土地荒漠化的防治，要做到“預(yù)防為主，因地制宜，全面規(guī)劃，綜合整治，加強管理，注重效益”。對于水蝕作用下的荒漠化土地，要以小流域為單元進行綜合治理，上游以防為主，中游防治中結(jié)合、以治為主，采取封山育林、營造水源涵養(yǎng)林，陡坡耕地退林還草、坡地改梯田等措施；對于風(fēng)力作用下的荒漠化土地，在半干旱農(nóng)牧交錯區(qū)及旱農(nóng)區(qū)采取擴大林草比重、片林和喬灌草結(jié)合固定流沙等措施，在干旱地帶沙質(zhì)荒漠邊緣的綠洲地區(qū)營造綠洲內(nèi)部護田林網(wǎng)并在綠洲邊緣設(shè)置沙障。
The prevention and control of land desertification should be based on "prevention first, adjusting measures to local conditions, comprehensive planning, comprehensive treatment, strengthening management and paying attention to benefits". For the desertification land under the action of water erosion, the small watershed should be taken as a unit for comprehensive treatment, the upstream should be mainly for prevention, the middle reaches should be combined with prevention and control, and the measures such as closing the mountain for forest cultivation, building water conservation forest, returning the steep slope farmland to forest and grass, and changing the slope land to terrace should be taken; for the desertification land under the action of wind force, the forest grass ratio should be expanded in the semi-arid farming pastoral area and the dry farming area In the oasis area of arid desert edge, the inner forest net for protecting farmland and the sand barrier are built.
建立草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)持續(xù)管理體系。鑒于我國退化草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)治理的現(xiàn)狀是邊治理，邊退化，退化大于治理的現(xiàn)狀，因此建立適宜的草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)持續(xù)利用體系，是遏制草原退化、恢復(fù)退化草原，達到長治久安的根本策略。在草地資源不足時，輪牧連續(xù)放牧有較大的優(yōu)勢，且對于同樣的載畜水平，短時高強度放牧比長時間低強度放牧更有利于植物的生長。然而適宜的草原利用體系隨不同草原類型而異。闡明不同類型草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)第一性生產(chǎn)力及其載畜能力、不同放牧方式和季節(jié)對草原草畜土系統(tǒng)的影響、草原植物生產(chǎn)力與家畜放牧強度間的相互作用模式、草原生物多樣性的維持機制等，是制定草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)持續(xù)管理措施的基礎(chǔ)。同時，草原地區(qū)土地經(jīng)營等體制的優(yōu)化則是在更高尺度上實行草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)持續(xù)管理的策略。
Establish sustainable management system of grassland ecosystem. In view of the current situation of the management of degraded grassland ecosystem in our country, which is the management at the same time, the degradation at the same time is greater than the management, so the establishment of a suitable sustainable utilization system of grassland ecosystem is the fundamental strategy to curb the grassland degradation, restore the degraded grassland and achieve long-term stability. When the grassland resources are insufficient, continuous rotational grazing has a greater advantage, and for the same level of livestock, short-term high-intensity grazing is more conducive to plant growth than long-term low-intensity grazing. However, the suitable grassland utilization system varies with different grassland types. This paper expounds that the primary productivity and carrying capacity of different types of grassland ecosystem, the influence of Different Grazing Methods and seasons on grassland, the interaction mode between grassland plant productivity and livestock grazing intensity, and the maintenance mechanism of grassland biodiversity are the basis of formulating sustainable management measures of grassland ecosystem. At the same time, the optimization of land management system in grassland area is the strategy of sustainable management of grassland ecosystem on a higher scale.
