很多同學(xué)，特別是剛剛接觸托福的同學(xué)，對獨立寫作開頭部分寫法感到很頭疼。今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈懽鳎骸岸x法”三步快速解決寫作開頭難 ,希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

托福寫作：“定義法”三步快速解決寫作開頭難

對于開頭部分的構(gòu)思，很多同學(xué)首先會想到模版。模版會提供現(xiàn)成的思路甚至套句，我們直接將自己的觀點帶入即可。比如：

模版開頭一

when it comes to the topic that…, opinions of the public are of great variety. Admittedly, some people would claim that….. However, I still insist that… My reasons will be listed as follows.

又比如在涉及到A和B兩個對象的影響類的題目里，常見模版開頭二：

Nowadays, the influence of A on B is a matter for debate for a long time. some people claim that… However, I disagree with them. In my viewpoint, … and the following is my reasons.

模版可以用，但是不建議同學(xué)們拿到題目就直接帶入模版，一來語言會顯得呆板，二來托福官方對模版的態(tài)度為“不扣分，不加分”，因此模版對于想要高分的同學(xué)學(xué)來說并沒有太大優(yōu)勢。所以還是希望同學(xué)們看到話題之后可以進行一定獨立思考。今天我們一起看下常見的開頭破冰法之一：定義法引入。

所謂“定義法”，就是下定義，對題目中的某些名詞或概念進行解釋，比如題目所涉及的success, responsibility, independence,social skills，part-time jobs等，我們可以直接解釋這些概念是什么，或者大家對這些事物的看法等，還有可能涉及到重要性或者其影響等詞，比如importance, benefits, advantageous,exert positive/negative influence on，一般一句話帶過即可。下面我們結(jié)合具體題目帶入“定義法引入”的具體應(yīng)用。

例如：

D/A: One ofthe best ways that parents can help their teenager children prepare for adult life is to encourage them to take a part-time job.

在這個題目中，所涉及到的名詞有parents, teenager children, adult life, 和a part-time job四個名詞及詞組，也就是說這個題目我們可以從四個角度進行開頭段的構(gòu)思。但我們應(yīng)該優(yōu)先從最好把握的入手。不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，a part-time job屬于話題的關(guān)鍵詞眼，所以[第一步]我們可以直接針對a part-timejob進行解釋，比如Part-time jobs, which act as a warm-up for the future career, can provide children with a general image of the society. 或者Part-time jobs is of great importance in helping children better understand the society they are live in.定義法解釋過之后，[第二步]我們要引出題目中的其它對象，最后第三步引出自己立場。比如上邊緊接著a part-time job 這一句可以For most parents, it is really an ideal choice to help their children prepare for adult life.[第三步]在點明觀點時，我們可以緊接著提出，Thus I agree with the opinion in the statement.甚至最后可以加一句，比如：my reasons will be detailed as follows. 或者my reasons are as follows.

這時我們的開頭段已經(jīng)基本搞定：

Part-time jobs, which act as a warm-up for the future career, can provide children with ageneral image of the society.For most parents, it is really an ideal choice to help their children prepare for adult life.Thus I agree with the opinion in the statement. My reasons will be detailed as follows.

這個題目還涉及到其它三個對象，也就是說，我們還可以根據(jù)上邊定義法的思路以其它三種方式引出該話題，見下文供大家參考:

Parents:

Parents, as the most essential guide in our life, love us so much that they always want a fast and steady development of us. Thus, many parents suggest their children to work on a part-time job, which acts as a warm-up for their future career. From where I stand, I agree with the suggestion to take on a part-time job during teenage period. My reasons are listed as follows.

Teenage children:

Teenage is the most crucial period in one’s life, for it is a fast developing stage both in physical and mental aspects. That is why parents are urged to figure out the most efficient way for their children to keep up with the quick development. Working on a part-time job is considered one of the best solutions for many parents. From where I stand, I agree with the suggestion to take on apart-time job during teenage period. My reasons are listed as follows.

Adult life:

Many teenagers are looking forward to the adult life while the other are reluctant to grow up. However, growing up is an inevitable process/stage in one’s life. Part-time job, which acts as a warm-up for the future career, gives children a general image of the society.From where I stand, I agree with the suggestion to take on a part-time job during teenage period. My reasons are listed as follows.

我們還可以以同樣的方法帶入其它題目，比如D/A: People should have hobbies and do physical activities that are very different from work.

這個題目所涉及名詞有work和hobbies and physical activities，我們就以work為切入點，進行定義，然后引出開頭段。比如：

For most people, work takes a massive part of our whole lives. We go to school to prepare for a career, work through our best years, and eventually, after retirement, live off of pension generated from the job. However, other than the monetary part, our hobbies and physical activities might benefit us more if they were different from our jobs.

