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2020年翻譯資格考試(catti)一級筆譯材料

Online Education: Patient Learning

A new kind of online school wants to teach nursing, and more

“I have been this close to buying a nursing school.” This is not a sentence you expect to hear from a startup founder. Nursing seems a world away from the high-tech whizziness of Silicon Valley. And, to use a venture-capital cliché, it does not scale easily. Austen Allred, boss of Lambda School, sees things differently. His two-year-old firm matches labour supply and demand by providing fast, efficient training to potential employees. It offers five online courses that prepare candidates to write software at technology firms. Training nurses, more of which are sorely needed to care for America’s ageing population, is not an illogical next step – especially when many nursing schools have to turn people away.

Instead of responding to the threat of joblessness posed by automation with a universal basic income, Mr Allred wants to help people to switch jobs faster. Unlike most online courses, Lambda does not charge students up front to attend (though admissions are competitive) and online tuition is live and interactive, not recorded. Full-time students attend for nine months, Monday to Friday, 8am to 5pm San Francisco time. Latecomers risk falling behind. In most recent classes, 85% of students who began a course finished it.

The school only starts getting paid back for its services after its students have landed a job which pays them more than $50,000 a year, something Lambda expends significant energy to help them do. Around 70% of those enrolled do so within six months of graduation. Lambda then gets a cut of about a sixth of their income for the next two years, until they have paid about $30,000. (Or they can pay $20,000 up front.)

The firm devotes about a third of its time and resources to finding jobs for its graduates, an unusually high share. Another third goes to recruiting students and the rest to teaching. Courses are created with employers’ requirements in mind. For its web-development programme, the list given to Lambda by companies runs to 280 items. Unlike coding, nursing cannot be taught entirely over the internet, so Lambda wants to co-operate with nursing schools across America that could provide the necessary hands-on instruction.

After nursing, Lambda plans to work its way down the list of professions with the biggest job shortages. It is also examining the problem from the other side, identifying available jobs that require skills akin to those of victims of automation – truckers displaced by self-driving lorries or call-centre workers replaced by robocalls.

Lambda’s quirks set it apart in Silicon Valley, but Mr Allred is not the first to recognise the value of work-focused education and training. Germany is famed for its widespread vocational training and apprenticeships. Closer to California, the University of Waterloo, a technology-oriented Canadian institution, has had gainful employment within the field of study as one of its core goals since it was founded 62 years ago. Students seeking an internship can enroll in a special scheme which matches them with firms. Norah McRae, who runs the programme, says that most universities spend little time finding work for the graduates, or teaching the skills they need to prosper in the job market. Too often students are treated as cash cows to be milked for research funding.

But Ms McRae is also concerned that programmes like Lambda School, though well-meaning, risk undermining existing educational institutions by offering a quicker route to work. The kind of intense optimisation which Lambda espouses cannot, she worries, replace conventional learning, which strives to create not just capable workers but rounded individuals.

Such fears presuppose that Lambda can succeed beyond even Mr Allred’s wildest dreams – or those of the venture capitalists who pumped $30m into the firm in January, valuing it at $150m. Student numbers, and so upfront costs, are growing faster than revenues. If Lambda can turn a profit by offering people a stab at a decent job that would be a fine lesson in capitalism.

在線教育：學(xué)習(xí)護(hù)理

一種新型網(wǎng)校想要教授護(hù)理和其他很多職業(yè)技能

“我離收購一所護(hù)理學(xué)校只有一步之遙了?！比藗儾粫氲竭@樣的話竟是出自一位創(chuàng)業(yè)公司的創(chuàng)始人之口。護(hù)理行業(yè)似乎與硅谷的前沿科技風(fēng)馬牛不相及。而且用風(fēng)險投資的套話來說，這個行業(yè)不容易很快做大。但蘭姆達(dá)學(xué)校的老板奧斯丁·奧爾雷德有不同的看法。成立于兩年前的蘭姆達(dá)提供快速、高效的培訓(xùn)，為職場輸送新人，以此匹配勞動力供需。公司目前提供五門在線課程，為科技公司培訓(xùn)程序員。下一步它準(zhǔn)備開展護(hù)士培訓(xùn)，這并非不合邏輯——人口老齡化的美國亟需更多護(hù)士，尤其是在當(dāng)前很多護(hù)校無力招收更多學(xué)生的情況下。

