英文寫(xiě)作和中文寫(xiě)作在行文習(xí)慣和邏輯上都有很大的差別，今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了托福寫(xiě)作：結(jié)構(gòu)性詞匯介紹 ,希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

托福寫(xiě)作：結(jié)構(gòu)性詞匯介紹

相比于中國(guó)(或者說(shuō)東方)風(fēng)格的婉轉(zhuǎn)隱晦，美國(guó)人則更堅(jiān)持簡(jiǎn)潔明了。那么從行文習(xí)慣上，這個(gè)特點(diǎn)有一個(gè)很常見(jiàn)的體現(xiàn)，那就是結(jié)構(gòu)性詞匯的使用。這里所說(shuō)的結(jié)構(gòu)性詞匯是我自己起的名字，可能不同的人有不同的說(shuō)法。這些詞匯在文章當(dāng)中的作用就是表明和構(gòu)建框架，告訴讀者每一部分的內(nèi)容分別是什么。它們與邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞的最終目的相似，都是為了使文章看起來(lái)調(diào)理更加清晰、結(jié)構(gòu)更加合理。

對(duì)于綜合寫(xiě)作來(lái)說(shuō)，各位老師通常為同學(xué)們提供的模板當(dāng)中很多都是結(jié)構(gòu)性詞匯，最典型的就是序數(shù)詞和類似序數(shù)詞作用的一些表達(dá)。簡(jiǎn)單的有first，second，third，高級(jí)一些的有first of all，moreover，in addition等等。這些是用來(lái)分隔和標(biāo)明綜合寫(xiě)作的三段主體段，方便讀者(即閱卷人)理解和尋找要點(diǎn)。另外很重要的一種結(jié)構(gòu)性詞匯就是“閱讀文章提到”“聽(tīng)力部分認(rèn)為”等等這類說(shuō)明觀點(diǎn)持有者身份的部分。有了這些我們才能明確下面我們所體現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容到底是哪一份材料的觀點(diǎn)，從而避免歧義。

對(duì)于獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作，結(jié)構(gòu)性詞匯也有非常重要的作用。與綜合寫(xiě)作相同的就是我們需要用到分隔并標(biāo)明分論點(diǎn)的序數(shù)詞。這些序數(shù)詞或者類似功能的詞匯出現(xiàn)，讀者就能意識(shí)到后面一般會(huì)緊跟著一個(gè)主體段的分論點(diǎn)。除此之外，為了體現(xiàn)清晰的結(jié)構(gòu)脈絡(luò)，主體段內(nèi)其他幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)(比如“說(shuō)理”和“論據(jù)”)也需要結(jié)構(gòu)性詞匯的引入。比如說(shuō)理，即把主旨句當(dāng)中的理由再表達(dá)得更清晰明確一些，所以引入說(shuō)理環(huán)節(jié)的結(jié)構(gòu)性詞匯就可以是：

1. That is to say, ...

2. To be more specific, ...

3. In other words, ...

他們的意思也很簡(jiǎn)單，分別是“那就是說(shuō)”“更具體地說(shuō)”“換句話說(shuō)”。而引入論據(jù)的方式就更簡(jiǎn)單了，for example/take sth.as an example等等都很常見(jiàn)。

關(guān)于結(jié)構(gòu)性詞匯的重要性，筆者也是在美國(guó)留學(xué)的過(guò)程中逐漸意識(shí)到的。因?yàn)樵谧约旱膃ssay甚至論文當(dāng)中，導(dǎo)師和寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)都曾或多或少?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)了這些詞匯的重要性。也就是說(shuō)，一旦內(nèi)容上進(jìn)入了不同的部分或者環(huán)節(jié)，就應(yīng)該用明確的標(biāo)志物表明這種轉(zhuǎn)換。當(dāng)然文中提到的一些結(jié)構(gòu)性詞匯還是非常簡(jiǎn)單的幾個(gè)，同學(xué)們可以詢問(wèn)老師或課后自行積累，以獲得更多逼格更高更地道的表達(dá)。

托福寫(xiě)作：如何避免寫(xiě)出假的thesis statement?

獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作中最重要一句話就是thesis statement，也就是你的觀點(diǎn)(opinion)。寫(xiě)在開(kāi)頭段的最后。那么如何判斷你的寫(xiě)出的thesis statement是符合美國(guó)人要求的呢?那么，你就要問(wèn)自己以下5個(gè)問(wèn)題。

1.這是不是一句grammatically-complete的句子?

2.它是否arguable(可以被議論的)?

3.它是否supportable(可以被支持的)?

4.它是否表達(dá)了一個(gè)main idea?

5.它是否是個(gè)疑問(wèn)句?

來(lái)看一下例子：我的觀點(diǎn)是California was the best trip ever. 那么這句話是否是個(gè)合格的thesis statement呢?通過(guò)問(wèn)自己這5個(gè)問(wèn)題我們就可以判斷出來(lái)。

1.這是不是一句grammatically-complete的句子?

是的。這句話有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。

2.它是否arguable(可以被議論的)?

是的。很明顯，我是通過(guò)對(duì)比了其他地方的旅行經(jīng)歷才得出了加州是最棒的這一觀點(diǎn)。

3.它是否supportable(可以被支持的)?

是的。我會(huì)用三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)來(lái)支持我的觀點(diǎn)。1)learning how to surf at Malibu; 2) going sightseeing; 3) meeting Vincent.

4.它是否表達(dá)了一個(gè)main idea?

是的。我只有一個(gè)main idea：having a fantastic time in California.

5.它是否是個(gè)問(wèn)句?

不是問(wèn)句。

thesis statement永遠(yuǎn)不可以是一個(gè)問(wèn)句。

所以，基于這五個(gè)問(wèn)題的分析，我們可以確定California was the best trip ever.這句話是一個(gè)合格的thesis statement。

在了解了什么是thesis statement的基礎(chǔ)上，來(lái)看一下什么是假的thesis statement。

a statement of fact 事實(shí)的陳述

a.Alaska is a big state.

這是一個(gè)不能夠被討論的事實(shí)，是一個(gè)真理。

b.Californian red wine is the best in the world.

這句話可以作為thesis statement因?yàn)槭峭暾囊痪湓挘軌虮蛔h論，被支持，表達(dá)了一個(gè)主要觀點(diǎn)，并且不是疑問(wèn)句。

a question

a. Is global warming a problem?

這里又要強(qiáng)調(diào)一遍thesis statement永遠(yuǎn)不可以是一個(gè)問(wèn)句。

b. Global warming threatens the future of the planet.

這句話可以作為thesis statement因?yàn)槭峭暾囊痪湓?，能夠被議論，被支持，表達(dá)了一個(gè)主要觀點(diǎn)，并且不是疑問(wèn)句。

a sentence fragment

a. Paris: the most beautiful cityin Europe.

這句話不是完整的句子。缺少“is”。

b. Without a doubt, the TOEFL iBTis a true measure of your potential.

這句話可以作為thesis statement因?yàn)槭峭暾囊痪湓挘軌虮蛔h論，被支持，表達(dá)了一個(gè)主要觀點(diǎn)，并且不是疑問(wèn)句。

simple announce the topic

a. In this essay, I will talkabout the problem of teenagers drinking and driving in my country, Argentina.

這句話只是告訴讀者將要寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容(topic)，而沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)。

b. Personally, I think thatteenagers must finish high school before they can get a driver’s license.

這句話可以作為thesis statement因?yàn)槭峭暾囊痪湓?，能夠被議論，被支持，表達(dá)了一個(gè)主要觀點(diǎn)，并且不是疑問(wèn)句。

丨練習(xí)：判斷真假thesis statement

everyone should learn a foreign language.

How difficult is it to get a perfect score on the TOEFL iBT?

The CEO told us that the company had no other choice but to lay off five thousand employees.

In this essay, I’m going totalk about dogs and cats, and other domestic animals.

Iwona is ecstatic. Her grades are so good she got into Harvard and Yale. Now she must choose which one she will attend.