地球的生態(tài)資源總是處于變化之中。這種變化大體是兩類因素引起的。一類是來自生態(tài)資源之間或生態(tài)資源內(nèi)部的相互作用（如各種災(zāi)變）；一類是來自人類的直接或間接影響。前一類作用引起的變化，通常是正常的自然變化過程。人類活動對自然的影響，既可以表現(xiàn)為正面效應(yīng)，即促使的效應(yīng)，又可以表現(xiàn)為負(fù)面效應(yīng)，即導(dǎo)致其退化的效應(yīng)，也可以理解為生態(tài)破壞。往往有這樣的情況，人的一些行為在短時期內(nèi)看似有利，但隨著時間的推移，它的負(fù)面效應(yīng)逐漸顯現(xiàn)出來。對生態(tài)環(huán)境變化的自然因素和人為因素應(yīng)依據(jù)兩條原則進行判斷：①是否有利于人類的持續(xù)發(fā)展；②是否有利于人類所依賴的生態(tài)資源的持續(xù)存在和演進。
The ecological resources of the earth are always changing. This change is caused by two kinds of factors. One is from the interaction between ecological resources or within ecological resources (such as various disasters); the other is from the direct or indirect impact of human beings. The change caused by the former kind of action is usually a normal natural change process. The impact of human activities on nature can be expressed as both positive effect, promoting effect and negative effect, that is, the effect that leads to its degradation, as well as ecological damage. It is often the case that some human behaviors seem to be beneficial in a short period of time, but with the passage of time, its negative effects gradually appear. The natural and human factors of ecological environment change should be judged according to two principles: ① whether it is conducive to the sustainable development of human beings; ② whether it is conducive to the sustainable existence and evolution of the ecological resources on which human beings depend.
土地退化是困擾西部地區(qū)經(jīng)濟和社會持續(xù)發(fā)展的主要因素。水土嚴(yán)重流失、沙漠化和土壤鹽堿化導(dǎo)致土地生產(chǎn)力衰退，最終徹底喪失功能，變成戈壁、流沙或劣地。土地嚴(yán)重退化對環(huán)境的反饋作用使生態(tài)環(huán)境全面惡化，氣候更加干旱，沙塵暴災(zāi)害頻繁，嚴(yán)重影響地區(qū)的工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。生態(tài)環(huán)境的惡化，牧、農(nóng)、林經(jīng)濟的落后，貧困和文化落后等一連串的問題影響著社會的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
Land degradation is the main factor that perplexes the sustainable development of economy and society in the western region. Serious soil and water loss, desertification and soil salinization lead to the decline of land productivity, and ultimately the complete loss of function, turning into Gobi, quicksand or poor land. The feedback effect of serious land degradation on the environment makes the ecological environment worsen in an all-round way, the climate is more arid, and sandstorm disasters are frequent, which seriously affects the industrial and agricultural production in the area. The deterioration of ecological environment, the backwardness of animal husbandry, agriculture and forestry economy, poverty and cultural backwardness affect the sustainable development of society.
既要改善環(huán)境質(zhì)量，又要保持經(jīng)濟增長水平，這是一道世界性的難題。西部經(jīng)濟增長和生態(tài)環(huán)境保護（改善）這一對矛盾顯得更為突出。一面是經(jīng)濟落后，人民貧困，發(fā)展速度滯后；一面是生態(tài)環(huán)境嚴(yán)重失衡，土地沙漠化、水土流失和鹽漬化嚴(yán)重。這些又反過來制約經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。
It is a worldwide problem to improve the environmental quality and maintain the level of economic growth. The contradiction between economic growth and ecological environment protection (improvement) in Western China is more prominent. On the one hand, the economy is backward, the people are poor, and the development speed is lagging behind; on the other hand, the ecological environment is seriously unbalanced, and land desertification, soil erosion and salinization are serious. These in turn constrain economic development.
