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提升托福寫作的終極秘訣是什么?——仿寫

在本人教學的這幾年中，常常遇到剛接觸國外考試的學生抱怨說，在寫作的過程中不知道如何提升說理部分的邏輯性，如何舉出恰當?shù)睦?，以及如何完善詞句方面的搭配。

其實，這個問題很簡單。我們可以回想一下自己小的時候是如何學習中文的。在兩三歲時，雖然我們并沒有參加任何形式的中文課程，但是照樣能夠?qū)W會如何正確地說中文。 那是因為，我們周圍會有父母和其他親戚以各種形式做著『示范』，這種示范會潛移默化地影響著我們的語言系統(tǒng)，而小時候我們強大的『模仿』能力，會促使我們快速地吸收、積 累并應用周圍正確的中文知識。所以，中文自然而然成為了 我們語言體系中流利的母語。

語言的學習規(guī)律是相通的。有了正確的『輸入』，才能 有正確的『輸出』。所以，要想在英文寫作中有所提高，我 們可以借鑒一些上乘的范文，對其思路、結(jié)構(gòu)、語言等進行模仿，并最終應用在我們自己的文章中。這個過程就叫做『仿寫』。

如何做仿寫?

Step 1 通讀范文，了解通篇大意，仔細研究各段構(gòu)思。

在教學過程中，我會為學生甄選符合國外考 試評分標準的優(yōu)秀范文。學生拿到這些范文后，可以從宏觀的角度了解作者對于題目的觀點，是采用了單邊、雙邊還是中立的角度來進行論證。學生還可以從微觀的角度，深度分析每個主體段，作者是如何通過有邏輯地說理，并配以恰當具體的例子，來證明此段的分論點。

以下為范?段落實例：

Modern society places a lot of emphasis on success. Though success is clearly desirable, Ithink our intense focus on success is unhealthy and counter productive.People would be better served by learning how to adopt a positive attitude towards failure.

Step 2 學習優(yōu)秀的語言點

針對每一篇范文，我會為學生總結(jié)出其中用法得到的詞組和句式，并讓學生趁熱打鐵，強化對這些語料的記憶。這種從整體中提取，呈現(xiàn)成個體的形式，會讓學生對這些語料的印象更加深刻。

以下為提取實例：

1、place emphasis on =emphasize 強調(diào)，注重

2、counterproductiveadj. 事與愿違，適得其反的

3、sb. be better served對某人有益

serve sb. well 對某人有幫助，有作用

. hope this “punching-in” approach willcontinue to serve you well in the days to come.

4、adopt attitude towards… 對...采取某種態(tài)度

Step3 大聲朗讀，并填入語言點 在進行完前兩步之后，我會將范文中優(yōu)秀的語言點刪除，并在相應的位置以填空的形式呈現(xiàn)。學生需要將剛剛記憶過的語言點再次填入文章段落中。這種從個體再回歸到整體的過程，會再次強化學生對于語言點及其語法的印象。

以下為實例：

Modern society _____________(關(guān)注) success.Though success is clearly desirable, I think our intense focus on success isunhealthy and _______(反作用的，適得其反). _______(人們能獲得更多好處) bylearning how to __________(對…采取積極的態(tài)度) failure.

Step 4 打開電腦，看著中文提綱，原義輸出

接下來的步驟，是仿寫過程中最核心的部分。由于大多數(shù)學生在初期學習寫作的過程中，都是在頭腦中想出中文， 再翻譯成英文。所以，我們可以模擬這種過程。我將范文翻譯成中文版本，然后讓學生看著中文，翻譯英文。在翻譯的過程中，學生會按照之前三個步驟中學習到的語言點及其呈現(xiàn)的形式，主動模仿，寫出一篇完整的文章。

這種從無到有的過程，會極大地增強學生的自信心，同時也再次強化了對于之前優(yōu)秀語言點的學習成果。

以下為中文翻譯實例：

現(xiàn)代社會很注重成功。顯然人人都想獲得成功，但我覺得太關(guān)注成功是不健康的而且會適得其反。人們通過學習對失敗采取積極的態(tài)度會讓他們受益更多。

Step 5 對照范文，查漏補缺

每個學生在第4步中翻譯出來的英文版本，一般都與范文有些出入。所以，在最后一步中，學生除了可以給老師檢查之外，還可以對照第一步中的完整范文，自行查看自己文章中出現(xiàn)的單詞拼寫、語法錯誤，以及是否應用了之前學過的優(yōu)秀語言點。

以下是校正實例：

綜上，仿寫可以使學生通過『模仿』，學習到正確的文章構(gòu)思方式，結(jié)構(gòu)的類型，以及優(yōu)秀的語言點。此外，仿寫的整個過程也是通過讓學生不斷地重復使用這些語言點，達到吸收以及內(nèi)化的效果。與此同時，學生通過仿寫這種從無到有的過程，可以打破對于寫作的恐懼，增強自信心，加深對于國外寫作考試的理解，切實提高寫作功底。

托福寫作范文：強制上課還是有選擇性上課

Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.