奧爾雷德希望幫助人們更快地轉(zhuǎn)行，而不是用所謂的“全民基本收入”來應(yīng)對自動化帶來的失業(yè)威脅。與大多數(shù)在線課程不同，蘭姆達(dá)并不在開課前收學(xué)費(盡管入學(xué)競爭激烈)，其在線教學(xué)也是實時互動，而不是事先錄制的。全日制學(xué)生的學(xué)制為九個月，授課時間為舊金山時間周一到周五的上午8點至下午5點。中途入學(xué)者可能會跟不上進(jìn)度。在近期大部分課程中，85%的學(xué)生修完了自己選的課程。

只有在學(xué)員謀得一份年薪超過五萬美元的工作后，學(xué)校才開始收取服務(wù)回報。而為了幫學(xué)生找到一份這樣的工作，蘭姆達(dá)花費了大量精力。約70%的學(xué)員在畢業(yè)后六個月內(nèi)達(dá)到了這個目標(biāo)。在此后的兩年里，蘭姆達(dá)會抽取學(xué)員收入的約六分之一，最終累計收取約三萬美元。如果學(xué)員一次性付清，則為兩萬美元。

蘭姆達(dá)將三分之一左右的時間和資源花在為畢業(yè)學(xué)員找工作上，這么高的比重不常見。另外三分之一用于招生，三分之一用于教學(xué)。課程是根據(jù)雇主的要求而設(shè)計的。在它的網(wǎng)站開發(fā)課程中，企業(yè)開給蘭姆達(dá)的需求多達(dá)280項。而護(hù)理有別于編程，不可能完全通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)教授，因此蘭姆達(dá)希望與全美各地能提供必要操作實訓(xùn)的護(hù)校合作。

在開展護(hù)理培訓(xùn)后，蘭姆達(dá)還計劃逐個進(jìn)軍其他人員最緊缺的職業(yè)。同時它也從另一面審視問題，為那些被自動化淘汰的人員(例如被無人駕駛貨車取代的卡車司機(jī)，或者被自動語音呼叫取代的呼叫中心員工)找到需要類似技能的就業(yè)崗位。

蘭姆達(dá)的另類做法在硅谷獨樹一幟，但要說認(rèn)識到以工作為導(dǎo)向的教育與培訓(xùn)的價值的，奧爾雷德并非第一人。德國就以職業(yè)培訓(xùn)和學(xué)徒制的普及而聞名。離加州更近些的滑鐵盧大學(xué)是加拿大一所技術(shù)型大學(xué)。自62年前創(chuàng)辦以來，該校一直將找到與學(xué)生專業(yè)對口的較高收入工作作為自己的核心目標(biāo)之一。想找實習(xí)機(jī)會的學(xué)生可以注冊一個將他們與企業(yè)相匹配的特別項目。負(fù)責(zé)該項目的諾拉·麥克雷表示，多數(shù)大學(xué)很少花時間幫助畢業(yè)生就業(yè)，也很少教授他們在就業(yè)市場獲得成功所需的技能。很多時候，學(xué)生們都被當(dāng)成了撈取研究經(jīng)費的搖錢樹。

但麥克雷也擔(dān)心，像蘭姆達(dá)學(xué)校這樣的培訓(xùn)項目雖然出發(fā)點不錯，但可能會因為提供就業(yè)上的捷徑而損害現(xiàn)有的教育體系。她擔(dān)心蘭姆達(dá)倡導(dǎo)的那種密集型的優(yōu)化培訓(xùn)并非是對傳統(tǒng)教育的一種好的替代，因為后者致力培養(yǎng)的不僅是能勝任工作的員工，還是全面發(fā)展的個體。

不過這種擔(dān)憂成立的前提是蘭姆達(dá)取得的成功要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出奧爾雷德本人的想象——或者那些今年1月向蘭姆達(dá)投資3000萬美元、對其估值1.5億美元的風(fēng)險投資家們的想象。目前，學(xué)生人數(shù)的增長以及由此帶來的前期成本的增速——超過了收入的增速。如果蘭姆達(dá)能通過幫助人們拿下一份體面工作來贏利，那還真會是資本主義的一條有益經(jīng)驗。

2020年翻譯資格考試(catti)一級筆譯材料

How Birdwatchers, Others Can Help Migrating Bird Populations

The kinds of birds coming through your neighborhood are probably changing, and so is the timing of their migrations.

Birdwatchers noticing these differences are playing a big part in understanding how climate change and severe weather events are affecting bird populations.

John Rowden is director of community conservation at the National Audubon Society, which aims to protect birds and their environments. He said, “Birders have to be much more alert to when birds are coming through than they used to be, since birds may be coming through much earlier or much later…”

Birdwatchers are increasingly seeing birds in their area that are usually found elsewhere, Rowden says. And, they are seeing fewer of the birds that usually travel through.