Last night, I went to an Italian restaurant and had lasagna.

The TOEFL iBT consists of four sections: reading, listening, speaking, and writing.

There are many English language proficiency tests; however, TOEFL is the test you must take if you are serious about studying at an English-speaking college or university.

Drinking a bottle of red wine every day will make you smarter.

Why is the price of gasoline going up?

答案：

真

假

假

假

假

假

假

真

真

假

托福寫(xiě)作：靈活使用比喻句，讓自己的文章更出彩

不久前，看到新聞推送說(shuō)Uber的CEO大概要辭職了。因?yàn)橹白蟀蛴冶奂娂婋x職，所以孤注一擲的首席執(zhí)行官也要撐不下去了。于是，馬上看到有段子手說(shuō)

“So now Uber does not have a CTO, COO, CFO, and CEO on the edge of out, this is the closest Uber ever is to a self driving company.

Uber是如圖嘀嘀打車的出行便利平臺(tái)，2014年進(jìn)入中國(guó)之后，僅僅3年就因?yàn)闊o(wú)法本土化而推出中國(guó)大陸，此后Uber在其他市場(chǎng)的行情也不樂(lè)觀，即使在原產(chǎn)地美國(guó)，市場(chǎng)占有率也屈居于另外一個(gè)打車軟件Lyft之后。Uber的總裁是卡蘭尼克也是常青藤校的輟學(xué)生，在市場(chǎng)行情不好的情況下，仍然執(zhí)意開(kāi)辟無(wú)人駕駛領(lǐng)域。目前，Uber已經(jīng)儲(chǔ)備了無(wú)人駕駛(self-driving)的汽車投入匹茲堡市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行試點(diǎn)。時(shí)隔不久，就傳出了公司首腦分崩離析的消息。

這個(gè)小段子中“Self-driving”一詞一語(yǔ)雙關(guān)起到了諷刺的有趣效果。一方面，Uber提供駕車服務(wù)，也正在推行無(wú)人駕駛的服務(wù)，巧合地描述了公司。另一方面，現(xiàn)在Uber群龍無(wú)首，沒(méi)有了COO，CFO，CTO甚至CEO來(lái)做司機(jī)，整個(gè)公司變成了一個(gè)無(wú)人駕駛的公司。讀到的人有一種“笑著哭”的趕腳，感嘆這家公司未來(lái)的悲慘境遇。語(yǔ)言委婉地說(shuō)人家是自己會(huì)開(kāi)車的公司，貌似要說(shuō)它前景好，而實(shí)際的含義卻出人意料。

修辭是語(yǔ)言的修飾，是表達(dá)的藝術(shù)，觸動(dòng)人的情感，是全世界共同的特征。人類都喜歡比較事物的相似和不同之處，在豐富的想象里中創(chuàng)造自己的世界。英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，也有許多基于西方文化產(chǎn)生的修辭。雙關(guān)需要一定的巧合才能創(chuàng)造妙語(yǔ)，但是比喻卻隨處可見(jiàn)。

錢(qián)鐘書(shū)先生說(shuō)：“比喻是文學(xué)語(yǔ)言的根本”。

漢語(yǔ)中說(shuō)“熱鍋上的螞蟻”

英語(yǔ)中說(shuō)“l(fā)ike a cat on hot bricks”

漢語(yǔ)中說(shuō)“蠢得像豬”

英語(yǔ)中說(shuō)“as stupid as a goose”

漢語(yǔ)中說(shuō)“一貧如洗”

英語(yǔ)中說(shuō)“as poor as a church mouse”

漢語(yǔ)中《詩(shī)經(jīng)》將瓊瑤比做“愛(ài)情”

英語(yǔ)中卡夫卡將人比喻成“蟲(chóng)”

每個(gè)文化有自己的相似點(diǎn)，但是只要我們找到兩個(gè)事物之間的相似點(diǎn)就可以自己構(gòu)造字字珠璣的比喻句哦。

丨話不多說(shuō)，模板現(xiàn)行

描述同類事物的比較

我們可以說(shuō)A to B is what Cis to D

中文解釋為A之于B好比C之于D

如果我們要說(shuō)“對(duì)孩子恰當(dāng)?shù)谋頁(yè)P(yáng)好比太陽(yáng)之于花一樣”

可以怎么說(shuō)呢?

