考過托福閱讀的同學可以發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然托福閱讀文章篇幅長，介紹的內(nèi)容也很多，下面小編就和大家分享托福閱讀中邏輯關(guān)系是怎樣引導(dǎo)的呢，希望能夠幫助到大家，來欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀中邏輯關(guān)系是怎樣引導(dǎo)的呢
托福閱讀文章邏輯關(guān)系第一種：因果關(guān)系
因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of,with
果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus,consequently, accordingly
因果關(guān)系除了傳統(tǒng)意義上的顯性因果表達詞外，隱性的因果同樣是不可忽略的一個重要部分。
隱性因果：
A 導(dǎo)致(因-果)：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support,push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for
如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants sothat many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.
在這段話中，有l(wèi)ead to, 表示了導(dǎo)致的意思，即結(jié)果; 而so that 更進一步表示了后面的結(jié)果，所以可以充分判定這段話有因果關(guān)系的邏輯。
B 由…而來(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, beresponsive to, be attributable to
如 “The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing theprocess.”
在這段話中，根據(jù)result from可以推斷出有因果關(guān)系，那如果是解釋句子題時，選項中有因果關(guān)系就可以優(yōu)先考慮。
C 反映，體現(xiàn)(果-因): reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show
This result demonstrates that…
D 考慮到: given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to
He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort.
E 依賴于: rely on, depend on, resort to,
He resorted to books when he had problems.
F 條件關(guān)系：when, once, as soon as, as long as
As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once.
G 分詞短語，不定式做狀語
Failing in the final exam, she cried.
托福閱讀文章邏輯關(guān)系第二種：對比轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
A 對比：while, whereas, on the other hand
在解釋句子題，插入句子題中，一旦出現(xiàn)對比關(guān)系，學生在掌握的基礎(chǔ)上就能非?？焖俚呐卸ň溟g和句內(nèi)的關(guān)系。While, whereas 前后連接的是平行結(jié)構(gòu)，on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用來把握句間關(guān)系。
B 轉(zhuǎn)折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however
托福閱讀文章邏輯關(guān)系第三種：比較關(guān)系
A 同級比較 as…as
B 比較級：more…than, -er than, less…than
C 變化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop,prress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain
D 差異：different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to
E 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over
F 最高級
1)本身有最高級含義：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top
2) 本身程度比較深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high
3) 否定+比較=最高級
No one is more outstanding than him.
從這句話中可以看出，否定加比較表示的是一種最高級關(guān)系。
托福閱讀文章邏輯關(guān)系第四種：否定關(guān)系
顯性否定：no, not, never, nor, none neither
隱形否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of
否定前綴：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un-
否定前綴是詞匯題中經(jīng)常出的一個考點，把握否定前綴可以幫助考生把握一些生詞，依靠否定前綴對選項進行一個排除。
雙重否定托福閱讀詞匯：not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable
雙重否定是英文中經(jīng)常運用的表達方式，由于在平時中文對話中用的很少，隨意對雙重否定的把握就顯得特別的重要。
托福聽力練習對照文本
Now let's focus on comics in the 1950's.
現(xiàn)在讓我們集中在二十世紀五十年代的漫畫上。
Early in the decade sales were down, so publishers started looking for some new angle to get their readers interested again.
在(五十年代的)早期，(漫畫)銷量下滑，于是出版商開始尋找一些新的角度來讓他們的讀者重新感興趣。
They found what they were looking for with horror comics, stories about ghosts and demons that were often graphically violent.
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)所尋找的，關(guān)于驚險連環(huán)漫畫的，關(guān)于幽靈和惡魔故事的，通常都是鮮明的暴力的。
Before long, most of the major publishers were printing horror comics, but it all came to an end a few years later.
不久，絕大多數(shù)的大出版商都在印刷驚險連環(huán)畫，但在幾年之后這一切都結(jié)束了。
You see, there was a psychologist named Frederic Wertham who claimed that comic books, the horror books in particular, were a bad influence on children and turned them into juvenile delinquents.
你看，有一個叫Frederic Wertham的心理學家聲稱，漫畫書，尤其是驚險連環(huán)畫，對孩子是一個壞的影響，并且把他們變成了少年犯。
Wertham even wrote a book called Seduction of the Innocent that showed specific scenes from comics that he thought were a particularly bad influence on kids.
