大家都聽說過朱元璋吧！??！他的大兒子的兒子，也就是他的皇太孫——朱允炆。這也是個(gè)風(fēng)流人物呢！

Everyone has heard of Zhu Yuanzhang!!! His eldest son's son, Zhu Yunwen, was his grandson. This is also a personage!

明惠帝朱允炆(1377—？），明太祖朱元璋的嫡次孫，明朝的第二個(gè)皇帝。

Zhu Yunwen (1377 -?) Zhu Yuanzhang's second grandson, the second emperor of the Ming Dynasty.

朱允炆1377年十二月五日出生，生母是呂妃，父親懿文太子朱標(biāo)。洪武三十一年（1398年）閏五月，朱元璋駕崩，終年71歲?；侍珜O朱允炆繼位，改年號(hào)建文，稱建文帝。因削藩，導(dǎo)致叔父燕王發(fā)動(dòng)“靖難之役”。建文帝的帝王之旅，四年即告結(jié)束，國(guó)破人不知所向。清乾隆皇帝追謚恭閔惠皇帝。南明安宗朱由崧追尊建文帝為嗣天章道誠(chéng)懿淵恭覲文揚(yáng)武克仁篤孝讓皇帝，廟號(hào)惠宗。

Zhu Yunwen was born on December 5, 1377. His mother is concubine LV, and his father is Zhu Biao, Prince Yiwen. Zhu Yuanzhang died in the leap may of 1398, when he was 71 years old. Zhu Yunwen, the great grandson of the emperor, succeeded to the throne and changed his name to Jianwen. As a result of cutting vassals, his uncle, King Yan, launched the "war of pacification". The four years of emperor Jianwen's journey to the emperor ended. The country's broken people didn't know where to go. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty pursued the posthumous title of emperor Gong Minhui. Zhu Yousong, the emperor of Anzong in Nanming Dynasty, pursued and respected the emperor Jianwen as the successor of tianzhang. He was sincere and respectful. He praised the emperor for his benevolence and filial piety. His temple was called Huizong.

明太祖朱元璋是歷史上了不起的皇帝，他由一個(gè)放牛娃、寺廟里的小沙彌，經(jīng)過十幾年的戎馬生涯，一舉掃蕩群雄、推翻元朝，開創(chuàng)了大明基業(yè)。他深知，創(chuàng)業(yè)難，守業(yè)亦難，因此十分重視對(duì)接班人的培養(yǎng)。他登上皇位的同時(shí)，就冊(cè)立了長(zhǎng)子朱標(biāo)為皇太子，并延請(qǐng)名儒宋濂等人為太子之師，希望能將朱標(biāo)培養(yǎng)成為一代明主。然而天有不測(cè)風(fēng)云，洪武25年（1392年）四月，年僅38歲的皇太子朱標(biāo)英年早逝，史稱“懿文太子”，這令朱元璋異常傷心。朱元璋制定的嫡長(zhǎng)子繼承制受到了考驗(yàn)，朱元璋不得不重新選擇他的繼承人。而若根據(jù)嫡長(zhǎng)繼承制度，應(yīng)該將皇位傳給太子的長(zhǎng)子，也就是虞懷王朱雄英，但是雄英于洪武15年（1382年）5月薨，這樣朱標(biāo)次子朱允炆就成為首選。

Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, was a great emperor in history. After more than ten years of military career, he was a cowherd boy and a little monk in the temple. He wiped out all the heroes and overthrew the Yuan Dynasty at one stroke, creating the foundation of Ming Dynasty. He knows that it's hard to start a business, and it's also hard to stay in business, so he attaches great importance to the cultivation of successors. When he ascended the throne, he established Zhu Biao, the eldest son, as the crown prince, and invited famous scholars such as Song Lian to be the prince's teacher, hoping to cultivate Zhu Biao into a master of the Ming Dynasty. However, in April of the 25th year of Hongwu's reign (1392), Zhu Biao, the 38 year old crown prince, died prematurely, known as "Prince Yiwen", which made Zhu Yuanzhang extremely sad. Zhu Yuanzhang's system of inheriting his eldest son was put to the test. Zhu Yuanzhang had to choose his successor again. According to the system of succession, the throne should be passed on to the eldest son of the crown prince, Zhu Xiongying, the king of Yu Huai. However, Xiongying died in May of Hongwu 15 (1382), so Zhu Yunwen, the second son of Zhu Biao, became the first choice.