Appropriate praise to a child is what the sun is to a flower.

以上比較的點(diǎn)是說(shuō)兩者都很重要。

恰當(dāng)?shù)谋頁(yè)P(yáng)對(duì)于孩子很重要

太陽(yáng)對(duì)于花也很重要

其實(shí)重要性在托福寫(xiě)作中是非常常用的內(nèi)容。

所以，我們?cè)賮?lái)練習(xí)一個(gè)說(shuō)兩者重要性相似的句子吧

“教育之于現(xiàn)代社會(huì)好比水對(duì)于魚(yú)一樣重要”

Education to modern society is what water is to fish.

學(xué)會(huì)了嗎?

重要性的句子在托福寫(xiě)作中一定會(huì)用到呢。

拿上周六的托福真題“在家吃飯還是出去吃?”舉個(gè)例子。

我們可以說(shuō) Having meals at home ensures our safety.

Healthy food to us is what the sun is to a flower.

健康食物對(duì)于我們來(lái)說(shuō)就像太陽(yáng)之于花一樣重要

托福寫(xiě)作范文：關(guān)于環(huán)境的破壞

Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed (damaged) by human activity. Others feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

While the past few centuries have witnessed increasingly better quality of human life, human activity is doing more and more harm to the Earth. Natural resources are being depleted and pollution is being created as a result of development of technology. Natural areas are being damaged as a result of urban expansion to populate more people.

First, we harm the Earth by using more and more natural resources. If we fell too many trees at one time to build

houses and make paper, or if we cut down trees before they grow to maturity, they can hardly grow back in time. As worrisome as overcutting of trees is overfishing. With improved technology and greater drive for money, fish of all kinds are being over hunted, reducing the biomass of some fish to the verge of extinction. Whaling seems a most irksome issue. While most countries argue against it, some countries go whaling to extremes. We often take it for granted that we have unlimited natural resources and use them in a wasteful manner, bringing about great losses.

Second, we damage the Earth by producing pollution in all forms. Factories pollute water and the air. Vehicles pollute the air. Nuclear-related and electronic products are playing an increasingly big role in polluting the air, especially when we dispose of related waste carelessly. We take it for granted that Nature can help clean everything, but it can not.

Third, expanding towns and cities are taking up more and more land. As populations flood to cities, new houses and stores have to be built to accommodate their needs. Land that was good for farming has now become factories and apartment buildings. We seem to take it for granted that we have unlimited land, but we do not.

In summary, human activity seems to be going at the expense of the Earth in various ways. However, our survival depends on the Earth, including natural areas and natural resources, so we have to venerate the Earth.

原文來(lái)源：哈佛20篇

托福范文解析

While the past few centuries have witnessed increasingly better quality of human life, human activity is doing more and more harm to the Earth. Natural resources are being depleted and pollution is being created as a result of development of technology. Natural areas are being damaged as a result of urban expansion to populate more people.

While the past few centuries have witnessed increasingly better quality of human life, (while引導(dǎo)詞，表對(duì)比關(guān)系;主語(yǔ)是the past few centuries，要學(xué)會(huì)物化主語(yǔ);這句話可以直接背下來(lái)套用在科技+政府+社會(huì)等話題開(kāi)頭段，“盡管過(guò)去的幾個(gè)世紀(jì)見(jiàn)證了人們生活水平的不斷提高)human activity is doing more and more harm to the Earth.

2. Natural resources are being depleted(耗盡) and pollution is being created as a result of(由于=as a consequence of= due to=owing to) development of technology.

