兩千年前，太史公司馬遷讀《孟子》，至梁惠王問(wèn)“何以利吾國(guó)”，遂廢書(shū)而嘆。老先生所嘆者，是以為利乃亂之始也。兩千年后，我讀《孟子》，也不禁廢書(shū)而嘆。我所嘆者，是前賢亞圣孟子身上的那股咄咄逼人的英武之氣和沛然淋漓的陽(yáng)剛之氣。人說(shuō)：大哉孔子！我則想說(shuō)：英哉孟子！天地間一偉丈夫，真男人也。
Two thousand years ago, Ma Qian, the Taishi company, read Mencius and went to King Hui of Liang Dynasty to ask "how can we benefit our country", so he abandoned the book and sighed. What the old gentleman sighs is that profit is the beginning of chaos. Two thousand years later, when I read Mencius, I couldn't help but sigh. What I bemoan is the aggressive, heroic spirit and full of masculinity of the former sage Mencius. People say: Great Confucius! I want to say: Yingzai Mencius! A great husband in the world, a real man.
讀《論語(yǔ)》與讀《孟子》，感受迥然有別。前者循循善誘，吉光片羽，如雨露之養(yǎng)，時(shí)風(fēng)之化，是典型的溫柔敦厚的儒雅風(fēng)范；而后者口若懸河，滔滔汩汩，其勢(shì)不可當(dāng)，“其鋒不可犯”（蘇洵），雄辯無(wú)礙，一瀉千里。孔子更多的時(shí)候是教育自己的三千弟子，故心平氣和，大言炎炎，誨人不倦，在人們眼里是一個(gè)“至圣先師”、藹然仁者。孟子更多的是向不可一世的君王陳說(shuō)自己的為政之道，故爾常常踔厲風(fēng)發(fā)、意態(tài)亢昂，有時(shí)甚至帶有火氣，言辭犀利，顯露出十足的剛直不阿、磊落恢弘的大思想家的個(gè)性，有一種睥睨王者的人格風(fēng)范和精神氣度。盡管在禮崩樂(lè)壞的春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代，諸侯為爭(zhēng)霸天下，莫不紛紛采取功利主義的攻伐之術(shù)，以為孟子的“仁政”治國(guó)方略“迂遠(yuǎn)而闊于事情”，也即見(jiàn)效太慢而不肯采納，但在孟子義正辭嚴(yán)的強(qiáng)大思想攻勢(shì)下，不能不一時(shí)心悅誠(chéng)服。而孟子并不為了讓君王接受自己的政見(jiàn)而屈尊阿附，他無(wú)意于取媚討歡，弄個(gè)一官半職干干。他不僅沒(méi)有絲毫的奴顏媚骨，反而常常直刺君王的痛處，陷這些愚不可及的家伙們于尷尬難堪的境地，不得不“王顧左右而言他”。每讀書(shū)至這樣的段落，便情不自禁再三嗟嘆：孟子孟子，何其智勇！孔老夫子曾批評(píng)他的學(xué)生子路過(guò)于勇，而他的嫡傳弟子孟軻，其勇較之于子路則更勝一籌。儒家提倡溫良恭儉讓、仁義禮智信，不講勇，但是，勇，實(shí)在該是男人的本色??！
Reading the Analects of Confucius is quite different from reading Mencius. The former is gentle and gentle, like rain and dew, and the trend of the times. The latter is eloquent and surging, which is irresistible. Its front is inviolable (Su Xun), and its eloquence is unimpeded. Confucius is more likely to educate his three thousand disciples, so he is calm, passionate, and tireless in teaching. He is regarded as a "supreme teacher" and a kind person. Mencius is more to the king Chen said his way for the government, so you often fierce, high minded, sometimes even with anger, sharp words, showing a full upright, honest and magnificent thinker personality, there is a look down on the king's style and spirit. Although in the spring and Autumn period and Warring States period, in order to dominate the world, the princes had to adopt utilitarian attack, thinking that Mencius's "benevolent government" strategy of governing the country "is far and wide in the way of things", that is to say, the effect is too slow to be adopted, but under the strong ideological offensive of Mencius's righteousness and rhetoric, they can't help being convinced. Mencius didn't condescend to a Fu in order to let the king accept his political opinions. He didn't mean to make fun of him and get a job. Not only did he not have the slightest subservience, but he often stabbed at the pain of the king, trapped in the embarrassing situation of these stupid guys, and had to "look around the king and talk about him". Every time I read such a paragraph, I can't help sighing again and again: Mencius and Mencius, how smart and brave! Kong Laofu Zi once criticized his student Zilu for being too brave, while Meng Ke, his direct disciple, was more brave than Zilu. Confucianism advocates gentleness, courtesy, frugality, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faithfulness, and does not speak of courage. However, courage is really the nature of men!