然而朱元璋擔(dān)心朱允炆儒雅仁柔，難以擔(dān)負(fù)起治理國(guó)家的重任。此外，朱元璋也曾考慮過從幾個(gè)兒子中選擇。二子秦王朱樉此時(shí)最長(zhǎng)，但他實(shí)在玉不琢不成器，荒唐成性。四子燕王朱棣文韜武略，有許多地方都與自己非常相似，是個(gè)不錯(cuò)的人選。一次，朱元璋對(duì)幾個(gè)心腹大臣流露出立燕王的可能性時(shí)，翰林學(xué)士劉三吾認(rèn)為不可，“立燕王，置秦、晉王于何地？且皇長(zhǎng)孫四海歸心，皇上無憂矣?！碑?dāng)時(shí)朱元璋已經(jīng)分封了諸王，而且皇二、三、四子分別被封為了秦、晉、燕王，三人的封地都是邊境重鎮(zhèn)，而且手握重兵，一但由于爭(zhēng)儲(chǔ)而出現(xiàn)內(nèi)訌，后果將非常嚴(yán)重。朱元璋于是下定決心，9月，立朱允炆為皇太孫。

However, Zhu Yuanzhang was worried that Zhu Yunwen could not shoulder the responsibility of governing the country. In addition, Zhu Yuanzhang also considered choosing from several sons. Zhu Jian, the second son of the king of Qin, is the longest at this time, but he's really a man who can't make a thing out of jade. Giulia Teevenyvullo, the king of four swallows, is a good candidate because he is very similar to himself in many places. Once, when Zhu Yuanzhang revealed the possibility of establishing the king of Yan to several intimate ministers, Liu Sanwu, a scholar in the Imperial Academy, thought that it was impossible to "establish the king of Yan, where to set up the king of Qin and Jin?"? And when the emperor's eldest son returns to his heart, the emperor has no worries. " At that time, Zhu Yuanzhang had already sealed the kings, and the second, third and fourth sons of the emperor were respectively sealed as king of Qin, Jin and Yan. All the three were important border towns, and they were armed with heavy troops. Once there was internal strife due to the struggle for reserves, the consequences would be very serious. Zhu Yuanzhang made up his mind to make Zhu Yunwen emperor's grandson in September.

洪武三十一年（1398年）閏五月，明太祖朱元璋駕崩，終年71歲。遺詔命皇太孫朱允炆繼位。

In the thirty first year of Hongwu (1398), Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, died in leap may at the age of 71. Zhu Yunwen, the grandson of the emperor, was ordered to succeed.

洪武三十一年（1398年）閏五月，明太祖朱元璋駕崩，終年71歲。朱允炆即位，改年號(hào)建文，稱建文帝。從年號(hào)來看，一個(gè)建文，一個(gè)洪武，二位皇帝的性格截然不同，而且朱元璋不愿立皇太孫的一個(gè)重要原因就是朱允炆像他的父親一樣，過于柔弱，過于仁慈，受儒家思想的影響太嚴(yán)重，恐怕日后會(huì)吃大虧。

In the thirty first year of Hongwu (1398), Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, died in leap may at the age of 71. Zhu Yunwen ascended the throne and changed his year to Jianwen, who was called Jianwen emperor. In terms of the year number, one Jianwen, one Hongwu and two emperors have very different personalities, and one of the important reasons why Zhu Yuanzhang is unwilling to establish the emperor's grandson is that Zhu Yunwen, like his father, is too weak, too kind, too seriously influenced by Confucianism, I'm afraid that he will suffer great losses in the future.

生性“仁明孝友”的朱允炆，22歲的時(shí)候被推上了權(quán)力的巔峰，承繼了朱元璋開創(chuàng)的一統(tǒng)天下，改年號(hào)為建文。然而，細(xì)心的大臣會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，新君的臉上并沒有君臨天下的驚喜，更多的則是愁容。是啊，年輕的皇帝面前有兩道難解的題目：一是如何改變太祖建國(guó)以來形成的動(dòng)輒殺戮的嚴(yán)峻政治氛圍；二是如何解決太祖分封宗藩形成的尾大不掉的局面。也許太祖朱元璋生前并沒有想到，外表仁弱的皇太孫登基伊始就開始著手變革他所開創(chuàng)的大明王朝。

Zhu Yunwen, who was born as a "benevolent and filial friend", was pushed to the peak of power at the age of 22, inheriting the rule of the world created by Zhu Yuanzhang, and changed his name to Jianwen. However, careful ministers will find that the new king's face is not the king's surprise in the world, but more sad. Yes, there are two difficult problems in front of the young emperor: one is how to change the severe political atmosphere of the frequent killing formed since the founding of Taizu; the other is how to solve the situation of the endless feudalism of Taizu. Perhaps the Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang did not expect that the emperor TAISUN, who was weak in appearance, began to change the Ming dynasty he founded when he became king.

