托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作中因?yàn)樵~匯運(yùn)用不當(dāng)所導(dǎo)致的扣分問(wèn)題層出不窮。很多同學(xué)并非不知道這些詞匯語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題，許多情況下都只是沒(méi)有太過(guò)注意才會(huì)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤發(fā)生。下面小編就和大家分享托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作名詞用法注意事項(xiàng)詳細(xì)解讀，希望能夠幫助到大家，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作名詞用法注意事項(xiàng)詳細(xì)解讀
1. 可數(shù)名詞要有冠詞代詞或復(fù)數(shù)
Even expert or scholar specializing in a certain field might cover a vast spectrum of knowledge in order to succeed.
During high school, a very important time in a person’s education career, student will learn skill necessary to be successful in university and the work world.
第一句句子中的expert和scholar都是可數(shù)名詞，因此需要在這些詞之前加上冠詞(定冠詞或不定冠詞)或物主代詞，或變?yōu)槊~的復(fù)數(shù)形式。Even experts or scholars specializing in a certain field might cover a vast spectrum of knowledge in order to succeed.
第二句句子中的student和skill也都是可數(shù)名詞，全句應(yīng)該改為：During high school, a very important time in a person’s education career, students will learn most of the skills necessary to be successful in university and the work world.
2. 集合名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)要注意
我們來(lái)看下面的例句：
Technology is developing at a remarkable speed that our ancestors might never have foreseen.
在此句句子中，technology 是不可數(shù)名詞。考生是否可以將這句句子改成：Various modern technologies are developing at a remarkable speed that our ancestors might never have foreseen呢?technology到底是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞?
當(dāng)technology理解為抽象的“科學(xué)技術(shù)”，即強(qiáng)調(diào)總稱(chēng)時(shí)，是不可數(shù)名詞，如例句中的Technology is developing at a remarkable speed中的technology正是對(duì)“科學(xué)技術(shù)總稱(chēng)”的指代。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)“各種各樣”科技產(chǎn)品的時(shí)候，此時(shí)的technology則是可數(shù)名詞，如例句 Various modern technologies are developing at a remarkable speed. 這類(lèi)名詞稱(chēng)之為“集合名詞”，在托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作中，經(jīng)常使用的“集合名詞”還有g(shù)overnment，如：
The central government is so concerned about keeping pandas in existence that it is spending millions of dollars trying to determine how to artificially inseminate the giant panda. (中央政府是一級(jí)具體的“政府機(jī)關(guān)”，因此使用可數(shù)名詞形式)
It is crucial for government to setup more funds by attracting larger investments to solve financial problems encountered during the course of environment-related projects. (這里的政府是“行政機(jī)關(guān)的總稱(chēng)”，因此使用不可數(shù)名詞形式)
3. 名詞的首字母大寫(xiě)要求介紹
在哪些情況下，名詞需要對(duì)其首字母進(jìn)行大寫(xiě)(capitalization)?
表示月份：February
表示歷史事件：The Enlightenment
表示歷史時(shí)期：The Middle Ages
表示書(shū)刊、報(bào)紙：The New York Times，The Washington Post
表示節(jié)日：Christmas，the Spring Festival
表示國(guó)家(地區(qū))：North America
表示專(zhuān)有名詞：the Amazon
托福寫(xiě)作：題庫(kù)范文附思路解析
1. What change do you want to make in a school you attended? If you could make one important change in a school that you attended, what change would you make? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer. 參見(jiàn)：[6]
『范文』 While the school system in China is generally quite good, there is one problem that I have found prevalent through all of my years of education. The problem is that the teacher to student ratio is too small. This situation was of no benefit to anyone: the teachers, or the students. If there were more teachers in each school, class sizes would be smaller, there would be a greater diversity of knowledge and information, and teachers would be less tired, and would therefore give better classes. Class sizes are overwhelmingly large in China. In many of the courses offered in elementary school and high school, there are over forty students in a class. It is very difficult to learn in this type of situation. The teacher has no time to spend with individual students who need extra help, and students are often embarrassed to ask questions in front of so many other students. If class sizes could be shrunk, the learning curve in most courses would rise dramatically. With more teachers at every school, the collective mass of knowledge and information would rise. Everyone in the world has his/her own very particular set of information. People are like snowflakes; each person is different and has varied experiences from the next person. With more people at a school, there is a wider knowledge base to draw from. This would obviously be an advantage to students, as schools could offer a wider range of courses in a variety of fields of study. Therefore, if I was given the opportunity to change one thing in the high school that I once attended, I would like to try to recruit more qualified teachers and give them more decent pays. This would benefit everyone. It is an unfortunate fact that most school districts cannot afford to make this happen.