“... Just because we’ve seen these birds year after year doesn’t mean they’ll always be there. They are declining in numbers because we’re throwing so many things at them, so we need to do what we can to help them,” Rowden said.

At least 314 species of American birds are expected to lose 50 percent or more of their range by the end of the century. Those species are listed by the Audubon Society as climate-threatened or endangered, Rowden added.

A United Nations science report issued Monday says 1 million species of plants and animals are at risk of disappearing from Earth.

Scientists who issued the report blamed development that has led to loss of habitat as well as climate change, overfishing, pollution and invasive species.

Environmentalists say there are a few easy steps people can take to help struggling bird populations. These include planting native species, which leads to more native insects for the birds to eat.

The Audubon Society’s Plants for Birds website provides plant suggestions for people in the United States, based on where they live in the country.

During spring and fall migration seasons, people can help migrating birds by keeping outdoor lights turned off and covering reflective surfaces like large windows. People also should make indoor plants less visible to passing birds.

The Audubon Society also runs a community science program called Climate Watch. It aims to collect data on how bird ranges – or the places they are found – are changing. Rowden says the program asks people to count the numbers of each species they see. The program goes from May 15 to June 15.

Geoff LeBaron, director of the Christmas Bird Count at the National Audubon Society, says he has seen the effects of climate change firsthand.

“I’ve been a birder since I was a little kid,” he said. “It’s clear that climate change is affecting and will continue to affect birds on a global scale, and it’s a question of whether or not they can adapt to what the climate is throwing at them.”

Record droughts, floods, hurricanes and more are having a major effect, he said. Hurricanes usually happen during migration season, LeBaron noted. They have an especially big effect on sea birds, whose migration paths might change by thousands of kilometers as a result.

Experts say sea birds and grasslands birds are most at risk from climate disasters. Birds known as aerial insectivores are also at risk because the insects they eat are getting harder to find.

鳥類觀察者和其他人該如何幫助鳥類遷徙

從你附近飛過的鳥類種類可能在一直變化，它們遷徙的時間也在改變。

鳥類觀察者注意到這些差異可能對于他們理解氣候變化以及惡劣天氣事件如何影響鳥類種群方面發(fā)揮了重要的作用。

約翰·羅登是美國國家奧杜邦協(xié)會的社區(qū)保護(hù)主任，該協(xié)會旨在保護(hù)鳥類及其生存環(huán)境。他說:“觀鳥者必須比以往更加警惕鳥類何時會飛來，因為鳥類可能來得更早，也可能來得更晚……”

羅登說，鳥類觀察者越來越多地發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的地區(qū)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)其他地區(qū)的鳥類。此外，該地區(qū)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的鳥類反而更少了。

“……我們年復(fù)一年地看到這些鳥并不意味著它們就會一直出現(xiàn)在那里。它們的數(shù)量正在下降，因為我們向它們?nèi)恿四敲炊鄸|西，所以我們需要盡我們所能來幫助它們。”

到本世紀(jì)末，預(yù)計至少有314種美國鳥類將失去50%甚至更多的活動范圍。羅登補(bǔ)充說，這些鳥類被奧杜邦協(xié)會列入受氣候威脅或瀕危的物種。

周一，聯(lián)合國發(fā)表的一份科學(xué)報告表示，有100萬種動植物面臨從地球上消失的危險。

發(fā)布該報告的科學(xué)家指責(zé)稱，發(fā)展導(dǎo)致棲息地喪失、氣候變化、過度捕撈、污染和物種入侵。

環(huán)保人士表示，人們可以采取一些簡單的措施來幫助苦苦掙扎的鳥類種群。這些措施包括種植當(dāng)?shù)匚锓N以產(chǎn)生更多的當(dāng)?shù)乩ハx供鳥類食用。

奧杜邦鳥類協(xié)會的“鳥類可食用植物”網(wǎng)站為居住在美國不同地區(qū)的人們提供了植物種植建議。

在春、秋兩個鳥類遷徙的季節(jié)，人們可以通過關(guān)閉戶外燈光和遮蓋大塊反光玻璃等方式幫助鳥類遷徙。人們也需要隱藏室內(nèi)植物，避免路過的鳥類看到。

奧杜邦協(xié)會還進(jìn)行著一項名為“氣候觀察”的社區(qū)科學(xué)項目。目的是為收集關(guān)于鳥類活動范圍(或它們被發(fā)現(xiàn)的地方)如何變化的數(shù)據(jù)。羅登表示，該項目要求人們記錄所看到的每個種類的數(shù)量。該項目從5月15日持續(xù)到6月15日。