建文帝即位之后，一改洪武時(shí)期的緊張氣氛，使中國(guó)大地吹過了一陣清風(fēng)，他重用黃子澄、齊泰、方孝孺等文人，對(duì)先朝的政治實(shí)行改革，為無論是百姓，還是官吏都創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)寬松的環(huán)境。建文帝實(shí)行惠民政策，減免租賦，賑濟(jì)災(zāi)民，老弱病殘者由國(guó)家扶養(yǎng)；重視農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，興辦學(xué)校，考察官吏，任用賢能，派侍郎暴昭、夏原吉等24人充任采訪史，分巡天下，以體察情。

After the emperor Jianwen ascended the throne, he changed the tense atmosphere of Hongwu Period, which made the land of China blow a breeze. He used Huang Zicheng, Qi Tai, Fang Xiaoru and other scholars to reform the politics of the first dynasty, creating a loose environment for both the people and the officials. Emperor Jianwen implemented the policy of benefiting the people, reducing rent and taxes, relieving the victims, and supporting the old, the weak, the sick and the disabled by the state; he attached great importance to agricultural production, set up schools, inspected officials, appointed talents, and sent 24 servants, such as Lang BaoZhao and Xia Yuanji, to serve as the interview history, touring the world separately, and experiencing the situation.

洪武年間，經(jīng)過太祖朱元璋的整治，當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一，社會(huì)安定，經(jīng)濟(jì)得到了恢復(fù)和發(fā)展，吏治較以前大為清明。然而他生性“雄猜好殺”，屢次興起大獄，動(dòng)輒殺戮，政治氣氛非常凝重，文武大臣人人自危。建文帝對(duì)局勢(shì)有著深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)，因此繼位伊始，就著手改革，改變了太祖朱元璋的一些弊政，史稱“建文新政”。

During the Hongwu Period, after Zhu Yuanzhang's renovation, the country was unified, the society was stable, the economy was restored and developed, and the official administration was more clear than before. However, he was born with a "male guess is good at killing", and he raised a prison for many times, often killing. The political atmosphere was very dignified, and the civil and military ministers were in danger. Emperor Jianwen had a deep understanding of the situation, so at the beginning of his succession, he began to reform and changed some of the maladies of Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor Taizu, known as the "new deal of Jianwen".

太祖朱元璋用武力奪得天下，自然而然地形成了右武的局面。洪武時(shí)，軍事衙門大都督府的左右都督都是正一品，都督同知也是從一品，而六部尚書卻只有正二品?！洞竺髀伞分忻魑囊?guī)定文官不許封公侯，因此朱元璋的主要謀士劉基僅僅得封“誠(chéng)意伯”，而武將得封公侯者多，稱王者也不少。這種局面下，文官在議論朝政中的地位可想而知。

Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor Taizu, captured the world by force and naturally formed the situation of right force. In Hongwu's time, the right and left governors of the military yamen's Dufu were all of the first grade, and the Dudu knew the same thing from the first grade, while the six ministers only had the second grade. In the law of the Ming Dynasty, it was clearly stipulated that civil servants were not allowed to be granted titles of princes. Therefore, Liu Ji, Zhu Yuanzhang's chief counselor, was only granted the title of "sincere uncle", while there were many generals who were granted titles of princes, and many who were called kings. In this situation, the position of civil servants in the discussion of the government can be imagined.

建文帝有意結(jié)束其祖父尚武的政風(fēng)，大力加強(qiáng)文官在國(guó)家政事中的作用。初登大寶之時(shí)，他自己確定新年號(hào)為“建文”，與乃祖父“洪武”剛好形成鮮明的對(duì)照，從中可見建文帝治國(guó)方略的改變。他還立即將六部尚書升為正一品，大開科舉考試，并下詔要求薦舉優(yōu)通文學(xué)之士，授之官職。

Emperor Jianwen intended to end his grandfather's military style and strengthen the role of civil servants in state affairs. When he first boarded Dabao, he decided to call the new year "Jianwen", which was in sharp contrast to his grandfather "Hongwu", from which we can see the change of the general plan of Jianwen emperor. He also immediately took six Shang Shusheng as the first grade, opened the imperial examination, and issued an imperial edict to recommend the scholars of excellent literature to be awarded the official positions.