托福聽力備考中如何發(fā)現(xiàn)自身真實(shí)問題?合理跟讀解決多個(gè)困境。今天小編給大家?guī)硗懈Ｂ犃淇贾腥绾伟l(fā)現(xiàn)自身真實(shí)問題，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
托福聽力備考中如何發(fā)現(xiàn)自身真實(shí)問題?合理跟讀解決多個(gè)困境
托福聽力的聽不懂到底包含了多少問題?
說到托福聽力，聽不懂似乎成為了一種萬(wàn)能的錯(cuò)誤低分原因，凡是對(duì)聽力素材中有地方有信息沒聽清，那就都算是聽不懂。然而導(dǎo)致這種聽不懂，實(shí)際上可能的原因卻是多種多樣的，考生想要真正發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的問題和弱點(diǎn)，進(jìn)行針對(duì)性地突破提升，就需要明確自身聽不懂的真實(shí)原因所在才行。
想要檢測(cè)出自己聽不懂的原因，最為簡(jiǎn)單直接的方法是聽寫。具體的測(cè)試方法是根據(jù)考生自身當(dāng)前的聽力水平，以段落為單位播放聽力素材，在播放過程中考生需要盡可能的進(jìn)行記錄，把自己聽到的信息盡量完整地記下來。每完成一段聽力的聽寫，大家根據(jù)記錄結(jié)果統(tǒng)計(jì)一下出錯(cuò)或是遺漏的情況，在進(jìn)行5-10次這樣的聽寫后，大家就可以從統(tǒng)計(jì)情況中找到自身聽不懂的具體原因了。
1. 專業(yè)詞匯聽不懂
對(duì)于托?？荚嚨乃夭倪x擇，無論是聽力還是閱讀，ETS都會(huì)強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)不考背景的底線，也就是考生無論是什么專業(yè)，對(duì)于托?？荚嚫鱾€(gè)題型中給出的素材都應(yīng)該是具備基本的理解能力的。因此大家不要太過把聽不懂的責(zé)任怪罪到托福聽力素材中有什么難度太高的專業(yè)詞匯，實(shí)際上這種情況更多的是考生自身缺乏對(duì)各個(gè)學(xué)科基本知識(shí)的認(rèn)知，或是沒有能力在分辨不出少數(shù)專業(yè)詞匯的情況下從聽力素材上下文中找到其定義解釋。也就是說，其實(shí)因?yàn)槁犃χ谐霈F(xiàn)專業(yè)詞匯而聽不懂的情況從理論上來講是基本不存在的。這一點(diǎn)在閱讀中也是同樣。所以大家如果說自己是因?yàn)閷I(yè)詞匯出現(xiàn)而聽不懂，那么真實(shí)問題其實(shí)更多是在于自身的聽力理解能力有問題，需要進(jìn)一步挖掘原因才行。
2. 特定話題聽不懂
既然不是專業(yè)詞匯聽不懂，那么就如同上文所言，很大可能是考生缺乏對(duì)特定學(xué)科的基本認(rèn)識(shí)所導(dǎo)致。托?？荚嚶犃﹂喿x等各個(gè)科目在文章話題的選擇上的確有較為廣泛的涉獵，很多大家平時(shí)不感興趣的冷門話題都有可能出現(xiàn)，而對(duì)于這些話題缺乏了解，沒有積累這類話題最基礎(chǔ)的詞匯，因而導(dǎo)致特定話題聽不懂，這樣的情況的確是比較常見的。之所以會(huì)出現(xiàn)這類問題，簡(jiǎn)單來說就是ETS這群老外出題者認(rèn)為考托?？忌紤?yīng)該知道的基本常識(shí)，實(shí)際參加考試的我們并不知道，這種認(rèn)知上的差異造成了大家聽不懂的情況。對(duì)于這種情況，結(jié)合托福出題中不同話題的出現(xiàn)頻率，進(jìn)行一些基本學(xué)科知識(shí)和詞匯的積累補(bǔ)充是很有必要的。
3. 句子聽不懂