經(jīng)濟發(fā)展與環(huán)境是一對矛盾，從長遠(yuǎn)看可以達到協(xié)調(diào)和統(tǒng)一，但在一個相對較短的時期內(nèi)，卻是矛盾的。如果優(yōu)先發(fā)展經(jīng)濟，勢必會付出一定的環(huán)境代價。反過來如果優(yōu)先保護環(huán)境，又不得不相應(yīng)放慢經(jīng)濟發(fā)展速度。對于發(fā)展中國家來說，“發(fā)展是硬道理”，發(fā)展毫無疑問要放在第一位。不過應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到，發(fā)展不應(yīng)狹義地理解為經(jīng)濟增長，經(jīng)濟增長只是發(fā)展的一部分。發(fā)展只有使人民生活的所有方面都得到改善，才是真正的發(fā)展。而且發(fā)展應(yīng)該是可持續(xù)的?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展包括社會、經(jīng)濟、環(huán)境三個基本要素，它們之間相互作用、相互制約和相互依賴。環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展是條件，經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展是目的。三者的協(xié)調(diào)是可持續(xù)性的關(guān)鍵?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展旨在保持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的多樣性、確保資源的可持續(xù)利用、保持良好的生產(chǎn)與生活環(huán)境，使社會人均福利持續(xù)提高。因此。我國政府提出西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略時，把生態(tài)環(huán)境綜合整治和環(huán)境建設(shè)放到第一位。
Economic development and environment are a pair of contradictions, which can be coordinated and unified in the long run, but in a relatively short period of time, they are contradictory. If we give priority to economic development, we will pay a certain environmental price. On the other hand, if we give priority to environmental protection, we have to slow down economic development accordingly. For developing countries, "development is the absolute principle", and development should undoubtedly come first. However, it should be recognized that development should not be narrowly understood as economic growth, which is only a part of development. Development is real development only when it improves all aspects of people's lives. And development should be sustainable. Sustainable development includes three basic elements: society, economy and environment. They interact, restrict and depend on each other. Environmental sustainable development is the condition, and economic sustainable development is the purpose. The coordination of the three is the key to sustainability. Sustainable development aims to maintain the diversity of ecosystem, ensure the sustainable use of resources, maintain a good production and living environment, and improve the per capita social welfare. Therefore. When the Chinese government put forward the strategy of developing the western region, it put the comprehensive improvement of ecological environment and environmental construction in the first place.
事實證明，如果不從環(huán)境的角度來管理經(jīng)濟，經(jīng)濟增長就面臨著極限。保護環(huán)境為的是保證發(fā)展，我們需要把人類社會、自然環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟活動作為一個整體統(tǒng)一考慮，注重協(xié)調(diào)約束各自的行為限度。實行可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略是解決環(huán)境與發(fā)展問題的明智選擇。因此，在制訂經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略時，要體現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略思想。中國的自然資源，特別是土地資源，已臨近它的“外延”開發(fā)極限，隨著人均資源的日益下降，如不致力于“內(nèi)涵”上的調(diào)控，生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化將最終制約經(jīng)濟的可持續(xù)增長。而且，西部生態(tài)環(huán)境具有先天的脆弱性。在進行西部大開發(fā)時絕不能以生態(tài)效益去換取經(jīng)濟效益。如果不把合理使用資源、保護環(huán)境等內(nèi)容包括在發(fā)展目標(biāo)之內(nèi)，任何經(jīng)濟增長都不會持續(xù)，任何經(jīng)濟改革都不會取得真正的成功。
Facts have proved that if we do not manage the economy from the perspective of environment, economic growth will face the limit. To protect the environment is to ensure development. We need to consider human society, natural environment and economic activities as a whole, and pay attention to coordinating and restricting their respective behavior limits. The implementation of sustainable development strategy is a wise choice to solve the problems of environment and development. Therefore, in the formulation of economic and social development strategy, we should reflect the strategic thinking of sustainable development. China's natural resources, especially land resources, are close to its "extension" development limit. With the decline of per capita resources, if we don't devote ourselves to the "connotation" regulation, the deterioration of ecological environment will eventually restrict the sustainable economic growth. Moreover, the ecological environment in the west is inherently fragile. In the development of the west, we must not exchange ecological benefits for economic benefits. If the rational use of resources and environmental protection are not included in the development goals, no economic growth will continue and no economic reform will achieve real success.
