○沙塵暴發(fā)生的三要素是大風(fēng)、不穩(wěn)定的大氣層結(jié)狀態(tài)和地面的沙塵源，所以常常發(fā)生在春季
The three factors of sandstorm are strong wind, unstable atmospheric stratification and dust source on the ground, so it often occurs in spring
○沙塵暴產(chǎn)生的年代已很久遠(yuǎn)，但近期有加劇的趨勢(shì)
The sandstorm has been produced for a long time, but there is a trend of aggravation in the near future
○沙塵暴的發(fā)生與沙漠化有關(guān)，自然成因和人為因素都起作用
The occurrence of sandstorm is related to desertification, and both natural and human factors play a role
春天終于來了，北方人在感受花紅柳綠、燕舞鶯歌之前，總是躲不開幾次沙塵的“洗禮”。你知道如何確定沙塵暴天氣嗎？當(dāng)你站在戶外混濁的空氣中看不到離你一公里遠(yuǎn)的地方時(shí)，這便是沙塵暴天氣了。沙塵暴一來遮天蔽日，戶外的人們苦不堪言。狂暴的風(fēng)沙阻斷交通，摧毀通訊線路甚至建筑，毀傷人命。我們平常所說的沙塵暴，實(shí)際上是沙暴和塵暴兩者的總稱。一般說來，沙暴是就地起沙(揚(yáng)沙)，它攜帶的沙物質(zhì)搬運(yùn)的距離不遠(yuǎn)，而塵暴(浮塵)卻能在高空中飄移幾千公里之外，甚至更遠(yuǎn)。去年夏天，法國(guó)波爾多大學(xué)地質(zhì)學(xué)家弗朗西斯與他的同事竟然在歐洲阿爾卑斯山的積雪中發(fā)現(xiàn)了來自中國(guó)的這些“不速之客”。近年來媒體對(duì)沙塵暴的關(guān)注很多，體現(xiàn)了社會(huì)各界對(duì)此問題的焦慮及治理的重視。要想找到治理的正確途徑必須先把它的形成機(jī)理搞清楚。那么沙塵暴是幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單原因造成還是多個(gè)系統(tǒng)復(fù)合作用的結(jié)果？沙源是短期形成、發(fā)生的，還是長(zhǎng)期形成、發(fā)生的，甚至是一個(gè)地質(zhì)變化過程？沙塵暴是自然成因?yàn)橹鬟€是人為的結(jié)果？本文試著就這些問題作一探討。
Spring has finally come. Before the northern people feel the red flowers and the green willows and the song of the dancing warblers, they can't avoid the "baptism" of the dust several times. Do you know how to determine the sandstorm weather? When you stand outside in the turbid air and can't see the place one kilometer away from you, this is the sandstorm weather. As soon as the sandstorm came to block out the sun, the outdoor people were suffering. Violent sandstorms block traffic, destroy communication lines and even buildings, and damage human lives. What we usually call sandstorm is actually the general term of sandstorm and dust storm. Generally speaking, sandstorm is to raise sand on the spot (blowing sand). The distance of carrying sand material is not far, but the dust storm (floating dust) can move thousands of kilometers or even farther in the air. Last summer, Francis, a geologist at the University of Bordeaux in France, and his colleagues found these "unexpected visitors" from China in the snow of the European Alps. In recent years, the media has paid a lot of attention to sandstorm, which reflects the anxiety of all walks of life and the importance of governance. In order to find the right way of governance, we must first make clear its formation mechanism. So are sandstorms caused by several simple causes or by multiple systems? Is the source of sand formed and occurred in a short time, or in a long time, or even a geological change process? Is sandstorm a natural or man-made result? This paper tries to discuss these problems.