除了話題聽不懂，很多同學(xué)也會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己句子聽不懂，可能有些同學(xué)事后看聽力素材的文本資料，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己當(dāng)成閱讀來看都能理解，文章句子里的每個(gè)單詞也都認(rèn)識(shí)，為何到了聽力中組合在一起的時(shí)候就聽不懂了呢?這類聽不懂，小編認(rèn)為可能的原因有語(yǔ)法邏輯以及語(yǔ)音現(xiàn)象方面的原因。從語(yǔ)法邏輯的角度來說，托?；蛘哒f英語(yǔ)對(duì)于一些意思的表達(dá)方式和中文是存在差異的，比如語(yǔ)句順序上的前置后置等等;從語(yǔ)音現(xiàn)象的角度來看，連讀輕讀弱讀等發(fā)音方式，也會(huì)讓缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)的同學(xué)難以習(xí)慣和適應(yīng)，一不留神可能整個(gè)句子就過去了而自己還沒聽出個(gè)大概。
4. 詞匯聽不懂
而最后一種常見的聽不懂情況就是詞匯聽不懂，如同上面所說，如果是專業(yè)詞匯聽不懂，實(shí)際上更多的可能性要特定話題的問題，而如果不是專業(yè)詞匯，而是一些相對(duì)常見的詞匯沒聽懂，那么問題就很簡(jiǎn)單了，你的托福詞匯量需要補(bǔ)足。托福考試對(duì)詞匯的要求是很高的，缺乏足夠的詞匯量，考生在任何一個(gè)題型中都會(huì)遇到許多困難，而聽力聽不懂也只是其中的表現(xiàn)之一。解決方法當(dāng)然也很簡(jiǎn)單，提升詞匯量就行了，一方面結(jié)合詞匯資料特別是高頻詞匯類資料進(jìn)行整體提升，另一方面每次遇到聽不懂的生詞都注意當(dāng)場(chǎng)收集整理背誦出來，雙管齊下詞匯聽不懂的問題自然能得到解決。
以上聽不懂問題都可以靠跟讀解決
無論大家聽不懂的具體原因是上述原因中的哪一種，通過合理的跟讀訓(xùn)練其實(shí)都能得到解決，因?yàn)楦x的最終目標(biāo)就是讓大家能夠脫離文字并盡可能的模仿原文的語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)。所以如果是詞匯聽不懂，無論是不是專業(yè)詞匯，大家都能在跟讀訓(xùn)練過程中得到積累，并通過反復(fù)發(fā)音加強(qiáng)對(duì)詞匯的音形結(jié)合記憶;如果是句子聽不懂，大家在跟讀時(shí)也能通過從讀不順到越讀越順的過程梳理和適應(yīng)英文的邏輯思維方式，并最終做到模仿，同時(shí)由于跟讀要求對(duì)語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)的完全模仿，不熟悉語(yǔ)音現(xiàn)象的問題也能被克服?？梢哉f跟讀正是解決聽不懂多種原因的萬(wàn)能靈藥。
總而言之，托福聽力聽不懂并不是大家做題不順考試失利的遮羞布，考生應(yīng)該對(duì)聽不懂的原因具體分析對(duì)癥下藥，才能更有效率地提升實(shí)力考出更好的分?jǐn)?shù)，而通過跟讀來達(dá)成這一目標(biāo)也是相當(dāng)實(shí)用的方法，希望大家能夠通過本文內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí)并掌握。
2020托福聽力練習(xí)：瀝青路自主融冰技術(shù)
Every winter some 20 million tons of salt are dumped on America's roads.
The sodium chloride melts ice or prevents its formation, helping to prevent accidents.
But road salt has its downsides.
"This is actually not very economical, because salt is mainly corrosive."
Seda Kizilel, a chemical engineer at Koc University in Istanbul, Turkey.
