一、人民幣的單位名稱
1、 Unit name of RMB
我國人民幣的單位名稱同其他國家一樣，也是歷史發(fā)展的結(jié)果。人民幣的單位名稱“元”、“角”、“分”構(gòu)成人民幣的價格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，它標(biāo)明人民幣所代表的價值。1948年12月1日發(fā)行第一套人民幣時，票面金額較大，只發(fā)行了主幣，沒有發(fā)行輔幣，最小的票面金額為1元，較大的有1000元、5000元、10000元和50000元，12種面額。這是因為當(dāng)時正處于經(jīng)濟恢復(fù)時期。但接著進入第一個五年計劃的經(jīng)濟建設(shè)階段，國家的財政經(jīng)濟狀況得到根本好轉(zhuǎn)，物價穩(wěn)定，幣值穩(wěn)定，這就逐步暴露了貨幣價格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上的問題：一是貨幣票面金額大，計價與流通都很不方便；二是仍留有舊中國通貨膨脹的殘跡，給人民群眾以“錢毛”的錯覺；三是只有主幣，沒有輔幣，不能完整體現(xiàn)我國貨幣單位的概念。因此，1955年3月1日起發(fā)行了第二套人民幣，同時發(fā)行了輔幣。第一套人民幣與第二套人民幣的兌換比價是1：10000，這就是人民幣價格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的改革。這種改革，從貨幣所代表的價值來說沒有變化，并不是人民幣的貶值，而是把票面金額降低了，商品價格也隨著降低了，是在人民幣所代表的價值上抹掉了四個“0”而已。以后兩套人民幣的價格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均未改革。
The unit name of RMB in China, like other countries, is also the result of historical development. The unit names of RMB "Yuan", "Jiao" and "Fen" constitute the price standard of RMB, indicating the value represented by RMB. When the first set of RMB was issued on December 1, 1948, the face value was relatively large, only the main currency was issued, and no auxiliary currency was issued. The minimum face value was 1 yuan, and the larger one was 1000 yuan, 5000 yuan, 10000 yuan and 50000 yuan, with 12 face values. That's because the economy was recovering. But then we entered the first Five-Year Plan of economic construction stage, the state's financial and economic situation was fundamentally improved, prices were stable, and the value of the currency was stable, which gradually exposed the problems in the price standard of the currency: first, the face value of the currency was large, and the pricing and circulation were very inconvenient; second, there were still traces of old China's inflation, giving the people the illusion of "money Mao"; third There is only the main currency and no secondary currency, which can not fully reflect the concept of monetary unit in China. As a result, the second set of RMB was issued on March 1, 1955, and the secondary currency was issued at the same time. The exchange rate between the first set of RMB and the second set of RMB is 1:10000, which is the reform of RMB price standard. This kind of reform has not changed in terms of the value represented by the currency. It is not the devaluation of the RMB, but the reduction of the par value and the decrease of the commodity price. It is just the erasure of four "zeros" in the value represented by the RMB. The price standards of the later two sets of RMB have not been reformed.
二、人民幣單位名稱的由來
2、 The origin of the name of RMB unit
中國歷史上的紙幣單位十分復(fù)雜，有文、貫、串、吊、枚等等?！拔摹?，每一制錢稱一文，明清多通用制錢，因此在紙幣上常用“文”作單位，如大清寶鈔有伍佰、壹仟、百仟文不等?！柏灐?，始于唐代，在元、明兩代紙幣上均用貫作單位，每一貫值1000文，如大明通行寶鈔壹貫?！按保?，即一串也相當(dāng)于1000文，清末和民國時期有些官銀號所發(fā)制錢票也用“串”作單位；革命根據(jù)地中央蘇區(qū)的一些銀行發(fā)行的人民貨幣如鄂東南工農(nóng)銀行發(fā)行的紙幣也用“串”作單位?！暗酢?，也相當(dāng)于制錢1000文，舊時東北地區(qū)的紙幣如吉林永衡官銀錢號、黑龍江廣信公司的官帖均以“吊”作單位。“枚”，是銅元的單位，單銅元相當(dāng)于10文，雙銅元相當(dāng)于20文，民國初其財政部平市官錢局及一些省地方銀行發(fā)行的銅元票均以“枚”作單位。那么，新中國人民幣為什么采用“元”作單位呢？現(xiàn)在有兩種較流行說法：一種說法認為，是從我國的貨幣單位名稱發(fā)展中演變而來。我國貨幣已有4000多年的歷史，貨幣的單位先后經(jīng)歷過實物單位、重量單位等，最后發(fā)展到以“元”作單位。貨幣出現(xiàn)“元”是從唐初開始的。唐朝以前，銅錢都是以重量為單位名稱，如“半兩”、“五銖”等。唐高祖為了整頓幣制，廢五銖，改為“開元通寶”。“開元”是開辟新紀元的意思，改為兩、錢、分、厘的十進制計算。當(dāng)時的“元”字雖然并不代表貨幣單位，但從此貨幣的重量就和貨幣的名稱發(fā)生了分離。到了清光緒二十六年（1900年），在鑄造銀元的同時，廣東開始制造機制銅元，由于銅元樣式新穎，其精巧、整齊程度是以前任何錢幣無法比擬的。清朝銅元分兩大類，一類是“光緒元寶”，一類是“大清銅幣”，清朝銅元的發(fā)行為今天的貨幣名稱“元”打下了基礎(chǔ)。清末，隨著國際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，西方銀元傳入中國，銀元質(zhì)地、形狀的整齊劃一，使它廣泛流通。由于國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，交換的擴大，人們迫切需要更輕便的貨幣來代替銀元、銅元，這時銀元、銅元已不適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的需要了，因此，銀行就印制了一種銀元、銅元的兌換券，這種兌換券的名義價值和實際的銀元、銅元一樣，逐漸兌換券演變成了紙幣。我國人民幣的名稱“元”就是這樣演變來的。