沙塵暴的空間和時(shí)間分布
Spatial and temporal distribution of sandstorm
中國(guó)北方沙塵暴發(fā)生的特點(diǎn)是西北多于東北、平原(或盆地)多于山區(qū)、沙漠多于其他地區(qū)。我國(guó)北方干旱半干旱地區(qū)有五大沙塵暴中心：一是新疆的塔里木盆地，主要包括塔克拉瑪干沙漠和羅布泊地區(qū)，二是內(nèi)蒙西部、甘肅、寧夏的阿拉善高原，包括巴丹吉林沙漠、騰格里沙漠、烏蘭布和沙漠和河西走廊。三是內(nèi)蒙中部的鄂爾多斯高原，包括毛烏素沙地和北部黃土高原。四是內(nèi)蒙古東南部，包括后山地區(qū)、渾善達(dá)克沙地和科爾沁沙地。五是華北平原，范圍可至北京以南。這些地區(qū)的地面物質(zhì)在強(qiáng)勁偏北風(fēng)作用下影響我國(guó)北方地區(qū)甚至長(zhǎng)江流域。
The occurrence of sandstorms in northern China is characterized by more sandstorms in Northwest China than in Northeast China, more sandstorms in plain (or basin) than in mountain area, more sandstorms in desert than in other areas. There are five sandstorm centers in the arid and semi-arid areas of northern China: the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang, mainly including Taklimakan Desert and Lop Nur area; the Alxa Plateau in western Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Ningxia, including Badain Jaran Desert, Tengger Desert, Ulan Buh Desert and Hexi corridor. The third is the Ordos Plateau in the central part of Inner Mongolia, including the Mu Us sandy land and the northern Loess Plateau. Fourth, the southeast of Inner Mongolia, including Houshan area, Hunshandak sand land and Horqin Sand Land. Fifth, the North China plain extends to the south of Beijing. Under the strong northerly wind, the surface materials in these areas affect the northern China and even the Yangtze River Basin.
科學(xué)研究證明，沙源的形成是一個(gè)相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的過成，其中自然力起的作用是主要的。據(jù)對(duì)深海巖心和冰蓋沉積物的測(cè)定，早在白堊紀(jì)末(距今7000萬年)就有風(fēng)沙塵暴出現(xiàn)，我國(guó)最早的記錄可以追溯到公元前205年。在漫長(zhǎng)的地質(zhì)歷史中沙塵暴顯示出周期性變化，它與地質(zhì)時(shí)期氣候變化和地面沙塵物質(zhì)的消長(zhǎng)有關(guān)，遇氣候暖濕時(shí)期地面植被生長(zhǎng)茂密，生態(tài)環(huán)境條件好，沙塵暴發(fā)生頻率低；反之，在冷干氣候時(shí)期，則沙塵暴發(fā)生頻率高。我國(guó)從公元前205年以來有85%以上的沙塵暴都發(fā)生在3～5月份，而且多出現(xiàn)于春季的午后。這是由于春季是全年中空氣冷暖變化最劇烈的季節(jié)，午后到傍晚之前又是一天中氣溫最高的時(shí)段，更容易造成空氣層結(jié)的不穩(wěn)定。沙塵的肆虐，就在于對(duì)流層低層存在著強(qiáng)烈的垂直方向的不穩(wěn)定和強(qiáng)對(duì)流。另外，春季北方地區(qū)氣溫陡然回升，大地解凍，同時(shí)干旱少雨，地表干燥松軟，不論是耕地還是荒漠草原，均無植被覆蓋而裸露無遺，為沙塵暴的發(fā)生提供了豐富的沙塵源。
Scientific research has proved that the formation of sand source is a long-term over formation, in which natural forces play a major role. According to the determination of deep-sea cores and ice sheet sediments, sandstorms appeared as early as the end of Cretaceous (70 million years ago), and the earliest record in China can be traced back to 205 BC. In the long geological history, sandstorm shows periodic change, which is related to the climate change in geological period and the fluctuation of ground dust material. In the warm and humid climate period, the ground vegetation grows luxuriantly, the ecological environment conditions are good, and the frequency of sandstorm is low; on the contrary, in the cold and dry climate period, the frequency of sandstorm is high. Since 205 BC, more than 85% of sandstorms in China have occurred in March to may, and most of them occur in the afternoon of spring. This is because spring is the season with the most violent change of air temperature in the whole year. From afternoon to evening, it is the period with the highest temperature in the day, which is more likely to cause the instability of air stratification. The rampant of dust lies in the strong vertical instability and strong convection in the lower troposphere. In addition, in spring, the temperature in the northern region rises sharply, the land thaws, and the surface is dry and soft with little rain. No matter in cultivated land or desert grassland, there is no vegetation coverage and bare, which provides a rich source of sand and dust for the occurrence of dust storms.