Wertham甚至寫了一部書叫做Seduction of the Innocent(純真的誘惑)，展示了他認為是一個對孩子影響特別惡劣的來自漫畫的特殊場景。
Wertham wasn't the only one down on comics.
Wertham并不是唯一一個反對漫畫的。
The United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency also released a report very critical of comics.
關(guān)于青少年犯罪的美國參議院附屬委員會也發(fā)布了一個報告，對漫畫表示譴責。
The result of all this fuss was the creation of the Comics Code Authority in 1955.
所有的這些爭論的結(jié)果是，在1955年，漫畫準則管理局的創(chuàng)立。
This is a self-censoring body created by the publishers.
這個是由出版商建立的自我檢查的主體。
Essentially, for a comic book to be approved by the code;it had to be free of the blood and gore that was usually depicted in most horror comics, and evil could never triumph over good.
基本上，對于要經(jīng)過“準則”批準的一部漫畫書，它必須是沒有通常大部分驚險連環(huán)畫所描述的血腥的，而且邪惡的永遠不能戰(zhàn)勝好的。
Children had to be shown that crime did not pay.
孩子們必須被告知犯罪得不償失
Well, if comic sales were bad in 1950, things got even worse in 1955.
好吧，如果漫畫銷售在1950年不好，事情到了1955就更糟糕了。
Many small publishers actually went out of business.
許多小出版商最終停業(yè)了。
But the industry rebounded by introducing a new lineup of superheroes, characters like Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four.
但是(漫畫)工業(yè)回升了，是由于介紹了一個新的超級英雄的陣容，像蜘蛛俠和神奇四俠一樣的角色。
Now, I've brought with me today some comic books from this era to pass around.
現(xiàn)在，我今天帶來了一些來自這個時期的漫畫書來傳看一下。
They're from my own personal collection, so please be extra careful when handling them.
它們來自我自己的個人收藏，所以請在觸摸的時候格外小心。
托福聽力練習對照文本
Well, if there are no more questions, I would like to continue our discussion of human evolution by looking at Homo erectus, the earliest of our ancestors who stood upright.
好，如果沒有更多問題的話，我想繼續(xù)我們?nèi)祟愡M化的討論，通過看看直立人，最早的，我們直立的祖先。
Homo erectus lived about one and a half million years ago and was given that name because, at the time the first fossil was discovered, it represented the first primate to stand upright.
直立人生活在150萬年前，之所以得名是因為，在那時第一個化石被發(fā)現(xiàn)， 它代表了第一個直立的靈長類動物。
There is evidence now that Homo erectus had sharper mental skills than their predecessors.
現(xiàn)在，有證據(jù)(表明)直立人比他們的前輩有著更聰明的心智技能。
They constructed the first standardized tool for hunting and butchering.
他們?yōu)獒鳙C和屠宰制造了第一個標準的工具。
They created an extraordinary stone implement, a large teardrop-shaped hand ax whose design and symmetry reveal a keen sense of aesthetics.
他們創(chuàng)造了一種非同凡響的石器，一個大的淚珠形狀的手斧，它的設(shè)計和對稱性顯示了一個敏銳的審美感覺。
This detailing, along with the ax's utilitarian value, strongly suggests that Homo erectus had the ability to conceive of and execute a design to specification.
這個細節(jié)設(shè)計，同斧子的實用價值一起，強烈暗示了直立人有能力去設(shè)想并執(zhí)行一個設(shè)計規(guī)范。
In addition, Homo erectus was the first hominid to use fire.
另外，直立人是第一種使用火的原始人類。
This discovery enticed them to cook meat, which they could flavor and keep from spilling by flame, and which paleontologists now believe may have given them a new disease.
這種發(fā)現(xiàn)誘使他們?nèi)ヅ肴?，這樣他們能加味于(肉)并且阻止火焰的散落，而且古生物學者現(xiàn)在相信那(煮肉)帶給他們(直立人)一種新的疾病。
Some fossil bones of Homo erectus are grossly deformed, and paleontologists have noted that this condition is similar to that found in people today who have been exposed to chronic overdoses of vitamin A.
一些直立人的骨頭化石是非?；蔚?，古生物學者已經(jīng)注意到這種情況同今天發(fā)現(xiàn)的長期過量接觸維生素A的人是相似的。
Apparently Homo erectus first got this disease by eating large amounts of animal liver.
很顯然，直立人最先得這種病是通過食用大量動物肝臟(造成的)