美國奧杜邦協(xié)會的圣誕鳥類統(tǒng)計主任杰夫·萊巴龍說，他親眼目睹了氣候變化所產(chǎn)生的影響。

“我從很小的時候就愛觀察鳥類，”他說。“很明顯，氣候變化正在并將繼續(xù)影響全球范圍內(nèi)的鳥類，問題是鳥類能否適應(yīng)氣候變化給它們帶來的影響?！?/p>

他說，創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的干旱、洪水、颶風(fēng)等也產(chǎn)生重大影響。萊巴龍指出，颶風(fēng)通常發(fā)生在遷徙的季節(jié)。颶風(fēng)對海上鳥類的影響特別嚴(yán)重，它們的遷徙路線可能因此改變數(shù)千公里。

專家表示，海上的鳥類和草原上的鳥類最容易受到氣候災(zāi)害的威脅?？罩惺诚x的鳥類也處于危險之中，因為它們吃的昆蟲越來越難找到。

2020年翻譯資格考試(catti)一級筆譯材料

Synthetic Biology: Redesigning Life

合成生物學(xué)：生命再設(shè)計(節(jié)選)

The promise and perils of synthetic biology

合成生物學(xué)的希望與風(fēng)險

The new biology calls all in doubt

Start with the most recent of these previous shifts. Fossil fuels have enabled humans to drive remarkable economic expansion in the present using biological productivity from ages past, stored away in coal and oil. But much wilderness has been lost, and carbon atoms which last saw the atmosphere hundreds of millions of years ago have strengthened the planet’s greenhouse effect to a degree that may prove catastrophic. Here, synthetic biology can do well. It is already being used to replace some products made from petrochemicals; in time it could replace some fuels, too. Burger King recently introduced into some of its restaurants a beefless Whopper that gets its meatiness from an engineered plant protein; such innovations could greatly ease a shift to less environmentally taxing diets. They could also be used to do more with less. Plants and their soil microbes could produce their own fertilisers and pesticides, ruminants less greenhouse gas – though to ensure that synthetic biology yields such laudable environmental goals will take public policy as well as the cues of the market.考生如果怕自己錯過考試成績查詢的話，可以 免費預(yù)約短信提醒，屆時會以短信的方式提醒大家報名和考試時間。

The second example of biological change sweeping the world is the Columbian exchange, in which the 16th century’s newly global network of trade shuffled together the creatures of the New World and the Old. Horses, cattle and cotton were introduced to the Americas; maize, potatoes, chilli and tobacco to Europe, Africa and Asia. The ecosystems in which humans live became globalised as never before, providing more productive agriculture all round, richer diets for many. But there were also disastrous consequences. Measles, smallpox and other pathogens ran through the New World like a forest fire, claiming tens of millions of lives. The Europeans weaponised this catastrophe, conquering lands depleted and disordered by disease.

Synthetic biology could create such weapons by design: pathogens designed to weaken, to incapacitate or to kill, and perhaps also to limit themselves to particular types of target. There is real cause for concern here – but not for immediate alarm. For such weaponisation would, like the rest of cutting-edge synthetic biology, take highly skilled teams with significant resources. And armies already have lots of ways to flatten cities and kill people in large numbers. When it comes to mass destruction, a disease is a poor substitute for a nuke. What’s more, today’s synthetic-biology community lives up to ideals of openness and public service better than many older fields. Maintained and nurtured, that culture should serve as a powerful immune system against rogue elements.

The earliest biological transformation – domestication – produced what was hitherto the biggest change in how humans lived their lives. Haphazardly, then purposefully, humans bred cereals to be more bountiful, livestock to be more docile, dogs more obedient and cats more companionable (the last a partial success, at best). This allowed new densities of settlement and new forms of social organisation: the market, the city, the state. Humans domesticated themselves as well as their crops and animals, creating space for the drudgery of subsistence agriculture and oppressive political hierarchies.

Synthetic biology will have a similar cascading effect, transforming humans’ relationships with each other and, potentially, their own biological nature. The ability to reprogram the embryo is, rightly, the site of most of today’s ethical concerns. In future, they may extend further; what should one make of people with the upper-body strength of gorillas, or minds impervious to sorrow? How humans may choose to change themselves biologically is hard to say; that some choices will be controversial is not.

Which leads to the main way in which this transformation differs from the three that came before. Their significance was discovered only in retrospect. This time, there will be foresight. It will not be perfect: there will certainly be unanticipated effects. But synthetic biology will be driven by the pursuit of goals, both anticipated and desired. It will challenge the human capacity for wisdom and foresight. It might defeat it. But carefully nurtured, it might also help expand it.