沙塵暴產(chǎn)生的三個(gè)條件
Three conditions of sandstorm
沙塵暴形成需要三個(gè)條件：大風(fēng)、不穩(wěn)定的大氣層結(jié)狀態(tài)和地面上的沙塵。沙塵暴天氣的發(fā)生一般需要有足夠強(qiáng)勁持久的風(fēng)力，平均風(fēng)速在每秒12米以上。光有大風(fēng)是不夠的，只有在低層空氣不穩(wěn)定的情況下，沙塵才會(huì)被卷揚(yáng)得很高，被風(fēng)吹到很遠(yuǎn)的地方。當(dāng)然還要有充足的沙源。
The formation of sandstorm requires three conditions: strong wind, unstable atmospheric stratification and dust on the ground. The occurrence of sandstorm generally requires strong and lasting wind, with an average wind speed of more than 12 meters per second. It's not enough to have strong winds. Only when the air in the lower layer is unstable, the dust will be blown high and far away. Of course, there should be sufficient sand sources.
從天氣學(xué)角度看，大風(fēng)的形成，一是強(qiáng)冷空氣入侵，即冷鋒過境，穿越鋒面的次級(jí)環(huán)流促使鋒前強(qiáng)烈上升、鋒后動(dòng)量下傳，由此產(chǎn)生變壓風(fēng)，這是造成近地面大風(fēng)的主要因素；二是冷鋒前地面熱低壓發(fā)展使鋒區(qū)氣壓梯度增大而形成梯度風(fēng)。強(qiáng)冷空氣是形成沙塵天氣的驅(qū)動(dòng)力，只有足夠的冷空氣方有可能形成強(qiáng)的氣壓差，推動(dòng)大氣的水平流動(dòng)。又由于此時(shí)低空不同高度水平風(fēng)速的不同，以及低層的強(qiáng)烈輻合，迫使空氣產(chǎn)生垂直方向的流動(dòng)，從而產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的水平和垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)。瞬時(shí)最大風(fēng)速為每秒17米，短時(shí)七、八級(jí)以上，即可出現(xiàn)沙塵暴。形成沙塵暴的冷空氣強(qiáng)度要比一般大風(fēng)的冷空氣更猛烈。
From the synoptic point of view, the formation of gale is mainly caused by the strong cold air invasion, i.e. the cold front transit, the secondary circulation passing through the front, which causes the strong rise in front of the front and the momentum passing down behind the front, resulting in the variable pressure wind, which is the main factor causing the gale near the ground; the second is that the development of the surface hot low pressure before the cold front increases the pressure gradient in front of the front to form the gradient wind. Strong cold air is the driving force for the formation of dust weather. Only enough cold air can form a strong pressure difference and promote the horizontal flow of the atmosphere. At the same time, due to the different horizontal wind speed at different altitude and the strong convergence of the lower layer, the air is forced to flow in the vertical direction, resulting in strong horizontal and vertical movement. The maximum instantaneous wind speed is 17 meters per second, and the sandstorm can occur if the wind speed is above seven or eight levels in a short time. The intensity of cold air is stronger than that of normal gale.