西部生態(tài)環(huán)境有其本身脆弱的一面，但環(huán)境惡化的主要因素是人的經(jīng)濟活動對環(huán)境施加的壓力超越了環(huán)境的容忍量。治理土地嚴(yán)重退化必須從減輕人對環(huán)境的不良影響做起。西部大開發(fā)為扭轉(zhuǎn)土地嚴(yán)重退化的局面帶來難得的機遇，各級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和群眾應(yīng)徹底轉(zhuǎn)變觀念，處理好環(huán)境治理、土地開發(fā)和發(fā)展經(jīng)濟的關(guān)系，創(chuàng)造經(jīng)濟和社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展的良好環(huán)境。隨著西部大開發(fā)的實施，人類經(jīng)濟活動肯定還要加快。人的因素有兩個截然不同的方向，一是片面追求經(jīng)濟的高速增長，不顧環(huán)境條件和土地容量，任意開發(fā)土地資源，擴大耕地面積和牲畜數(shù)量，或者不從根本上解決問題，采取“頭疼治頭，腳疼治腳”的應(yīng)付態(tài)度，而不顧長遠(yuǎn)利益，結(jié)果必然導(dǎo)致水土流失、土地沙漠化和土壤鹽堿化繼續(xù)嚴(yán)重發(fā)展，流沙擴展，水蝕黃土和石灰?guī)r地區(qū)的劣地繼續(xù)發(fā)展，而綠洲地區(qū)土壤大片鹽漬化。最終只能退出西部大多數(shù)地區(qū)；二是自覺地約束自身的行為，把人對生態(tài)環(huán)境的干擾變成促進生態(tài)環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟協(xié)調(diào)、和諧發(fā)展的行為。認(rèn)真貫徹西部大開發(fā)生態(tài)建設(shè)優(yōu)先的方針，全面規(guī)劃，采取有力的措施治理失衡的環(huán)境，使西部的環(huán)境達到“山川秀美”。
The western ecological environment has its own fragile side, but the main factor of environmental deterioration is that the pressure of human economic activities on the environment exceeds the tolerance of the environment. To control the serious land degradation, we must start from reducing the adverse effects of human beings on the environment. The great development of the western region has brought a rare opportunity to reverse the serious land degradation. Leaders and the masses at all levels should completely change their ideas, deal with the relationship between environmental governance, land development and economic development, and create a good environment for sustainable economic and social development. With the implementation of the western development, human economic activities must be accelerated. Human factors have two distinct directions. One is to pursue the rapid economic growth unilaterally, develop land resources arbitrarily, expand the cultivated land area and the number of livestock regardless of the environmental conditions and land capacity, or not fundamentally solve the problem, adopt the coping attitude of "headache to treat the head, foot pain to treat the foot", regardless of the long-term interests, the result will inevitably lead to soil erosion, land desert Soil salinization and salinization continue to develop seriously, quicksand expands, and poor land in water eroded loess and limestone areas continues to develop, while large areas of soil salinization in oasis areas. Finally, we can only withdraw from most of the western regions; secondly, we should consciously restrict our own behavior, and turn the interference of human beings to the behavior of promoting the coordinated and harmonious development of ecological environment and economy. We should conscientiously implement the principle of giving priority to ecological construction in the development of the western region, make a comprehensive plan, and take effective measures to control the unbalanced environment, so as to make the environment in the western region "beautiful in mountains and rivers".
西部的山川秀美不是“錦秀江南”式的，應(yīng)當(dāng)是既有沙漠、戈壁，又有綠洲農(nóng)業(yè)和雪山草地，既有高山大川，又有森林、湖泊、藍天白云，人與自然和諧共存，生態(tài)平衡，經(jīng)濟發(fā)達，社會進步，欣欣向榮的景象。
The beauty of the mountains and rivers in the west is not "Jinxiu Jiangnan" style. It should be a scene of deserts and Gobi, oasis agriculture and snow mountain grassland, mountains and rivers, forests, lakes, blue sky and white clouds, harmonious coexistence of human and nature, ecological balance, economic development, social progress and prosperity.