這個開頭寫法相對比較靈活，并沒有受原題目的限制，巧妙的引出了自己立場。值得大家參考。

丨Tips：

1. 在對題目中所涉及的名詞對象下定義時，建議大家從具體名詞入手，盡量避開抽象名詞，以降低自己構(gòu)思難度。

2. 一般情況下，開頭部分篇幅長度為40-60字即可。我們的寫作還是要以理由段的論述為主，所以建議同學(xué)們不要浪費太多時間在開頭部分。

托福獨立寫作高分小技巧：Rhetorical Questions

如果說參加托福考試時在綜合寫作中還可以適當使用“模板”的話，那么獨立寫作里“模板”的使用往往會被并標以“pre-prepared”，因此考生想通過這種“捷徑”提高得分的結(jié)果不會特別理想。獨立寫作提高得分的關(guān)鍵還是“實力說話”。

盡管“模板”效果有限，但短期提高得分的技巧還是很多，如活用“萬能理由”和巧用“論證方法”等。本文主要介紹在獨立寫作中很多考生沒有注意的一個加分“小”技巧—rhetorical question的使用。

在托福寫作實戰(zhàn)中，rhetorical question的使用能夠起到很好的加分作用。為了說明rhetorical question的加分作用，請看托福Official Guide評卷人對一篇題為Dishonesty Kills Reliability的滿分作文的點評。下面是點評中關(guān)于language的comment：

The writer's language is fluent, accurate, and varied enough to effectively support the progression and connection of ideas. There is a variety of sentence structures, including rhetorical questions.

評卷人把rhetorical questions看做加分點!

從上面的點評中，我們可以清楚的得出這個結(jié)論——至少評卷人把上述段落中的反問句視作一種“句型變化”而加以肯定和褒揚。

那么，何謂rhetorical question?Rhetorical question會不會很難?

我們先來看在托福Official Guide里備受評卷人贊譽的rhetorical question實例。在原文第四段中，為了說明honesty的重要性作者是這樣寫的：

In any relationship of mine, I would wish that first of all, the person I'm dealing with is honest.Even though s/he thinks that s/he did something wrong that I wouldn't like,s/he'd better tell me the truth and not lie about it. Later on if I find out about a lie or hear the truth from someone else, that'd be much more unpleasant. In that case how can I ever believe or trust that person again?How can I ever believe that this person has enough confidence in me to forgive him/her and carry on with the relationship from there.……

提問而不需對方回答，提問只是為了表明并強調(diào)作者的立場。這不就是漢語中的“反問”嗎?維基百科對反問句的定義是：

A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question thatis asked to make a point rather than to elicit an answer. Though a rhetorical question does not require a direct answer, in many cases it may beintended to start a discussion or at least draw an acknowledgement that thelistener understands the intended message.

還有學(xué)者對反問的定義更加清楚：

A rhetorical question is asked just for effect or to lay emphasison some point discussed when no real answer is expected.

那么，rhetorical question為什么能夠收到評卷人的贊譽而得到加分?這就要從托福作文的評分標準說起了。托福Official Guide里面對于高分作文的要求(Scoring Rubic)描述如下：

.ffectively addresses the topicand task

.s well organized and well developed, appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and / or details

.isplay Unity, progression, and coherence

.isplay consistent use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity

從上面的評分標準可以清楚看出，rhetorical question能夠幫助我們滿足實現(xiàn)評分標準第四條中的“demonstrating syntactic variety”。這也正是官方指南中評卷人的點評。

其實，除了體現(xiàn)“句型變化”，合理使用rhetorical question還能幫助我們滿足評分標準第一條的要求“effectively addresses the topic and task”。事實上，rhetorical question不僅能夠有效的回應(yīng)主題，還能強調(diào)作者的觀點從而獲得讀者的認同。rhetorical question的這種強調(diào)作用最著名的范例可能算是雪萊《西風(fēng)頌》Ode to the West Wind的結(jié)尾了：

“O Wind,If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind?”

另外，問句，尤其是設(shè)問的合理使用還能起到很好的銜接作用，也就是評分標準的第三條“Display Unity, progression, and coherence”。因此，有學(xué)者把rhetorical question的篇章作用總結(jié)如下：

? Emphasize a point

? Persuade powerfully

? Influence subtly

? Provoke thinking

? Help smooth transition

限于篇幅，對這些作用就不一一舉例了。順便說一下，rhetorical question后面的標點并不一定總是question mark，有時也可以是句號或感嘆號。

下面，本文作者提供一篇自己寫的樣文，請大家分析問句在開頭、中間和結(jié)尾段中的使用。

Some people prefer to ask others for help; others prefer to solve the problem with their own knowledge. Which is your choice?

Such is human nature that everyone longs for happiness in our life. Unfortunately, on the path to pursue happiness, we are likely to face various problems. How to solve them? Should we rely on ourselves to remove the obstacle or turn toothers for a cure?From my perspective, it is more reasonable to ask others for help.

Admittedly, always hinging on others to solve problems might be irrational in some cases. For example, if you ask an acquaintance with whom you haven’t a close tie to lend you a hand, he might be reluctant, because most of us have our own care and concern. Besides,some people are unwilling to shoulder the responsibility for the advice they offer. It’s not a rare case when we ask our friend for advice on what major to choose only to get a reply: “Well, it’s really hard to say. Who knows what your real interest is? Who knows what major will be popular when you graduate?”

In spite of the points mentioned above, I still cling to the idea that we should depend on others for the following reasons.