3. Natural areas are being damaged as a result of urban expansion(城市擴(kuò)張) to populate more people.

First, we harm the Earth by using more and more natural resources. If we fell too many trees at one time to build houses and make paper, or if we cut down trees before they grow to maturity, they can hardly grow back in time. As worrisome as overcutting of trees is overfishing. With improved technology and greater drive for money, fish of all kinds are being over hunted, reducing the biomass of some fish to the verge of extinction. Whaling seems a most irksome issue. While most countries argue against it, some countries go whaling to extremes. We often take it for granted that we have unlimited natural resources and use them in a wasteful manner, bringing about great losses.

1. First, we harm the Earth by using more and more natural resources.

主題句1：利用自然資源-->破壞地球

2. If we fell(砍伐樹(shù)木，fell trees=cut down trees) too many trees at one time to build houses and make paper, or if we cut down trees(砍伐樹(shù)木)before they grow to maturity(n.成熟), they can hardly grow back in time(及時(shí)).

自然資源1 - 破壞森林資源

3. As worrisome as overcutting of trees is overfishing. (as+adj+as A is B“和A一樣adj的是B)

“和過(guò)度砍伐樹(shù)木一樣令人擔(dān)憂的是過(guò)度捕撈”

4. With improved technology and greater drive(動(dòng)機(jī)=motive=motivation)for money, fish of all kinds are being over hunted(過(guò)度捕獵), reducing thebiomass(生物量) of some fish to the verge of extinction.(reduce the biomass of sth to the verge of extinction將...的數(shù)量減少到滅絕邊緣)

5. Whaling(捕鯨) seems a most irksome(令人厭煩的=troublesome=worrisome) issue.

6. While(引導(dǎo)詞“盡管”，表對(duì)比關(guān)系) most countries argue against it, some countries go whaling to extremes(go sth to extremes 做某事過(guò)火).

自然資源2 - 過(guò)度捕撈

7. We often take it for granted(take sth for granted把某事認(rèn)為是理所當(dāng)然的) that we have unlimited natural resources and use them in a wasteful manner,bringing about(帶來(lái)) great losses.

結(jié)論1

Second, we damage the Earth by producing pollution in all forms. Factories pollute water and the air. Vehicles pollute the air. Nuclear-related and electronic products are playing an increasingly big role in polluting the air, especially when we dispose of related waste carelessly. We take it for granted that Nature can help clean everything, but it can not.

1. Second, we damage the Earth by producing pollution in all forms.

主題句2：產(chǎn)生各種形式的污染-->破壞地球

2. Factories pollute water and the air.

污染形式1 - 工廠

3. Vehicles pollute the air.

污染形式2 - 汽車

4. Nuclear-related and electronic products are playing an increasingly big role in(在...中扮演越來(lái)越重要的角色) polluting the air, especially when wedispose of(處理) related waste carelessly.

污染形式3-核相關(guān)的和電子產(chǎn)品

5. We take it for granted that Nature can help clean everything, but it can not.

結(jié)論2-注意參考上一段結(jié)尾句

Third, expanding towns and cities are taking up more and more land. As populations flood to cities, new houses and stores have to be built to accommodate their needs. Land that was good for farming has now become factories and apartment buildings. We seem to take it for granted that we have unlimited land, but we do not.

1. Third, expanding towns and cities(doing做主語(yǔ)，擴(kuò)大城鎮(zhèn)) are taking up(占據(jù)) more and more land.

主題句3：城鎮(zhèn)擴(kuò)張-->破壞地球

2. As populations flood to(涌入) cities, new houses and stores have to be built to accommodate their needs(迎合他們的需求).

解釋句1： 人口增加-->建造更多住房和商店

3. Land that was good for farming has now become factories and apartment buildings.

解釋句2：農(nóng)業(yè)用地-->變成工廠和公寓

4. We seem to take it for granted that we have unlimited land, but we do not.

結(jié)論3-注意參考前兩段結(jié)尾句

In summary, human activity seems to be going at the expense of the Earth in various ways. However, our survival depends on the Earth, including natural areas and natural resources, so we have to venerate the Earth.

1. In summary, human activity seems to be going at the expense of(以...為代價(jià)) the Earth in various ways.

2. However, our survival depends on the Earth, including natural areas and natural resources, so we have to venerate(尊敬) the Earth.