雅思考試適用哪些國家你知道嗎?今天小編給大家?guī)砹搜潘伎荚囘m用哪些國家，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

雅思考試適用哪些國家你知道嗎

英國和愛爾蘭

作為雅思考試最早“發(fā)家”之地之一，一直以來英國對(duì)雅思考試的接受度都很高。在英國，無論是申請(qǐng)本科還是研究生階段的課程，雅思成績都是暢通無阻的通行證。

在近一兩年出臺(tái)的一系列移民政策中，雅思是英國當(dāng)局用以考核申請(qǐng)人英語水平的考試之一。有了相應(yīng)的雅思成績，申請(qǐng)人便可獲得加分以達(dá)到申請(qǐng)條件，以便更快捷地成就“英國夢(mèng)”。

澳洲和新西蘭

對(duì)于澳洲來說，基本上所有前往澳洲學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生都需必須經(jīng)過雅思考試的考核。鑒于澳洲學(xué)生簽證中只認(rèn)可雅思，所以各位留學(xué)生只用考一個(gè)雅思就可以通過學(xué)校和簽證申請(qǐng)的雙重認(rèn)證。正如澳大利亞使館教育處高級(jí)信息官員王薇所說：“澳大利亞對(duì)于雅思考試的認(rèn)可度非常高，所有的院校都認(rèn)可雅思成績，其中也有為數(shù)很多的院校將雅思考試作為唯一的學(xué)生入學(xué)英語能力的證明。因?yàn)檠潘伎荚嚭w了聽、說、讀、寫四個(gè)方面技能，對(duì)于學(xué)生整體的英文能力是非常好的一個(gè)衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?！贝送猓瑢?duì)于申請(qǐng)技術(shù)移民前往澳洲的申請(qǐng)人來說，雅思也是唯一的選擇。

新西蘭的所有學(xué)校都是認(rèn)可雅思的。雖然簽證沒有硬性規(guī)定要求提供雅思成績，但是如果有雅思成績的申請(qǐng)人一般不用再花時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)語言，可以直接進(jìn)入正規(guī)課程的學(xué)習(xí)。與澳洲類似，申請(qǐng)技術(shù)移民的申請(qǐng)人必須達(dá)到雅思考試一定的要求(復(fù)合免除條件的申請(qǐng)人除外)。

美國和加拿大

近來關(guān)于雅思考試最火的話題就是它在美國節(jié)節(jié)攀升的認(rèn)可度。據(jù)雅思考試主辦方的統(tǒng)計(jì)，目前向雅思考試敞開大門的美國院校已經(jīng)超過2500多家。美國大學(xué)排行榜前130名的大學(xué)里面95%以上都認(rèn)可雅思，而前50強(qiáng)中有49所認(rèn)可雅思，因此各位“烤鴨”的選擇面相當(dāng)廣泛。隨著對(duì)雅思考試的不斷深入了解，越來越多的美國院校明確表明“青睞”雅思成績。杜克大學(xué)更是表示，雅思考試是測試母語為非英語人士的英語水平的“更為可取的方法”，杜克大學(xué)更希望看到手拿雅思成績的海外申請(qǐng)人?？梢哉f，無論從認(rèn)可院校的數(shù)目還是質(zhì)量來說，雅思考試在美國都已經(jīng)獲得了讓人側(cè)目的成績。

就北美另外一個(gè)熱門留學(xué)目的地加拿大來說，雅思考試是被完全認(rèn)可的。在移民類別來方面，雅思也是加拿大當(dāng)局認(rèn)可的英語語言測試?？既⊙潘寂嘤?xùn)類并達(dá)到相應(yīng)分?jǐn)?shù)的申請(qǐng)人可以獲得加分，從而滿足基本的申請(qǐng)條件。

歐洲以及世界其他國家

除了英語語系的國家以外，雅思考試的影響力還滲透到了非英語系的國家。

在歐洲，前往諸如德國、瑞士、芬蘭、挪威、丹麥等國家學(xué)習(xí)用英語授課的課程的申請(qǐng)人會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在入學(xué)要求的表格里常常出現(xiàn)雅思考試的名字。荷蘭高等教育國際交流協(xié)會(huì)中國辦公室首席代表Jacques D.van Vliet先生表示：“荷蘭的高校對(duì)于雅思考試體系非常的滿意。荷蘭高校的學(xué)生淘汰率之所以能低至3%到4%，原因之一就是雅思考試對(duì)留學(xué)生提供了很大的幫助，保證他們能夠順利完成自己的課程，取得他們想要的學(xué)位?！?/p>

