò)，并以最小的速度流走

修飾一：(ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

中文：輸出功率范圍是從1馬力到最大水輪可能輸出的60馬力

修飾二：(for the largest wheels)，介詞短語(yǔ)

中文：對(duì)于最大水輪

修飾三：(for maximum efficiency)，介詞短語(yǔ)

中文：為了達(dá)到最高效率

修飾四：(having given up almost all of its kinetic energy)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

中文：釋放水的幾乎所有動(dòng)能

參考翻譯：

它們(調(diào)查)顯示輸出功率范圍是從1馬力到最大水輪可能輸出的60馬力;它們也確定了要達(dá)到最高效率，水應(yīng)該從葉輪上盡可能光滑地流過(guò)，并以最小的速度流走，釋放水的幾乎所有動(dòng)能。

托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句：清洗陶瓷碎片

This abundance is notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites) (where the labor (that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery)) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases ofexcavation).(TPO29, 42)

分析：

這個(gè)句子主干就是：

This abundance is notable in Roman settlements

這個(gè)句子理解的難點(diǎn)在于，where從句里中間有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，把the labor和constitute隔開了，大家注意這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題。這個(gè)問(wèn)題只要能夠理解，速讀就不是問(wèn)題了。

修飾一：(where the labor constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation)，從句

中文：在這些地方勞動(dòng)占了挖掘初期總工作量的很高的比例

修飾二：(that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery)) ，從句，修飾labor，難點(diǎn)就在于這個(gè)從句的理解，其實(shí)就是put the labor into the washing and storing of pots herds

中文：考古學(xué)家花在清洗分類陶瓷碎片上的勞動(dòng)

參考翻譯：

這種豐富性在羅馬居住點(diǎn)(尤其在城市)很明顯，在這些地方考古學(xué)家花在清洗分類陶瓷碎片上的勞動(dòng)占了挖掘初期總工作量的很高的比例。