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托福寫作怎樣才能沖上25分呢

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托福獨立寫作開頭結(jié)尾段如何寫好?實用高分寫法技巧解析。今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈*毩懽鏖_頭結(jié)尾段如何寫好,希望能夠給幫助到大家,下面小編就和大家分享,來欣賞一下吧。

托福獨立寫作開頭結(jié)尾段如何寫好?實用高分寫法技巧解析

托福獨立寫作開頭段寫法分享

開頭段主要用以下幾種方法來組織,即背景法(Background),爭議法(Controversy),提問法(Question),故事法(Story)和引言法(Quotation)。

以背景法為例。背景法一般會提出一種普遍的或值得關(guān)注的現(xiàn)象作為背景或者是由遠到近,由大到小地談論緊扣論題的社會觀點作為背景。背景法開頭段的結(jié)構(gòu)通常如下:背景(1-3句)+論題+反方觀點+(反方理由)+過度+(正方觀點)+作者的觀點+作者的理由。以2007年8月11日的獨立寫作試題為例:Technologymakes people‘s lives more complicated.題目涉及到了現(xiàn)今社會比較熱門的話題---科技。這樣,我們就可以以這種社會比較關(guān)注的現(xiàn)象作為我們作文的開頭背景。因此這個題目的首段就可以這樣開始:Technologyhas had tremendous impacts on every aspect of modern life. However, people arehaving conflicting opinions about whether it has made people’s lives morecomplicated or not. I believe technology has by and large made our lives moreconvenient。第一句話就是一句緊貼社會的背景,這樣寫不但很容易打開考生自己的思路,抓住作文的焦點,還能引起考官的共鳴。

托福獨立寫作結(jié)尾段怎么寫?

介紹:文章結(jié)尾段落雖然并不像開頭和中間段落那樣重要,然而沒有結(jié)尾的文章是不完整的,不符合基本寫作要求。所以考生在考場上一定要在結(jié)尾處再次聲明自己觀點(restatement),或者提出新的希望,或者提出解決問題的方案,從而讓考官有一種善始善終的良好印象。

托福寫作讓步段寫法解析

到底怎樣寫出好的讓步段?今天小就來和大家詳細講講讓步段的寫法,助力你的托福寫作!

寫還是不寫?這是個問題

Q:很多同學有疑問,在一篇完整的獨立作文中,讓步段是不是一定要寫呢?可不可以不寫呢?

老師:讓步段不是必須要寫的,考生們可以在作文里只提出支持自己觀點的兩至三個正面的理由,這樣也可以得出最后的結(jié)論。

比如說是否同意“新的科技產(chǎn)品發(fā)布,過段時間購買比馬上購買要好”,我們完全可以只提出過段時間購買的兩個正面理由:一. 價格會更便宜; 二. 產(chǎn)品的性能會更優(yōu)化,這樣整篇作文的論點還是明確的。

但是這篇文章當然也可以加上讓步段,過段時間再買的壞處,或是馬上購買的好處。這樣會顯得這篇文章論證的邏輯更加嚴密和全面,我們確實是進行了優(yōu)劣對比后,才得出自己的觀點。

尤其要注意的是,如果作文題目本身的觀點的反面并不能夠被忽略,那么建議讓步段是一定要寫的,這樣顯得我們得出自己的觀點才不牽強。

比如作文題目“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing computer games is a waste of time. Children should not be allowed to play them.”。我們可以寫正面的兩個觀點,即玩電腦游戲的兩個好處,但是我們同樣不能忽略玩電腦游戲的壞處,所以就要寫讓步段了,不然觀點就會顯得過于偏激。

怎么寫讓步段?這又是個問題

重中之重: “讓一小步,進一大步”!

讓步段的最重要目的是對讓步內(nèi)容地不斷削弱,以退為進,先提出壞處,然后再否定它。但是要記住的是讓步段與支持段結(jié)構(gòu)一致,也是有主題句,然后要對主題句進行展開解釋。

所以常見的套路是:

主題句(不可否認A也有壞處)+解釋(進一步解釋說明壞處是什么)+讓步(但是呢,這些壞處可以被解決掉,或是不太重要)

1.讓步段主題句寫法

讓步段的主題句一般是這樣的:不可否認的是,A可能會有一些壞處。這里我們盡量語氣要委婉些,下面是一些會用到的詞組表達:

——Admittedly / Undoubtedly / There is no denying that / It cannot be denied that

——May / might / possibly / probably

——One / one or two / a couple of / minor / several

——To some extent / to some degree

【常見錯誤】

很多考生讓步段用although開頭,但是although后面只能跟一個從句,所以后面主題句的內(nèi)容就沒有辦法展開了。

2. 讓步如何實現(xiàn)

讓步段的表述可以參考以下模式:

?讓步方的好處比支持方的好處次要,或者支持方的壞處比起好處來次要。

However, the advantages of A are more important than those of B.

?讓步方優(yōu)點與支持方優(yōu)點比起來較少,或支持方缺點與優(yōu)點比起來較少。

However, the advantages of A are far more than those / that of B.

However, the advantages of A outnumber those / that of B.

?對方的好處,我方也可以有辦法得到;我方的壞處可以有辦法消除。

However, the problem can be solved by …

However, the negative influence can be eliminated by …

3. 讓步段范例賞析

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing computer games is a waste of time. Children should not be allowed to play them.

主題句:

Admittedly, playing computer games does harbor several drawbacks.

解釋:

Some children are addicted to playing computergames and ignore their studies, thereby suffering from poor academic performance. Also, over exposure to computer games with high concentration will sooner or later cause the impairment of their eyesight.