Some people think that university students should be able to choose whether to go to classes or not. I could not disagree more with this idea. Even though students can have excused absences, for example, when they are sick or have something emergent to attend to, generally they should be required to go to classes. In fact, attending classes has many advantages, three of them most important: learning from the teacher, interacting with classmates, and developing responsibility.

Attending classes has the benefit of receiving the best that a teacher can offer. Good teachers review the difficult and key points of the material in the course textbook. The best teachers do more than this. They conduct group discussion of the material, and present alternative points of view on the same issue. This increases students' real understanding and critical thinking. Moreover, teachers supplement the textbook material with information provided by guest speakers, which further enhances students' understanding. All this implies that, if students are absent from class, it is tantamount to forfeiting their right to full benefits of teacher-guided learning in class.

Going to classes also helps students learn how to work with their classmates. In class, students need to put forward their ideas. They have to take questions from their classmates and when their classmates have a different point of view, they have to defend their own. All this is conducted in a friendly manner. Interaction of this kind teaches students about how to work with other people.

Finally, going to classes enables students to develop responsibility. Having to finish all the assigned readings before class helps prepare them for getting a job. So does requirement of being punctual for class. Similarly, having to complete assignments on time for class helps them to foster responsibility.

Admittedly, students can obtain information from books, but they benefit a great deal more when they go to classes. They have the advantage of learning from their teacher, of interacting with other people, and of developing the responsibility required of a good worker as well as a good student. If these skills in life are in no sense optional, how can attending classes in a university be optional?

原文來源：哈佛20篇

托福范文解析

1. Attending classes has the benefit(好處=advantages) of receiving the best that a teacher can offer.

上課有能夠接收最好的老師提供信息的好

2. Good teachers review the difficult and key points(重點) of the material in the course textbook.

好老師復習課本材料上的重難點

3. The best teachers do more than(不僅)this.

最好的老師不僅做這些。

4. They conduct group discussion(進行小組討論)of the material, and present alternative(不同的)points of view(觀點)on the same issue.

他們對材料進行小組討論，并且對同一問題提出不同觀點。

5. This increases students' real understanding and critical thinking(批判性思維).

這會增加學生的真正理解和批片性思維。

6. Moreover(而且=furthermore，表示遞進關(guān)系), teachers supplement(補充) the textbook material with information provided by guestspeakers(done做后置定語), which further enhances(提升，促進=improve) students' understanding.

而且，老師會用客座教授提供的信息對課本材料進行補充，這會進一步提升學生的理解。

7.All this implies(暗示，說明=indicates) that, if students are absent(缺席的)from class, it is tantamount(相等的)to forfeiting(剝奪) their right to full benefits of(發(fā)揮...的好處)teacher-guided(老師引導的，students-centered學生中心的)learning in class.

所有的這些意味著，如果學生缺席課堂，這等同于剝奪他們發(fā)揮老師引導的課堂的好處。

8. Going to classes also helps students learn how to work with(與...合作) their classmates.

上課也會幫助學生學會如何與同學合作

9. In class, students need to put forward(提出) their ideas. 在課堂上，學生需要突出他們的觀點。

10.They have to take(have to do不得不/必須做sth) questions from their classmates and when their classmates have a different point of view, they have to defend(辯護)their own.

他們必須接受來自同學們的問題而且danger他們的同學有不同觀點時，他們必須為自己的觀點辯護。

11. All this is conducted(做)in a friendly manner. Interaction of this kind(這種互動)teaches students about how to work with other people.

這種互動教給學生如何與他人合作

12. Finally,going to classes enables students to develop(enable sb to do sth使某人能做某事)responsibility.

最后，上課使學生能夠培養(yǎng)責任心。

13. Having to finish all the assigned(布置的)readings before class helps prepare them for getting(prepare sb for doing為sb做sth做準備)a job.

必須在上課前完成布置的閱讀幫助他們?yōu)閷碚业焦ぷ髯鰷蕚洹?/p>

14. So does(so does/do...，...也是) requirement of being punctual for(準時...) class.

課堂準時的要求也是如此

15.Similarly, having to complete assignments on time(punctually) for class helps them to foster responsibility(=develop responsibility).