大氣層結(jié)是否穩(wěn)定是形成沙塵暴的另一決定性因素。以最常出現(xiàn)區(qū)域性強(qiáng)沙塵暴的甘肅省河西地區(qū)為例，這里處在冷空氣東南下的西北通道上，一般來說，冬春兩季特別是春季經(jīng)常有勢(shì)力強(qiáng)大的冷空氣入侵，而且春季植物稀少，沙漠和裸露的地表溫度上升得很快，只要連續(xù)晴好兩三天，地面氣溫可以升得很高。如果這時(shí)遇上強(qiáng)大的冷空氣在中午前后過境，可形成上冷下暖的不穩(wěn)定的溫度層結(jié)，沙塵暴常常在此時(shí)發(fā)生。
The stability of atmospheric stratification is another decisive factor for the formation of dust storms. Taking Hexi area of Gansu Province, where the most frequent regional strong sandstorm occurs, as an example, it is located on the northwest passage under the southeast of cold air. Generally speaking, in winter and spring, especially in spring, there are often strong cold air intrusions, and there are few plants in spring. The temperature of desert and bare surface rises rapidly. As long as it is sunny for two or three days, the temperature of ground can rise very high. If the strong cold air passes through the area around noon, the unstable temperature stratification of upper cold and lower warm can be formed. Sandstorm often occurs at this time.
沙源都是些什么東西呢？它們是怎么來的呢？我們能“消滅”或封閉這些物質(zhì)嗎？下面我們就從沙塵源的形成來尋找答案。
What is Shayuan? How do they come from? Can we "eliminate" or seal off these substances? Let's look for the answer from the formation of dust sources.
從我國(guó)北方地區(qū)沙塵源的形成看，一類是自然形成的第四紀(jì)沉積、堆積物；另一類是人類生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)堆積物。前者有風(fēng)成沙、沙礫戈壁、風(fēng)蝕劣地、沙質(zhì)粘土、第三紀(jì)紅色沙巖、現(xiàn)代流水沖積物、湖積物、黃土等。這些沙塵源物質(zhì)量大且分布面積廣，為強(qiáng)沙塵暴的形成提供了豐富的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。后者有尾礦砂、廢棄物、爐灰等堆積物和開墾耕地的裸露地面等，比如退化的森林草地、沒有植被覆蓋的干松土地和城鄉(xiāng)建筑工地的沙土堆。近年發(fā)生的沙塵暴中，沙質(zhì)草地和旱作耕地是主要沙源。從自然成因上看，人類無法消除沙塵暴。但從人類自身活動(dòng)來看，亂砍濫伐和對(duì)土地、水資源的不合理利用而加速沙塵暴發(fā)生的負(fù)面作用是可以消減的，可以在一定程度上消減沙塵暴發(fā)生的頻率和強(qiáng)度。
In terms of the formation of dust sources in northern China, one is naturally formed Quaternary deposits and accumulations; the other is accumulations of human production activities. The former includes eolian sand, gravel gobi, wind eroded bad land, sandy clay, Tertiary red sandstone, modern fluvial alluvium, lacustrine deposit, loess, etc. These dust sources have a large mass and wide distribution area, which provide a rich material basis for the formation of strong dust storms. The latter includes tailings, wastes, ashes and other deposits, as well as the bare ground of cultivated land, such as degraded forest grassland, dry pine land without vegetation cover and sand piles of urban and rural construction sites. In recent years, sandy grassland and dry cultivated land are the main sources of sand. In terms of natural causes, human beings cannot eliminate sandstorms. However, from the perspective of human activities, the negative effects of deforestation and unreasonable use of land and water resources to accelerate the occurrence of sandstorm can be reduced, and the frequency and intensity of sandstorm can be reduced to a certain extent.
沙源物質(zhì)顆粒的大小也影響沙塵飛行的距離。如科爾沁沙地組成物質(zhì)主要是中細(xì)砂粉砂層和粉細(xì)砂。鄂爾多斯等地含細(xì)砂、粉砂高達(dá)80%。松散沉積環(huán)境加上合適的環(huán)流條件，使這些地區(qū)成為沙塵暴的高發(fā)區(qū)和物源區(qū)。沙塵發(fā)生地區(qū)遼闊坦蕩的地貌也是成因之一。
The size of sand particles also affects the distance of dust flight. For example, the components of Horqin sandy land are mainly medium and fine sand and silty sand. Ordos and other places contain 80% fine sand and silt. The loose sedimentary environment and suitable circulation conditions make these areas the high incidence area and source area of sandstorm. It is also one of the causes of the formation of the vast and flat landform in the dust producing area.