She says salt's corrosive effects don't discriminate—they affect "vehicles and also nature, plants, microorganisms."
So Kizilel and her colleagues designed a road substance that can de-ice itself.
They started with a polymer called SBS, commonly added to strengthen asphalt.
They whipped up an emulsion of SBS with potassium formate,
an alternative salt that's been studied as a more environmentally friendly de-icer than regular road salt.
Then they added that emulsion to bitumen-the sticky black stuff in asphalt.
They subjected their creation and regular bitumen to the winter weather conditions that typically lead to black ice.
Turns out the hybrid compound delayed ice formation 10 minutes longer than the control.
And the samples continued releasing salt for more than two months.
The study is in the journal Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.
Of course, 10 minutes of de-icing is a nice head start—but it's not going to put salt truck drivers out of business.
"But we're saying that, during the first 10 to 15 minutes, when the road becomes very icy, this material and this release of salt from this functional bitumen is going to be very useful and potentially eliminate many accidents on the roads."
The next step, she says, is to pave a test surface and drive on it-to literally see what happens when the rubber meets the road.
Every winter some 20 million tons of salt are dumped on America's roads. 每年冬天在美國(guó)的高速公路上會(huì)撒約2000萬(wàn)噸的鹽。
The sodium chloride melts ice or prevents its formation, helping to prevent accidents. 因?yàn)辂}能夠?qū)⒈诨白璧K冰形成，而且有助于減少事故發(fā)生。
But road salt has its downsides. 但這種道路用鹽也存在著弊端。
This is actually not very economical, because salt is mainly corrosive. 并不經(jīng)濟(jì)，因?yàn)辂}具有腐蝕作用?！?/p>
Seda Kizilel, a chemical engineer at Koc University in Istanbul, Turkey. 土耳其伊斯坦堡科克大學(xué)的化學(xué)工程師賽達(dá)克賽爾說道。
She says salt's corrosive effects don't discriminate-they affectvehicles and also nature, plants, microorganisms. 她表示鹽的腐蝕作用不容小覷-會(huì)對(duì)車輛、自然、植物及微生物造成影響。
So Kizilel and her colleagues designed a road substance that can de-ice itself. 因此克賽爾和她的同事們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)出可以自主融冰的公路材料。
They started with a polymer called SBS, commonly added to strengthen asphalt. 她們首先從一種名為SBS的聚合物開始，這種物質(zhì)通常用于增強(qiáng)瀝青。
They whipped up an emulsion of SBS with potassium formate, 她們將SBS的乳狀液同甲酸鉀混合攪拌。
an alternative salt that's been studied as a more environmentally friendly de-icer than regular road salt. 而甲酸鉀是一種對(duì)環(huán)境影響較小，能夠替代鹽的物質(zhì)。
Then they added that emulsion to bitumen-the sticky black stuff in asphalt. 然后她們把這種乳狀物加入到瀝青中的黑色粘性物質(zhì)柏油中。
They subjected their creation and regular bitumen to the winter weather conditions that typically lead to black ice. 而后這種添加新物質(zhì)的復(fù)合物同普通柏油都被放置在冬季天氣環(huán)境條件下進(jìn)行對(duì)比試驗(yàn)。
Turns out the hybrid compound delayed ice formation 10 minutes longer than the control. 結(jié)果顯示，相比普通柏油，這種新的復(fù)合物需要多10分鐘的時(shí)間才能形成冰。
And the samples continued releasing salt for more than two months. 而未來2個(gè)月的試驗(yàn)中，樣本中的復(fù)合物還能不間斷的釋出鹽類。
The study is in the journal Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 這項(xiàng)研究已在《工業(yè)與工程化學(xué)研究》雜志上發(fā)表。
Of course, 10 minutes of de-icing is a nice head start-but it's not going to put salt truck drivers out of business. 當(dāng)然，將冰的形成時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)10分鐘是一個(gè)很好的開始-但這并不意味撒鹽融冰將退出歷史舞臺(tái)。
But we're saying that, during the first 10 to 15 minutes, when the road becomes very icy, 我們是說在開始的10至15分鐘內(nèi)，當(dāng)路面開始結(jié)冰，
this material and this release of salt from this functional bitumen is going to be very useful and potentially eliminate many accidents on the roads. 這種材料的瀝青及從中釋放出的鹽類能夠消除避免許多路面的事故。
The next step, she says, is to pave a test surface and drive on it-to literally see what happens when the rubber meets the road. 她表示下一步就是要在一小塊路面上鋪設(shè)這種材料并在上面駕駛進(jìn)行實(shí)際試驗(yàn)，驗(yàn)證橡膠與路面接觸會(huì)發(fā)生什么。
2020托福聽力練習(xí)：水熊頑強(qiáng)生命力
Forget cockroaches. Forget Superman. Forget any other tough-as-nails creatures you've ever heard of. The most indestructible multicellular organisms on Earth are undoubtedly tardigrades—microscopic eight-legged aquatic invertebrates also known as water bears.