讓步:

However, most children are able to control themselves to play games in moderation. Also, their parents can intervene and supervise as well. Specifically, they could set strict rules on how much time their children could play games everyday and on what conditions they could do so, therefore it is completely unnecessary to forbid them to play computer games.

托福寫作得分點--立論句到底如何寫

托福寫作主題句(topic sentence, 也有人叫它中心句),就是獨立寫作主體段中統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文的那個句子,也就是表述在獨立寫作頭腦風暴和謀篇布局時候想到的“主要理由”或者“論點”的那個句子。通常一篇托福獨立寫作有三個主題句。

例如在題目“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is betterto work in large companies than in small ones.”,選擇agree,三個主題句可以是:

The first reason is that a large company can provide more opportunities to develop one’s ability

Another reason for choosing a big company involves welfare.

A third reason is that one who appreciates the unique culture of abig enterprise will become a more responsible person to the society.

在托福寫作中,三個主題句可以說是作文中最重要的一組句子,因為主題句對段落起到“提綱挈領(lǐng)”的作用,同時對整篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)清晰度和文章邏輯性也至關(guān)重要。

如何將這個理由“完整”“清晰”“出彩”的表達出來就是本文討論的話題。

首先,每段主題句通常都位于段首,緊跟于“first, second, third”這些“信號詞”之后。除此之外還需要注意以下幾點。

丨簡明扼要

主題句需要讓讀者看到之后能夠快速、準確地把握本段的主要內(nèi)容。這要求我們在寫主題句的時候,一方面內(nèi)容要簡單,另一方面用語要凝練。

先來看一個反面例子:

“First and foremost, television, invented in the last century, withits wide availability and increasingly prosperous programs ,becomes one of the most powerful means of communication in history, and is more and more difficult to ignore”

這個主題句涵蓋的內(nèi)容太多,讀完這個句子,讀者根本不明白本段是要陳述電視節(jié)目蓬勃發(fā)展(increasingly prosperous program), 要強調(diào)電視是最強力的交流工具(the most powerful means of communication in history),還是要論證電視不可被忽視(difficult to ignore),這就是一個典型的內(nèi)容太復雜的主題句。

再看一個反例:

“First of all, following the new customs can show a sense of respect,which can allow a better and faster adaption inside the local population so that they make more friends.”

這個句子也有兩個論點:表示尊重(show a sense of respect),擴大社交(make more friends),同樣也使讀者不能抓住本段的主要內(nèi)容。

如何避免這種錯誤,使主題句內(nèi)容簡單呢?很簡單,首先做到每個主題句有且只有一個論點。論點就是指我們頭腦風暴時候想到的那些“key words”,比如健康,安全,情感等等,每段寫一個,不要把健康和安全放在同一個段落,也不要把情感和成功放在同一個段落。

例如上面第二個例子,我們只需要刪去一個論點,就可以變得非常簡潔:

“To start with, accepting cultures in the foreign country is an indispensable element that contributes to the expansion of social circle.”這是一個簡潔的主題句,只有擴大社交(contributes to the expansion of social circle)這一個論點。

論點唯一還不一定能完全做到簡潔,來看另一個反例:

“The first reason why letting children care for animals isnot the best way to teach them about responsibility is that it could negatively impact a child’s health.”

這句話雖然只有一個論點,可是用語太繁雜,讓人頭暈。主題句的語法不建議太復雜,建議大家把花式操作留到其他部分去秀,在主題句,只要寫一些簡單句,例如:“First, raising pets will exert a negative impact on a child’shealth.”就行了。

丨不是陳述事實

來看下面兩個句子:

A: “First, some children might be infected by feeding animals.”

B: “First, raising pets could negatively impact a child’s health.”

哪一個是好的主題句呢?

答案是B。

因為A句的內(nèi)容是一個“純粹的事實”,而B句則是“抽象的概念”(exert negative impact),換言之,A句可以作為B句的例子,但B句不能作為A句的例子。

陳述事實的句子是不能作為主題句的,事實是不言自明的。不言自明,也就不需要后面的文字來“論證”了。主題句需要寫“a sentence that you could give examples for”,而不能寫一個 “example”。

來練習判斷下面幾組句子中哪一個可以做主題句呢?

A: “Second, the academic performance of some children becomes poor after they are responsible for caring for a pet.”

B:“Second, caring for a pet could disrupt a child’s regular studies.”

A: “First, people could learn how to communicate with eachother through participating in community activities”

B: “First, participating in community activities is apractical and effective approach to enhance their social skills.”

A: “First, letting children take care of animal is a good suggestion for the reason that kids like animals.”

B: “To start with, raising pets fill friendship vacuums and satisfy people’s need to nurture"

(答案:三組都是B句較好)

丨使用高級詞匯

很多同學要問,如果主題句中不建議使用復雜句型,又不能出現(xiàn)多層結(jié)構(gòu),那如何顯示自己的語言功力呢?要知道我們展示語言能力的地方并非只有復雜的句型,豐富和精準的詞匯使用,同樣可以展示英語的專業(yè)程度。比如

“First, go to museums can teach people different kinds of knowledge”

→ “First, visiting museums provide people with an opportunity to comprehend a vast amount of knowledge”

想想看,如果原本句子中只會寫“good”之處,替換為“advantageous, beneficial, effective, efficacious, favorable,invaluable, rewarding, unparalleled, unprecedented”等等詞匯,效果是不是更好呢?如果多次出現(xiàn)“important”的地方,改寫為“central, critical ,crucial, decisive, essential, pivotal, primary,principal, vital,a key to, an indispensable part, play a pivotal role, attach great importance to”會不會增加可讀性呢?

在平時的閱讀中,注意積累一些“高級詞匯”,準確掌握詞義,并且刻意練習使用這些詞匯,逐漸就會取得不錯的托福寫作成績。



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