不知怎么回事，一提起文人書(shū)生，就是一副文弱、寒酸、迂闊的窩囊相，讓人“不足觀”，不大瞧得起。然而，在文人老祖宗孟子身上能尋出半點(diǎn)窩囊的影子嗎？他若知道后世文人把自身形象糟蹋成那種樣子，肯定會(huì)怒發(fā)沖冠，大罵子孫不肖的。孟子實(shí)在是為后輩文人樹(shù)立了剛直英武的楷模。男人的形象不只讓劍客游俠武裝專美，文人亦男人也?！睹献印分杏涊d，一次，孟子要去朝見(jiàn)齊王，齊王正好派人對(duì)孟子說(shuō)：“寡人本應(yīng)去拜訪你，但不巧感冒了，怕風(fēng)吹，如果你能來(lái)朝，我可以接見(jiàn)你?！泵献右宦?tīng)這話，反而不想去了，于是回答說(shuō)：“剛好我也病了，不能上朝見(jiàn)王。”第二天，孟子卻到東郭大夫家吊喪。公孫丑說(shuō)：“你昨天托辭有病，今天卻去吊喪，這樣不太好吧？”孟子理直氣壯地說(shuō)：“昨天病了，可今天好了，為什么不能去吊喪？”以臣子的身份公然與君王較勁，沒(méi)有一身的正氣、骨氣、膽氣是不行的。孟子曾引一位勇士的話說(shuō)道：“彼，丈夫也；我，丈夫也；吾何畏彼哉？”用今天的話說(shuō)，就是：都是男人，誰(shuí)怕誰(shuí)呀！又有一次，孟子離開(kāi)齊國(guó)，在晝邑歇宿。一個(gè)人想替齊王挽留孟子，便大模大樣端坐著跟孟子說(shuō)話，孟子不理他，趴在幾上裝睡，那人很不高興，孟子就坦率地教訓(xùn)他：對(duì)一個(gè)年長(zhǎng)的老頭子應(yīng)該懂得禮數(shù)！在孟子看來(lái)，一些峨冠博帶的君王，只不過(guò)是貪財(cái)、好色的草包蠢貨，或者是率獸食人的獨(dú)夫民賊，哪里值得老百姓仰望尊敬？！故天將降大任于斯人，“當(dāng)今之世，舍我其誰(shuí)也？”英雄氣概，溢于言表?？鬃又贫ǖ木汲几父缸幼拥木V常禮數(shù)，孟子并未昏愚地全盤(pán)接受，他提出：民為貴，君為輕。他遺世獨(dú)立，傲岸宏達(dá)，凜然不可侵犯，完全不把一些平庸的君王放在眼里。
Somehow, when it comes to literati scholars, they are weak, shabby and broad-minded, which makes people look down on them. However, can we find the shadow of a bit of cowardice in Mencius, the old ancestor of literati? If he knew that the later literati had ruined their own image in that way, he would be furious and scold their descendants. Mencius really set an example for the later literati. The image of man not only makes swordsmen and Rangers armed with special beauty, but also men of letters. "Mencius" records that once, Mencius was going to the court to see the king of Qi. The king of Qi just sent someone to say to Mencius, "I should have visited you, but unfortunately I caught a cold and was afraid of the wind. If you can come to the court, I can meet you." When Mencius heard this, he didn't want to go, so he replied, "just now I'm sick, and I can't go to the court to see the king." The next day, Mencius went to doctor Dongguo's house to mourn. Gongsun Chou said, "it's not good that you were sick yesterday and went to mourning today." Mencius said bluntly, "I was ill yesterday, but I am well today. Why can't I go to mourning?" It's no use fighting openly with the king as a minister without integrity, backbone and courage. Mencius once quoted a warrior as saying, "I, my husband, am I afraid of him?" In today's words, it's all men, who are afraid of whom! Once again, Mencius left the state of Qi and stayed in the daytime. A man wanted to keep Mencius for the king of Qi, so he sat up and talked to Mencius in a big way. Mencius ignored him and lay on his back. He was very unhappy. Mencius told him frankly that he should know etiquette to an old man! In Mencius' view, some of the kings of e'guanbo belt are just greedy, lecherous and stupid people with straw bags, or are the only people who lead the beasts and cannibals. How can they be respected by the common people?! Therefore, heaven will give a great deal of responsibility to the people, "in today's world, who is willing to give up?" Heroic spirit, over expression. Confucius formulated the rules and regulations of the father and son of the monarch, the minister, the father and the son. Mencius did not blindly accept them. He proposed that the people are the most important and the monarch is the least important. He is independent, lofty and magnanimous, inviolable, and does not pay attention to some mediocre kings at all.