荒漠化擴(kuò)大了沙塵源，增加了沙塵暴天氣的發(fā)生，近年來氣候干暖化和人為活動(dòng)強(qiáng)度加大，造成荒漠化速度加快?；哪c經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)強(qiáng)度及人口數(shù)量增加成正相關(guān)。人口的增加加大了對(duì)土地資源和水資源的壓力，低素質(zhì)的人群中便出現(xiàn)亂砍濫伐、過牧和水資源利用不當(dāng)?shù)默F(xiàn)象，從而加速了荒漠化的蔓延，形成惡性循環(huán)。
In recent years, the intensity of dry and warm climate and human activities has increased, resulting in the acceleration of desertification. Desertification is positively related to the intensity of economic activities and the increase of population. The increase of population has increased the pressure on land resources and water resources, and the phenomenon of deforestation, overgrazing and improper use of water resources has appeared among the low-quality population, thus accelerating the spread of desertification and forming a vicious circle.
沙漠以外地區(qū)的沙塵源也是一個(gè)不容忽視的因素。我國(guó)北方春季氣候干燥，風(fēng)力較強(qiáng)，土壤墑情差，植被疏矮，每遇大風(fēng)天氣，表層干燥土壤容易被風(fēng)刮起，形成揚(yáng)塵。而城郊地帶由于破土施工、建材堆積、垃圾堆放不合理等也是揚(yáng)沙的來源之一。
The source of dust outside the desert is also a factor that can not be ignored. In the north of China, the climate is dry in spring, the wind is strong, the soil moisture is poor, and the vegetation is sparse. In case of windy weather, the surface dry soil is easy to be blown by the wind, forming dust. The suburban area is also one of the sources of sand lifting due to the construction of broken soil, the accumulation of building materials and the unreasonable stacking of garbage.
有關(guān)防治對(duì)策的探討
Discussion on prevention and control measures
我們要樹立的一個(gè)信心是，人類現(xiàn)有的科學(xué)技術(shù)可以遏制或減輕沙塵暴對(duì)人類的危害。防御沙塵暴的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)對(duì)策是從根本上改善生態(tài)環(huán)境，人為改變荒漠和半荒漠地表現(xiàn)狀以及惡劣的生態(tài)環(huán)境。下面就介紹幾種防風(fēng)固沙工程：
We should establish a confidence that the existing science and technology of human beings can contain or reduce the harm of Sandstorm to human beings. The long-term countermeasures to prevent sandstorm are to fundamentally improve the ecological environment, artificially change the surface status of deserts and semi deserts and the poor ecological environment. Here are some wind and sand control projects:
一是機(jī)械沙障，主要用雜草、樹枝以及其他材料，在流沙上設(shè)置阻滯風(fēng)沙流和固定沙面的障礙物。例如，草方格沙障是用稻草、麥稈和蘆葦?shù)热嵝圆牧?，將其直接插入沙層?nèi)，直立于沙丘上，扎設(shè)成方格狀，粘土沙障是有粘土碎塊堆成小土埂而成。如果你乘火車經(jīng)過寧夏回族自治區(qū)的沙坡頭，就會(huì)看到很多的這種機(jī)械沙障的景觀。
One is mechanical sand barrier, which is mainly made of weeds, branches and other materials. Obstacles are set on quicksand to block sand flow and fix sand surface. For example, straw, wheat straw, reed and other flexible materials are directly inserted into the sand layer, standing on the sand dune, and tied into a grid. Clay sand barrier is made of clay fragments piled into small ridges. If you take a train through Shapotou, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, you will see a lot of this mechanical sand barrier landscape.