These wee beasties can withstand severe dehydration, extreme temperatures and pressures, several days in Earth orbit exposed to the vacuum of space, and whopping doses of radiation that would kill most anything else. And, being Earthlings, there's no reason to think they'd be vulnerable to kryptonite.
Scientists are beginning to understand the genetic basis of tardigrades' death-defying superpowers. And what they're learning may have profound implications for human health.
The genome for a species of tardigrade was first sequenced last year. The analysis suggested that about one-sixth of the DNA was imported from notoriously hard-to-kill bacteria—but that conclusion was soon disputed, with all that bacterial DNA blamed on laboratory contamination.
Now, a new genome has been published of an exceptionally hardy tardigrade species. And it finds that almost all of the DNA is homegrown—and chock-full of sequences responsible for cellular protection and repair. The study is in the journal Nature Communications.
In particular, the researchers discovered the gene for a protein apparently unique to water bears that shields their DNA from radiation damage. Called "DSup" for "damage suppressor", the protein binds to tardigrade DNA to keep it from snapping apart when bombarded by x-rays and other harsh radiation. The protein's protective effects against radiation may be a by-product of the tardigrades' resistance to dehydration, which causes similar damage to cells.
The most remarkable thing about the Dsup protein, though, is that it also seems to work in other organisms—including humans. When the researchers inserted Dsup into cultured human kidney cells, the protein boosted the cells' tolerance to x-ray damage by about 40 percent.
In theory, Dsup or something much like it could protect workers at nuclear power plants, cancer patients receiving radiation therapy or astronauts on interplanetary voyages. For now, the ethics and practicality of genetic engineering make such applications highly speculative. But, just maybe, if human beings someday stand on the surface of Mars, they could have water bear DNA to thank for helping them survive.