亞洲也不乏認(rèn)可雅思考試的國際名校，其中包括新加坡國立大學(xué)、新加坡南洋理工大學(xué)等，香港浸會(huì)大學(xué)、香港理工、香港大學(xué)、香港中文大學(xué)也都在雅思考試的認(rèn)可名錄上，使用雅思作為前往香港學(xué)習(xí)的成功案例不計(jì)其數(shù)。

雅思閱讀長難句100句分析及翻譯

01. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 那種性別比例能在最大程度上增加一個(gè)個(gè)體所能擁有的后代數(shù)量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復(fù)制品的數(shù)量。

02. (This is) A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower . (這是一種)照亮現(xiàn)實(shí)的欲望，此欲望從來就不會(huì)唐突的取代后面的那種欲望，后者是我們可以將其部分的理解為一個(gè)兼任小說加和科學(xué)家的人想要去準(zhǔn)確并具體的記錄下一朵花的結(jié)構(gòu)和文理的那種意義上的欲望。

03. Hardy's weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. 哈代的缺陷一方面緣起于他的某種明顯的無能，無法控制好那結(jié)不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)的穿梭往來;另一方面緣起于他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機(jī)活力和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)。

04. Virginia Woolf's provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. 弗吉尼亞.伍爾夫(Virginia Woolf)在創(chuàng)作《黛洛維夫人》(Mrs. Dalloway)時(shí)有關(guān)其創(chuàng)作意圖的這番發(fā)人深思的陳述，迄今為止一貫為文學(xué)評(píng)論家們所忽略，因?yàn)樗怀龇从沉怂T多文學(xué)興趣中某一方面，而這一方面則與人們對(duì)"詩性"小說家(poetic novelist)所形成的傳統(tǒng)見解大相徑庭。所謂的"詩性"小說家，所關(guān)注的是審視想入非非和白日夢(mèng)幻的諸般狀態(tài)，并致力于追尋個(gè)體意識(shí)的通幽曲徑。

05. As she put it in The Common Reader , "It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ;and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore ." 就像她在《致普通讀者》一書中所表達(dá)的那樣，"盡管可以毫無疑問的說，沒有任何法律被指定出來，也沒有任何高樓大廈被建立起來是因?yàn)閱疼耪f了什么或者寫了什么;然而，當(dāng)我們讀它的書的時(shí)候，我們身上每一個(gè)毛孔都充滿了道德"

06. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis . 隨著爆發(fā)出來的運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)束，再體液中乳酸含量會(huì)變得很高，使得大型動(dòng)物處于容易受到攻擊的狀態(tài)，直到乳酸通過有氧新陳代謝，被肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化成(convert into)葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下來又會(huì)(部分)傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。

07. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves' preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. 雖然古特曼承認(rèn)，由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛--在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著地揭示出來--在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制(monogamy)。

08. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore,music,and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. 古特曼人令人信服地論辨道，黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定有助于包括民間傳說、音樂、及宗教表達(dá)在內(nèi)的黑人文化遺產(chǎn)一代一代傳遞下去，因而在維持文化遺產(chǎn)方面也起著至關(guān)重要的作用，而對(duì)于這種文化遺產(chǎn)，黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經(jīng)歷中予以豐富發(fā)展。

09. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests,may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. 古特曼表示，這種對(duì)于外部通婚的偏愛很有可能緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規(guī)定，盡管這些規(guī)定在一個(gè)和另一個(gè)部落群體之間不盡相同，但都涉及到某種對(duì)近親聯(lián)姻(union with close kin)的禁止。

10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. 該社會(huì)學(xué)家的命題當(dāng)被應(yīng)用于針對(duì)美國黑人的歧視時(shí)，相對(duì)而言尚能適用，但他對(duì)種族偏見所下的定義--即"以種族為基礎(chǔ)的、針對(duì)某個(gè)群體的消級(jí)的先入之見，而該群體在任何特定的種族競爭地區(qū)則被普遍認(rèn)作一種族"--可被理解成同樣也襄括了針對(duì)加利福尼亞州的中國人以及中世紀(jì)的猶太人這樣一些種族群體的敵視態(tài)度。

11. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience. 類似于這些已經(jīng)被在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中證明的在大小、形狀、化學(xué)過程、產(chǎn)生的速度、興奮閾值及其類似的方面上所發(fā)生變化，當(dāng)他們被用來與大腦的體驗(yàn)以可能的方式聯(lián)系起來的時(shí)候，他們?cè)谥匾陨先匀皇俏⒉蛔愕赖摹?/p>

12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ;however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits . 有可能通過其他方法來證明神經(jīng)元種類間的細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異;可是，這樣的證據(jù)是缺乏的，即神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)是受這些差異所影響的，而這些差異看起來卻能影響神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)育模式。