新生物學(xué)讓一切充滿變數(shù)

先從三次轉(zhuǎn)變中距今最近的一次說起。化石燃料的使用釋放了過去存儲在煤和石油中的生物生產(chǎn)力，大大推動了當(dāng)今人類經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。但大片荒野不復(fù)存在，碳原子上一次充斥于大氣是在億萬年前，如今它們的存在大大加重了地球的溫室效應(yīng)，甚至可能導(dǎo)致災(zāi)難性后果。在這方面，合成生物學(xué)可以有所貢獻(xiàn)。它已被用來取代一些石油化工產(chǎn)品，假以時日可能還會取代一些燃料。最近，漢堡王在其部分餐廳推出了一款無牛肉皇堡，其中的肉味來自一種轉(zhuǎn)基因植物蛋白。此類創(chuàng)新可以讓人類向更環(huán)保飲食方式的轉(zhuǎn)變變得輕松許多。同時，創(chuàng)新還有事半功倍的效果。植物及其土壤微生物可以制造出自身所需的肥料和殺蟲劑，反芻動物可以減少排放溫室氣體。當(dāng)然，要確保合成生物學(xué)達(dá)成如此值得稱道的環(huán)境目標(biāo)，還需要公共政策以及市場的指引。

生物變化席卷世界的第二個例子是哥倫布大交換——16世紀(jì)新生成的全球貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò)將新舊大陸的生物糅合到了一起。馬、牛和棉花被引入美洲;玉米、土豆、辣椒和煙草被引入歐洲、非洲和亞洲。人類賴以生存的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)前所未有地實現(xiàn)了全球化，為各地提供了更高產(chǎn)的農(nóng)業(yè)，為許多人提供了更豐富的食物。但它也帶來了災(zāi)難性的后果。麻疹、天花和其他一些病原體像森林大火一樣在新大陸肆虐，奪走了數(shù)千萬人的生命。歐洲人將這場災(zāi)難當(dāng)作武器，用以征服因疾病而衰亂的土地。

合成生物學(xué)可能會被利用來蓄意制造這樣的武器：能使人衰弱的、致殘或致命的病原體，或許還能被限定于攻擊特定目標(biāo)。這確實值得擔(dān)憂，但眼下還不必恐慌。因為研制這樣的武器就像其他前沿合成生物技術(shù)那樣，需要高技能團(tuán)隊和大量資源。再者，軍隊已經(jīng)有很多方式來夷平城市和實施大規(guī)模殺戮。疾病在大規(guī)模殺傷方面很難匹敵核武器。更重要的是，相比很多舊領(lǐng)域，如今的合成生物學(xué)界更符合開放和公共服務(wù)的理想原則。若能加以維系和培育，這種文化應(yīng)該能成為抵御破壞分子的強(qiáng)大免疫系統(tǒng)。

最早的生物大轉(zhuǎn)變，即馴化，帶來了迄今為止人類生活方式的最大變化。從無心到有意，人類將谷物培育得更豐產(chǎn)，讓牲畜更溫順，狗更聽話，貓更友善(這最后一項充其量只算取得了部分成功)。這促成了更高的聚居密度和新的社會組織形式：市場、城市和國家。人類不僅馴化了農(nóng)作物和動物，也馴化了自己，讓自給型農(nóng)業(yè)的苦役和壓迫性的政治等級制度成為可能。

合成生物學(xué)將產(chǎn)生類似的級聯(lián)效應(yīng)，改變?nèi)祟惐舜酥g的關(guān)系，還有可能改變?nèi)祟愖陨淼纳飳W(xué)特性。對胚胎重新編輯的能力是如今大多數(shù)倫理擔(dān)憂之所在，對此確實也有擔(dān)憂的理由。未來，這些擔(dān)憂可能進(jìn)一步蔓延：我們該如何看待那些擁有像大猩猩般上肢力量的人，或者那些不知悲傷為何物的人?很難說人類會以何種方式改變自身的生物學(xué)特性，但毫無疑問有些選擇會引發(fā)爭議。

這就引出了此次轉(zhuǎn)變與上述三次轉(zhuǎn)變的主要不同。前三次轉(zhuǎn)變的意義都只是事后的發(fā)現(xiàn)。而這一次，我們可以事先預(yù)見。這次轉(zhuǎn)變不會完美無缺——肯定會有出人意料的影響。但對預(yù)期和期望目標(biāo)的追求將驅(qū)動合成生物學(xué)的發(fā)展。合成生物學(xué)將挑戰(zhàn)人類的智慧和遠(yuǎn)見?；蛟S它會超出人類的能力。但如果精心發(fā)展它，卻也可能提升人類的這些能力。