相對(duì)于孔子的“君子”學(xué)說(shuō)，孟子給中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化人格增添了一個(gè)意義深遠(yuǎn)的概念：大丈夫?！案毁F不能淫，貧賤不能移，威武不能屈，此之謂大丈夫。”丈夫者，男子漢也；大者，巍巍乎崇高也，“充實(shí)而有光輝之謂大”。一怒而天下懼并非真正的大丈夫，蠻勇斗狠、奸詐殘忍、蠅營(yíng)狗茍、見(jiàn)利忘義之徒更難望大丈夫項(xiàng)背。真正的大丈夫是光明磊落的人，是意志堅(jiān)定的人，是富有仁德的人，是胸懷寬廣的人。大丈夫人格的獲得，孟子有一秘訣：善養(yǎng)浩然之氣。何謂“浩然之氣”？他說(shuō)這種“氣”“至大至剛，以直養(yǎng)而無(wú)害，則塞于天地之間”。這是一種崇高剛強(qiáng)的正氣，一種不可勢(shì)壓利誘的骨氣，一種超邁雄放的豪氣，一種無(wú)所畏懼的勇氣，一種宏毅堅(jiān)定的志氣。孟子這一特點(diǎn)，是他的精神導(dǎo)師孔子所不及的。宋代理學(xué)家朱熹說(shuō)：“孟子有些英氣?！苯肆终Z(yǔ)堂說(shuō)：“我們讀孟子，可使頑夫廉，懦夫有立志?！?/p>
Compared with Confucius' theory of "gentleman", Mencius has added a far-reaching concept to Chinese traditional cultural personality: big husband. "A man is a man who is rich and noble, poor and humble, powerful and unyielding." A husband is a man, and a great man is a great man. A man who is fierce, treacherous and cruel is not a real man. It is more difficult for a man who is brave and ruthless, treacherous and ruthless, reckless and selfless. A real man is an open and aboveboard man, a man of firm will, a man of benevolence and virtue, and a man of broad mind. Mencius has a secret to acquire the personality of a great husband: to be good at cultivating noble spirit. What is "noble spirit"? He said that this kind of "Qi" is "the most important and rigid. If it is kept directly and harmless, it will be put between heaven and earth". This is a kind of noble and strong righteousness, a kind of bone spirit that can not be suppressed and lured by potential, a kind of heroic spirit that surpasses maixiong, a kind of fearless courage, a kind of great and resolute ambition. This characteristic of Mencius is beyond his spiritual mentor Confucius. Zhu Xi, an agent scholar of the Song Dynasty, said, "Mencius has some heroism." Lin Yutang, a modern man, said, "when we read Mencius, we can make stubborn men honest and cowards determined."
孟子嘗云：窮則獨(dú)善其身，達(dá)則兼濟(jì)天下。這種苦心孤詣的教誨，一直使得后代文人們進(jìn)退有據(jù)。不管身在魏闕，還是遠(yuǎn)處江湖，都不應(yīng)失去了做人的立身根本，培養(yǎng)浩然正氣。孟子身上那種有棱角、有個(gè)性的哲人風(fēng)采、英俊氣度、男人本色，成為一條汲之不盡的文化源泉，更行更遠(yuǎn)還生。
Mencius tasted the cloud: if you are poor, you will be good at yourself; if you reach, you will benefit the world. This kind of painstaking and lonely education has always made it possible for the literati of later generations to advance and retreat. No matter in Wei que or in the distant Jianghu, we should not lose the fundamental of life and cultivate noble and upright spirit. Mencius has a kind of angular, personality of philosopher style, handsome demeanor and man's nature, which has become an inexhaustible source of culture, and goes further.