13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. 盡管在神經(jīng)能量上存在著質(zhì)的不同，這一點(diǎn)從來都沒有在嚴(yán)格的意義上被反對(duì)過，但是以上教條通常被拋棄掉，而轉(zhuǎn)向相反的觀點(diǎn)，即：神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)從根本上本質(zhì)相同，而且被當(dāng)作"一種普通流"在整個(gè)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中傳播。

14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number， arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. 盡管其他實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和相互連接上有一些小的差異，但是就心理-神經(jīng)的關(guān)系而言，這些感官區(qū)域彼此之間的明顯的相似性看起來比起微小的差異更為令人注目。

15. Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis,at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. 雖然某些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，隨著一個(gè)物體變得熟悉起來，其內(nèi)心再現(xiàn)圖像亦更具整體感，辨認(rèn)過程相應(yīng)地更趨于平行，但證據(jù)的砝碼似乎在支持序列假設(shè)(serial hypothesis)，至少是對(duì)于那些不甚簡單、不甚熟悉的物體來說.

16. In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. 在很大程度上，由于女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)(feminist movement)的緣故，史學(xué)家近年來匯聚了大量的注意力，來更為準(zhǔn)確地確定婦女在各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期的地位。 Focus A on B;

17. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact -real Amazonian societies - but rather to offer "moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society . 如果我們先研究一下為什么古人會(huì)提到亞馬遜人，下面的一點(diǎn)就變得清晰了，那就是古希臘對(duì)于這種社會(huì)的廟睡不是太多的被用來表達(dá)觀察的歷史事實(shí)--真正的亞麻遜社會(huì)的--而是為了對(duì)于婦女在其社會(huì)中的統(tǒng)治的預(yù)期后果提供一種"道德教導(dǎo)"。

18. Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects;and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. 因此，舉例來說，對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)家而言，了解到下述情形可能會(huì)令其驚愕不已，即薛定諤(Schrodinger)的氫原子方程式并非是對(duì)該原子作出的一種絕然正確的描述，而僅僅是個(gè)近似值，趨近于一個(gè)在某種程度上更為正確的將自旋、磁性偶極子、以及相對(duì)論效應(yīng)考慮在內(nèi)的方程式;而這個(gè)得以糾正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一個(gè)不完美的近似值，趨近于無窮無盡的一整套量子場論方程式。

19. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. 物理學(xué)家恐懼于那些精確無誤的論據(jù)不無道理，因?yàn)槟撤N只有在它是精確無誤的條件下才令人置信的論據(jù)，一旦它賴于建立其上的假設(shè)稍有變化，便會(huì)失去它一部的作用;而與此相反，一個(gè)盡管并不精確無誤但卻令人置信的論據(jù)，在其基本假設(shè)(underlying assumption)稍微受干擾的情況下，仍然有可能是站得住腳的。

20. However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. 起初，藍(lán)襪女們確實(shí)模仿了法國沙龍女主人，將男性襄括到其小圈子中來。然則，隨著她們獲得的凝聚力，她們漸趨將自己視作一女性團(tuán)體，并擁有了一種婦女團(tuán)結(jié)意識(shí)，而這種意識(shí)在法國沙龍女主人身上則蕩然無存，因?yàn)樗齻兠總€(gè)人在其自己的沙龍中自視甚高而彼此孤立隔絕開來。

21. As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them. 隨著我的研究不斷深入，我對(duì)昆蟲和脊椎動(dòng)物群落之間的功能類似性印象愈來愈深刻，而對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異印象愈發(fā)淡漠，雖然這些結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異初看上去似乎構(gòu)成了二者間一條無法愈越的鴻溝。

22. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. 雖然小說無疑起源于政治情狀，但其作者則是以非意識(shí)形態(tài)的方式對(duì)這些政治情狀作出反應(yīng)的，而將小說和故事主要地當(dāng)作意識(shí)形態(tài)的工具來探討，會(huì)在相當(dāng)程度上阻礙小說事業(yè)。

23. Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic? 這究竟是一種缺陷呢，還是這些作者想要按照一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作，抑或是在試圖創(chuàng)立一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系?

24. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? 不僅如此，有些黑人小說(比如JT的甘蔗)的風(fēng)格接近與表現(xiàn)主義和超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義;這種技巧是否為流行的主題提供了一個(gè)和諧的對(duì)應(yīng)呢?這種主題刻畫了黑人注意與之相抗?fàn)幍拿\(yùn)，這是一個(gè)通常用更為自然主義的表現(xiàn)手法所表達(dá)的主題。

25. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. 《黑人小說》考察了極為廣泛的一系列小說，在此過程中讓我們注意到了某些引人入勝但卻鮮為人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韋爾登。約翰遜(James Weldon Johnson)的《一個(gè)曾經(jīng)是有色人的自傳》(Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man)。

26. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface，radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. 雖然這些分子允許可見波長(visible wavelength)的輻射--陽光的絕大部分能量就匯集于此--不受阻擋地穿透，但它們卻會(huì)吸收某些較長波長(longer-wavelength)，亦即從地球表面輻射出的紅外發(fā)射(infrared emission)，這種輻射若不是二氧化碳的緣故就會(huì)被重新輸送回太空。

27. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints-ways of feeling，thinking，and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. 這些人類學(xué)家所歸諸于生物進(jìn)化的作用，不是規(guī)定人類行為的種.種細(xì)節(jié)，而是將各種限制強(qiáng)加于人類--即在任何文化的典型情景中都會(huì)"自然表露"的情感、思維、以及行動(dòng)方式。

28. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the "details" versus "constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? 以下哪一個(gè)選項(xiàng)最有可能為文章中所談到的與人類行為有關(guān)的"人類行為細(xì)節(jié)"相對(duì)"人類所受限制"之間的差異，從人類形態(tài)的角度上提供了一個(gè)合適的類比?

29. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers had removed most of the algae. 在存在大量食草動(dòng)物的同時(shí)卻只有少量的水藻花粉囊，這暗示出--但沒能證明--食草動(dòng)物已吞噬了大部分水藻。

30. Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on , led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. 可能這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，那就是很多這樣的最初的研究只是考慮了那些能夠用網(wǎng)撈起來的大小的水藻，這樣一個(gè)忽視了更小的浮游生物(而這些浮游生物我們現(xiàn)在知道是捕食者主要的食物)的做法，導(dǎo)致了在接下來的研究中對(duì)于捕食者的作用的貶低。

31. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers. 由哈格雷夫(Hargrave)和吉恩(Geen)所進(jìn)行的研究，對(duì)自然條件下的群落捕食速率進(jìn)行了估計(jì)，其手段是通過測量出實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)單獨(dú)的浮游動(dòng)物種類的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草動(dòng)物種群密度，計(jì)算出實(shí)地狀況下的群落捕食速率。

32. In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer， Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. 在浮游動(dòng)物數(shù)量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，對(duì)于營養(yǎng)物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言，分別為每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.

33. The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. 水文循環(huán)(hydrologic cycle)，作為該學(xué)科中的一個(gè)主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過的諸現(xiàn)象的整個(gè)循環(huán)過程，開始時(shí)是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進(jìn)入地層表面，最終通過蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。

34. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic. 只有當(dāng)一個(gè)系統(tǒng)擁有自然的或人工形成的邊界來把邊界中的水與水文循環(huán)聯(lián)系起來的時(shí)候，才有可能把整個(gè)的系統(tǒng)恰當(dāng)?shù)某蔀榕c水文地質(zhì)學(xué)有關(guān)。

35. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890's that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier--that is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. 史學(xué)家弗雷德里克.杰.特納(Frederick J.Turner)于十九世紀(jì)九十年代著述道，美國約自18世紀(jì)70年代以來一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿，由于國內(nèi)邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)(internal frontier)的封閉而更趨加劇--亦即是說，美國農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。

36. In the early 1950's，historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. 二十世紀(jì)五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲(此處我們可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時(shí)期的歐洲)的史學(xué)家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)(楊鵬的書中：第一次以大量的數(shù)據(jù))，開始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構(gòu)成了政治與社會(huì)精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達(dá)官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時(shí)為止普遍充斥于史學(xué)著作。

37. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law)and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. 象勒羅伊。拉迪里(Le Roy Ladurie)一類的史學(xué)家利用這些文獻(xiàn)史料從中挖掘出某些個(gè)案史(case history)來，闡明了不同社會(huì)群體的態(tài)度(這些態(tài)度包括，但并非局限于，對(duì)犯罪和法律的態(tài)度)，并揭示出當(dāng)局是如何執(zhí)行審判的。

38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? 從文章中可以推斷出來，一個(gè)希望比較十五世紀(jì)以前一個(gè)十年的某個(gè)歐洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率與另外一個(gè)十年中的犯罪率的歷史學(xué)家將會(huì)被以下那種信息的提高所最好的幫助?

39. My point is that its central consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people's lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. 我的論點(diǎn)是，其作品的中心意識(shí)--它將階級(jí)和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解--在很大程度上借鑒了那個(gè)早期的文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)，而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當(dāng)代文學(xué)評(píng)論家的足夠重視。

40. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. 即使是這樣的要求，即從這些材料中加工出來的生物材料應(yīng)該對(duì)受移植者的組織無害，也能夠通過從研究組織培養(yǎng)對(duì)生物材料的反應(yīng)而來的，或從研究短期移植而來的技術(shù)來滿足。