The paper currency units in Chinese history are very complex, including Wen, Guan, Chuan, Diao, Mei, etc. "Wen" is called "one Wen" for every money making. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was commonly used for money making. For example, there were five hundred, one thousand and one hundred thousand Wen in the banknotes of Qing Dynasty. "Guan" began in the Tang Dynasty. It was used as a unit in Yuan and Ming Dynasty notes, with a consistent value of 1000 Wen, such as one Guan in Ming Dynasty. "String" is the same, that is to say, a string is also equivalent to 1000 Wen. In the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, some official bank issued banknotes with "string" as the unit. People's currency issued by some banks in the Central Soviet Area of the revolutionary base, such as the banknotes issued by the industrial and Agricultural Bank of Southeast Hubei, also uses "string" as the unit. "Diao" is also equivalent to making 1000 yuan of money. In the old days, paper money in Northeast China, such as Jilin Yongheng official silver money number and Heilongjiang Guangxin company's official post, were all based on "Diao". "Mei" is the unit of copper yuan, single copper yuan is equivalent to 10 Wen, double copper yuan is equivalent to 20 Wen. At the beginning of the Republic of China, copper yuan tickets issued by pingshiguanqian Bureau of the Ministry of Finance and some provincial and local banks were all issued in "Mei" as the unit. So why does the new China RMB use "Yuan" as its unit? Now there are two popular sayings: one is that it evolved from the name of monetary unit in China. China's currency has a history of more than 4000 years. The unit of currency has experienced physical unit, weight unit and so on, and finally developed to "Yuan" as the unit. The appearance of "Yuan" in currency began in the early Tang Dynasty. Before Tang Dynasty, copper coins were named by weight, such as "half Liang" and "five baht". In order to rectify the currency system, Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty abolished wuzhu and changed it to Kaiyuan Tongbao. "Kai Yuan" means to usher in a new era. It is changed to a decimal system of two, money, minutes and centistokes. At that time, although the word "Yuan" did not represent the monetary unit, the weight of the currency was separated from the name of the currency. In the twenty-six years of Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty (1900), while casting silver yuan, Guangdong began to manufacture mechanism copper yuan. Due to the novel style of copper yuan, its exquisite and tidy degree is incomparable with any other coins before. There are two kinds of copper coins in Qing Dynasty, one is "Guangxu Yuanbao", the other is "Great Qing copper coins". The issue of copper coins in Qing dynasty laid a foundation for today's currency name "Yuan". At the end of Qing Dynasty, with the development of international trade, the Western silver dollar was introduced into China, and its texture and shape were uniform, making it widely circulated. Due to the development of domestic economy and the expansion of exchange, people urgently need lighter currency to replace silver and copper yuan. At this time, silver and copper yuan are not suitable for the needs of economic development. Therefore, the bank printed a kind of silver and copper yuan exchange certificate. The nominal value of the exchange certificate is the same as the actual silver and copper yuan, and gradually the exchange certificate evolved into paper money. This is how the name "Yuan" of China's RMB evolved.
至于元以下的輔幣單位“角”和“分”，也是習(xí)慣繼承下來的?！敖恰北玖x為獸角，《說文》載：“分，別也；從八從刀，刀以分別物也。”本義為分別，分開，后引伸亦指被分開后的部分。所以，就長度而言，一兩的百分之一稱分；就地畝而言，一畝的十分之一稱分。引用到貨幣單位，一元的百分之一亦被稱分。人民幣的“分”自然產(chǎn)生于此。
As for the fractional currency units "Jiao" and "Fen" under yuan, they are also inherited by habit. The original meaning of "horn" is the horn of beast, which is recorded in Shuowen: "divide and don't; divide things from the eight swords and the swords." The original meaning is separation, separation, and post extension also refers to the separated part. Therefore, as far as the length is concerned, one percent or two is equal to one percent; as far as the local Mu is concerned, one tenth of one mu is equal to one percent. One percent of a dollar is also called a percent. The "cent" of RMB naturally comes from this.