二是化學(xué)固沙，它是在流動(dòng)沙地上噴灑化學(xué)粘結(jié)材料，使其在沙地表面形成一層有一定強(qiáng)度的防護(hù)殼，讓沙塵吹不起來。例如美國(guó)的賭城拉斯韋加斯，周圍除了沙漠就是鹽堿地，加上嚴(yán)重缺水，樹難栽活。當(dāng)?shù)赜每茖W(xué)技術(shù)手段，開發(fā)出一種像發(fā)膠的材料，噴灑在沙塵上，形成沙殼。這種材料總體上分為三大類：一類是將植物纖維和舊報(bào)紙紙漿與粘性物質(zhì)攪拌在一起，噴灑在沙塵的表面。在噴灑時(shí)還可以將這些材料添加綠色染料，遠(yuǎn)看上去像一層茵茵綠草。這類纖維粘料噴在沙塵表面不深，淺淺地結(jié)成塊，由于比較薄，人不能在上面走。另一類粘性膠質(zhì)材料噴灑在沙漠上，滲進(jìn)沙漠要深一些，板塊層厚硬，人可以行走，但汽車等機(jī)動(dòng)車輛上不去。第三類粘性膠質(zhì)材料叫做“鎖定沙塵”。這種材料噴灑在沙漠上，滲透沙漠半英寸，表層粘結(jié)厚而堅(jiān)硬，可以行人和各種車輛，它不怕壓，不起灰，是最結(jié)實(shí)的一種。如果沒有人為破壞或雨水流失，每噴灑一次一般可以鎖定沙塵一到兩年。這三類粘性物質(zhì)的成本一般在每英畝500美元到2000美元之間，比種植樹木花草成本要低得多。
The second is chemical sand fixation, which is to spray chemical bonding materials on the flowing sand, so that it forms a protective shell with certain strength on the surface of the sand, so that the sand dust can not be blown up. For example, Las Vegas, the gambling city of the United States, is surrounded by salt and alkali land except for deserts. With severe water shortage, it is difficult to plant trees. By means of science and technology, a hair gel like material was developed and sprayed on the sand dust to form a sand shell. The materials are generally divided into three categories: one is to mix plant fibers and old newspaper pulp with viscous substances and spray them on the surface of dust. When spraying, these materials can also be added with green dye, which looks like a layer of grass. This kind of fiber cement is not deep on the surface of sand dust, and it forms a block in a shallow way. Because it is relatively thin, people can't walk on it. Another kind of sticky gum material is sprayed on the desert. It needs to penetrate deeper into the desert. The plate layer is thick and hard, so people can walk, but cars and other motor vehicles can't. The third type of sticky gum material is called "sand dust locking". This kind of material is sprayed on the desert. It penetrates the desert for half an inch. The surface layer is thick and hard. It can be used by pedestrians and various vehicles. It is not afraid of pressure and ash. It is the strongest one. If there is no man-made damage or rainwater loss, the dust can be locked for one to two years after each spraying. The cost of these three types of viscous substances is generally between $500 and $2000 per acre, which is much lower than the cost of planting trees, flowers and plants.
植物固沙當(dāng)然是長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)大計(jì)。在水資源允許的條件下，在沙源地栽種植物，草、灌木和喬木，不僅能夠長(zhǎng)久固定流沙，還可以從根本上遏制沙漠發(fā)展。在我國(guó)，每年的植樹節(jié)前后，大家都去義務(wù)植樹并設(shè)法把樹種活是很重要的。旱地節(jié)水技術(shù)、防護(hù)林工程以及水資源利用和調(diào)控工程等也是比較成熟的技術(shù)和治理模式。
Fixing sand with plants is certainly a long-term plan. With the permission of water resources, planting plants, grass, shrubs and trees in the sand source can not only fix the quicksand for a long time, but also fundamentally curb the development of the desert. In our country, it is very important for everyone to plant trees voluntarily and try to make them live before and after the tree planting festival every year. Dry land water-saving technology, shelterbelt project and water resource utilization and regulation project are also relatively mature technologies and governance models.