同理，必須按時完成課堂作業(yè)幫助他們培養(yǎng)責任心

16. Admittedly(誠然，表示讓步關(guān)系), students can obtaininformation(獲得信息，obtain=gain=acquire) from books, but they benefit(v.受益) a great deal(許多) more when they go to classes.

誠然，學生可以從書本上獲得信息，但是當他們?nèi)ド险n的時候，他們獲益更多。

17. They have the advantage(=benefit)of learning from their teacher, of interacting with other people, and of developing the responsibility required of a good worker(后置定語)as well as(=and，也)a good student.

他們有向老師學習，和其他人互動和培養(yǎng)一個好員工所需的責任心的好處。

18. If these skills in life are in no sense(=not不是) optional(可選擇的), how can attending classes in a university be optional?

如果這些生活技能不是可選擇的，在大學上課怎么能選擇呢?

托福寫作范文：成功依靠勇氣還是依靠運氣

“When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck has nothing to do with success.” Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.

It is universally acknowledged that hard work is indispensable to success. Scientists toil for years before they make a major discovery. Students study for years before they are accepted by a top university. Self-made people work for a long time, even all their life before they make a fortune.(舉出具體的人物) However, less well-known is the essential role that luck plays in achieving one’s goals. It is often luck that turns years of hard work into success; people discover and invent things with the help of luck, and so do they become famous and find jobs.

First, luck has helped a great number of people invent and discover things. Sir Alexander Fleming experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he discovered Penicillin. He went through laborious trial and error, but it was on account of luck that he looked at the mold on a piece of cheese and got the idea for penicillin there and then. Benjamin Franklin had been trying to prove his idea that lightning and electricity is the same thing, but it was only in flying a kite that he proved it and the concept of a lightning rod happened to strike him.

Also, luck helps people become famous. Let us consider young authors. Many work hard to learn to write. For example, they take writing classes. Besides, they work at menial jobs so as to survive and gain experience. Then one day a lucky writer may have a piece of writing published and attract public attention. Or the writer meets an editor at the right time and place. Years of continuous writing brings the writer to the door of success, but one lucky chance, like the shot in soccer, eventually helps him or her reap success.

Finally, luck has helped many people secure jobs. One may spend much time writing and sending resumes, reading recruiting ads, and going to job interviews. One may pound the pavement for a long time before getting a job. However, it is with luck a job hunter meets the person who will offer a position to him or her, or learns of a vacancy that is not advertised. Being at the right place at the right time often helps one land a job, and this has all to do with luck.

One can hardly succeed without hard work, but hard work without luck often leads to nothing. Luck has helped a great number of people find success. In fact, luck goes hand in hand with hard work.

托福寫作范文：小說還是非小說

“When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck has nothing to do with success.” Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.

It is universally acknowledged that hard work is indispensable to success. Scientists toil for years before they make a major discovery. Students study for years before they are accepted by a top university. Self-made people work for a long time, even all their life before they make a fortune.(舉出具體的人物) However, less well-known is the essential role that luck plays in achieving one’s goals. It is often luck that turns years of hard work into success; people discover and invent things with the help of luck, and so do they become famous and find jobs.

First, luck has helped a great number of people invent and discover things. Sir Alexander Fleming experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he discovered Penicillin. He went through laborious trial and error, but it was on account of luck that he looked at the mold on a piece of cheese and got the idea for penicillin there and then. Benjamin Franklin had been trying to prove his idea that lightning and electricity is the same thing, but it was only in flying a kite that he proved it and the concept of a lightning rod happened to strike him.

Also, luck helps people become famous. Let us consider young authors. Many work hard to learn to write. For example, they take writing classes. Besides, they work at menial jobs so as to survive and gain experience. Then one day a lucky writer may have a piece of writing published and attract public attention. Or the writer meets an editor at the right time and place. Years of continuous writing brings the writer to the door of success, but one lucky chance, like the shot in soccer, eventually helps him or her reap success.

Finally, luck has helped many people secure jobs. One may spend much time writing and sending resumes, reading recruiting ads, and going to job interviews. One may pound the pavement for a long time before getting a job. However, it is with luck a job hunter meets the person who will offer a position to him or her, or learns of a vacancy that is not advertised. Being at the right place at the right time often helps one land a job, and this has all to do with luck.

One can hardly succeed without hard work, but hard work without luck often leads to nothing. Luck has helped a great number of people find success. In fact, luck goes hand in hand with hard work.