Forget cockroaches. Forget Superman. Forget any other tough-as-nails creatures you've ever heard of. 忘掉蟑螂。忘掉超人。忘掉你聽說過的所有頑強(qiáng)的甲殼類動(dòng)物。毫
The most indestructible multicellular organisms on Earth are undoubtedly tardigrades— 無疑問，地球上最堅(jiān)不可摧的多細(xì)胞生物是緩步類動(dòng)物——
microscopic eight-legged aquatic invertebrates also known as water bears. 這種微小的8只腿的水生無脊椎動(dòng)物也被稱之為水熊。
These wee beasties can withstand severe dehydration, extreme temperatures and pressures, 這種生物可以承受重度脫水、極端溫度和壓力、
several days in Earth orbit exposed to the vacuum of space, 暴露在地球軌道真空數(shù)日
and whopping doses of radiation that would kill most anything else. 以及可以殺死幾乎所有生物的重度輻射。
And, being Earthlings, there's no reason to think they'd be vulnerable to kryptonite. 作為地球人，我們沒有理由認(rèn)為它們會(huì)屈服于克星。
Scientists are beginning to understand the genetic basis of tardigrades' death-defying superpowers. 科學(xué)家開始研究這種緩步類動(dòng)物不畏懼死亡的超級(jí)強(qiáng)權(quán)背后的基因基礎(chǔ)。
And what they're learning may have profound implications for human health. 科學(xué)家的研究可能對(duì)人類健康產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
The genome for a species of tardigrade was first sequenced last year. 去年科學(xué)家首次排列出了緩步動(dòng)物的基因組。
The analysis suggested that about one-sixth of the DNA was imported from notoriously hard-to-kill bacteria— 分析表明，緩步類動(dòng)物有六分之一的DNA來自那些難以消滅的細(xì)菌，
but that conclusion was soon disputed, with all that bacterial DNA blamed on laboratory contamination. 但是，這一結(jié)論很快就引發(fā)了爭(zhēng)論，因?yàn)樗羞@些細(xì)菌DNA都是由實(shí)驗(yàn)室污染所致。
Now, a new genome has been published of an exceptionally hardy tardigrade species. 現(xiàn)在，在異常頑強(qiáng)的水熊基因中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種新的基因組。
And it finds that almost all of the DNA is homegrown— 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，幾乎所有的DNA都是自生的，
and chock-full of sequences responsible for cellular protection and repair. 這些基因序列負(fù)責(zé)細(xì)胞保護(hù)和修復(fù)。
The study is in the journal Nature Communications. 這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在《自然通訊》期刊上。
In particular, the researchers discovered the gene for a protein apparently unique to water bears that shields their DNA from radiation damage. 特別是，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)水熊有一種可以保護(hù)其DNA免受輻射傷害的獨(dú)特蛋白質(zhì)。
Called "DSup" for "damage suppressor", 這被稱為“傷害抑制”，簡(jiǎn)稱DSup，
the protein binds to tardigrade DNA to keep it from snapping apart when bombarded by x-rays and other harsh radiation. 這種蛋白質(zhì)與水熊的DNA結(jié)合，在水熊遭受x射線攻擊或其他惡劣輻射侵襲時(shí)，這種結(jié)合可防止蛋白質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)被破壞。
The protein's protective effects against radiation may be a by-product of the tardigrades' resistance to dehydration, 這種蛋白質(zhì)抗擊輻射的保護(hù)功能可能是水熊耐脫水的副產(chǎn)物，
which causes similar damage to cells. 因?yàn)槟兔撍矔?huì)對(duì)細(xì)胞造成類似的傷害。
The most remarkable thing about the Dsup protein, though, is that it also seems to work in other organisms—including humans. 這種Dsup蛋白質(zhì)最引人注意的地方是，它在包括人類在內(nèi)的其他生物身上也可以起作用。
When the researchers inserted Dsup into cultured human kidney cells, 研究人員將這種蛋白質(zhì)插入人體的腎細(xì)胞進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)，
the protein boosted the cells' tolerance to x-ray damage by about 40 percent. 這種蛋白質(zhì)將腎細(xì)胞對(duì)x射線的承受力提高了40%。
In theory, Dsup or something much like it could protect workers at nuclear power plants, 理論上，Dusp或其類似物質(zhì)可以保護(hù)在核電站的工作人員、
cancer patients receiving radiation therapy or astronauts on interplanetary voyages. 接受放射治療的癌癥病人，以及在星際航行的宇航員。
For now, the ethics and practicality of genetic engineering make such applications highly speculative. 目前，基因工程的倫理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和實(shí)用性讓這種應(yīng)用具有高投機(jī)性。
But, just maybe, if human beings someday stand on the surface of Mars, 但是，如果有一天人類能站在火星的表面，
they could have water bear DNA to thank for helping them survive. 那他們就可以用水熊的DNA來幫助他們生存下去。