First of all, asking others for help can save us much valuable time, time that we can use for other purposes. As is known to all, most people in contemporary society are always burdened with endless stress and strain. To be admitted to prestigious universities, schoolchildren have to burn midnight oil to out do their peers in exams; likewise,university students can do nothing but to work against the clock to lend themselves an edge over others in the talent market so that they can land adecent job. Given the quickening pace of life, how can we expect us to remove all the obstacles only by ourselves?

In addition, turning to others for help is an efficient way for us to enlarge our circle of friends. It is not a rare case that friendship might be formed after we ask others for help. Take myself as an example. After helping me find a cure for my personal health problem, one of my colleagues has become my best friend. Now, when in trouble,he also asks for my advice. No wonder some even state that it is an efficient way to find friends by “bothering” others for their help.Sounds surprising?It is a discovery revealed inrecent research conducted by a group of leading experts.

Most importantly, it is the only choice to call for help when the solution to a problem requires expertise. Itis known to all that today’s society differs greatly from what it was before. Even a century ago, most folks could be self-sufficient: they grew grain on their own land and wove cloth on their own looms, which seems unimaginable in modern society. Unlike the “good old days”, modern society is a huge complex machine in which each person can serve only as a tiny part.For example, City dwellers depend on farmers for grain while farmers rely on factory workers for industrial products; in the same way, factory workers may temporarily drown our worries in soap operas shown on the screen while film-makers cannot have a film produced, however talented they might be, without the talents of play wrights,directors, photographers, actors or actresses.

Why not ask others for solution when necessary?Good or bad, this might be the best choice left to us.

托福寫作：簡析“展開論證”

寫作，作為語言類考試中較為主觀類型的考察形式，特別提到的是第二部分任務(wù)，考生應(yīng)當確切地陳述觀點，并能清晰地論證展開。題目要求學(xué)生能運用reasons and examples來支撐觀點，而評分標準中對于展開論證作出了確切的要求。

來看滿分5分的內(nèi)容要求：

評分標準中明確表示論證需要使用以下論證手法：解釋、例證及細節(jié)，因此許多學(xué)生會了解到這些論證方式，而且通過一些培訓(xùn)課程會有意識地使用，今天我們就來概括性地理一理展開思路。

例題：

STEP 1審題及文章布局

是否同意過去的食品比現(xiàn)在的更加健康?題目非常清晰的出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵詞：食品、古今對比、健康。所以在思考及最后文章寫作的時候，學(xué)生必須考慮到這三個方面的相關(guān)性。接著，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這道題可以用一邊倒的方式寫作，根據(jù)自己的主張找到三個簡單直接的理由證明即可。

STEP 2 Main Idea

a. Fast pace of life

b. Modern agriculture

c. Overeating fatty food

STEP 3 Well Developed

在此，要提前提醒同學(xué)們，在主題句展開的時候需要緊扣題目，再次重申關(guān)鍵詞：食品、古今對比、健康。

a. Fast pace of life

本段的展開中需要同學(xué)可以圍繞針對以下這些問題：

什么是快節(jié)奏的生活：忙于工作、交通、會議、出差

引起什么問題：快餐-垃圾食品

First, the fast pace of life makes our food less healthy than before. Fast food is a good example. In the past, life was relatively easy for people. They did not need to go all the way to their companies, transferring buses and trains several times on the way. Their daily schedules were not as filled with meetings and business trips as today. They could all go home to enjoy dinners prepared at home by their family members. However, presently, almost everyone has to focus most of his or her hours on studying or working, while still trying to squeeze time for dinner. That is where fast food comes in. The sad truth today is that knowing about the risk of eating junk food, people still rush into KFC and McDonald’s to grab a bite in order to keep their timetable.

b. Modern agriculture

本段的展開中需要同學(xué)可以圍繞針對以下這些問題：

現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)有什么：科技(殺蟲劑&化肥)

引起什么問題：有毒-疾病

What is more, the development of modern agriculture has contributed to unhealthy food.Before modern agriculture developed, every farmer just used natural fertilizer and focused on their limited farmland. However, the population explosion inevitably led to a revolution in modern agriculture technology, which greatly increased crops yields, and meanwhile, generated many food security risks. Agood case in point is the wide spread usage of chemical pesticide and fertilizer to protect crops from harmful insects and to increase production, but the residue of these chemicals directly caused many diseases, such as food poisoning, cancer, mal formation and mutation.

c. Overeating fatty food

本段的展開中需要同學(xué)可以圍繞針對以下這些問題：

飲食習(xí)慣：暴飲暴食

引起什么問題：過渡攝入-富人病

Finally, but most importantly, overeating fatty foods has also affected our health adversely. The increase in material wealth of the entire population has created an environment of gluttony and overindulgence in food. For instance, meat, egg and milk now make up a larger proportion of people’s diet than before, increasing the average person’s intake of calories, oil and salt.In many hospitals, rich man’s diseases, like overweight, high blood pressure and diabetes are now commonly seen. This phenomenon, though people are aware of the problem, will continue to last, for we still continue to eat unhealthy food every day.