當(dāng)然，防治沙塵暴的辦法不光是靠這些防治工程技術(shù)以及植樹造林，我們更要加強(qiáng)科技教育和法制教育，將生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護(hù)治理、自然資源的開發(fā)利用等納入科技教育和法制教育的內(nèi)容，喚起公眾的憂患意識(shí)，加強(qiáng)全民生態(tài)倫理、道德和法制觀念，增強(qiáng)全社會(huì)對(duì)自然災(zāi)害的防護(hù)意識(shí)。
Of course, the way to prevent and control sandstorm is not only based on these prevention and control engineering technologies and afforestation, but also on strengthening science and technology education and legal education, including the protection and management of ecological environment, the development and utilization of natural resources, etc., in science and technology education and legal education, arousing the public's sense of suffering, strengthening the ecological ethics, morality and legal concept of the whole people, and enhancing the whole society's self-respect However, the awareness of disaster protection.
在這里我們?cè)賮砜纯疵绹?guó)拉斯韋加斯對(duì)沙塵暴的防治。制度管理是當(dāng)?shù)馗紊硥m的一個(gè)重要辦法。人為因素是該縣沙塵問題產(chǎn)生的一個(gè)重要原因。比如：有些人喜歡在沙漠上開車，弄得沙塵飛揚(yáng)；再如：隨著拉斯韋加斯的擴(kuò)建，在沙漠上建房、施工、修路也都可能會(huì)引起沙塵問題，如果遇到刮風(fēng)就更糟了。政府采取宣傳加懲罰的措施，一是通過媒體、路牌告示及發(fā)放宣傳品，告訴人們不要人為制造沙塵。二是對(duì)沙漠土地?fù)碛姓邔?shí)行承包責(zé)任制。如果沙漠土地?fù)碛姓吆途幼≡谀抢锏奈葜?，不能很好地控制沙塵，將會(huì)受重罰，每天罰款500美元，再不執(zhí)行，每天增罰2000美元。三是對(duì)人為制造沙塵者進(jìn)行電話舉報(bào)，有舉報(bào)必處理。四是限制施工單位制造沙塵。對(duì)在沙漠中施工的承包單位負(fù)責(zé)人和職工在開工前至少上4個(gè)小時(shí)的環(huán)境課，讓他們?cè)谑┕ぶ斜M量減少灰塵，要求他們一邊施工一邊用水消塵。如果達(dá)不到要求，空氣質(zhì)檢部門將勒令其停工或給予罰款。
Let's take a look at the prevention and control of sandstorms in Las Vegas, USA. System management is an important way to eradicate dust. Human factor is an important reason for the dust problem in the county. For example, some people like to drive in the desert and make the dust fly; for example, with the expansion of Las Vegas, building houses, construction and road construction in the desert may also cause dust problems, even worse in case of wind. The government adopts measures of publicity and punishment. First, it tells people not to create dust artificially through media, road signs and distribution of propaganda materials. The second is to implement the contract responsibility system for the owners of desert land. If the owner of desert land and the owner of the house who lives there can't control the dust well, they will be fined $500 a day. If they don't implement it, they will be fined $2000 a day. The third is to report the man-made dust by telephone. If there is a report, it must be handled. Fourth, the construction unit shall be limited to produce dust. The person in charge of the contractor and the staff who construct in the desert shall have an environmental class at least 4 hours before the commencement of construction, so that they can reduce the dust as much as possible during the construction and require them to use water to eliminate the dust while constructing. If it fails to meet the requirements, the air quality inspection department will order it to stop work or impose a fine.
這對(duì)我們國(guó)家防治沙塵暴是一個(gè)很好的啟發(fā)，我們每一位公民都要增強(qiáng)對(duì)沙塵暴的防護(hù)意識(shí)，保護(hù)環(huán)境從自身做起。
This is a good inspiration for our country to prevent and control sandstorm. Every citizen of our country should enhance the awareness of sandstorm protection and protect the environment from their own.