2. What gift would you give to help a child develop? A gift (such as a camera, a soccer ball, or an animal) can contribute to a child's development. What gift would you give to help a child develop? Why? Use reasons and specific examples to support your choice.
『分析』可以使用it depends的策略，不同年齡的children可以有不同的選擇。相關(guān)題目：[33]、[161]
『范文』 Child's development is often supplemented by the gifts they receive from important adults in their life. It is important to choose these gifts carefully, and foster growth in the right areas. If I were to give a gift to a child, it would be the game of chess. Chess offers a number of advantages to a child. Chess builds social skills, it encourages the child to develop the higher functions of the brain, and it is a good hobby. As with most games, chess encourages a child to be social with others. As chess is a two-person game, any time children play the game they will be interacting with others. As chess is a competitive game with a winner and a loser, children will have to learn how to lose gracefully if they hope to keep their chess partners. Building social skills when one is young is very important for future successes throughout one's life. Playing chess is also an excellent way to increase one's thinking abilities. Chess is a game of strategy. When playing chess, a child will build important skills such as pattern recognition, strategic thinking, and analytical thinking. All of these skills are very important, especially when going through school. Many subjects a young person must take in school utilize all of these skills, and working on them early in life can be nothing but beneficial. Finally, chess is an excellent hobby for a young person. Playing chess, or any other time-intensive game, keeps children out of trouble. If they are spending their time working on building their chess strategies, they are not out on the streets causing trouble. Many children develop behavioral problems because of simple boredom. Chess is an excellent remedy for this, as it is fun to spend one's free time. Thus, I think chess is an excellent present to give to a young child. Chess encourages both personality and mental development, which are very important in a child's early years. While many gifts will encourage the maturity of one of these types of development, there are few gifts that foster the development of both.
3. Should students be given a long vacation or several short vacations? Some people believe that students should be given one long vacation each year. Others believe that students should have several short vacations throughout the year. Which viewpoint do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.
『分析』無(wú)所謂選擇哪一個(gè)立場(chǎng)。強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)立場(chǎng)的種.種理由的同時(shí)，不要忘了提及另外一個(gè)立場(chǎng)的些許好處。然后采用讓步方式得出自己的結(jié)論。
『范文』 Vacation is a very important part of student life. I would agree that it is best for the students to have many short vacations. School can be a very tiring, tedious experience at times. If students get regular breaks in between intensive periods of studies, they will be more relaxed and ready to learn new material upon returning to school. In addition to this, a change in environment, even if only for a week, gives one the opportunity to relax while reflecting on one's studies. Many students find that even a short break allows them to refresh enough to continue with school. Having many breaks throughout the year is also good for one's social life. If people have the opportunity to catch up with friends and family on a regular basis throughout the year, they will never feel as though they were losing touch with loved ones. Socializing with friends and family is also an excellent way to relax. If students frequently have this kind of opportunity, they will be more at ease and ready for the next semester of school. Moreover, if the school year is broken down into many short semesters, the schools will be able to put a greater amount of focus into the curriculum of the courses. Many students find that by the end of a long semester, they have forgotten the information that they learned at the beginning of the term. By having short, intensive study sessions, students will quickly learn a small amount of information, and thus be able to keep it locked in their minds for a long time to come. Consequently, I think that it is vastly preferable to have numerous short vacations throughout the year. Students will find that they are more relaxed, and can better focus on their studies all year round.
4. Live in a traditional house or in a modern apartment building? Would you prefer to live in a traditional house or in a modern apartment building? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.
『分析』選擇現(xiàn)代公寓更容易寫(xiě)。相比傳統(tǒng)的房子：主要是方便，設(shè)施更完整，上下水(sewerage system);互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接入(accessing internet);有線電視系統(tǒng)(cable TV);煤氣供應(yīng)(gas supply)……容易清掃，清掃范圍少。
『范文』 Choosing a home is a very personal decision to make. Some people prefer to live in traditional houses, while others would rather live in modern apartment buildings. Personally, I would prefer to live in a modern building over a traditional house. Modern buildings provide better services, they are stronger and safer, and they are more conveniently located. When people move into a modern apartment building, they are immediately surrounded by all of the comforts they could possibly want. Modern buildings typically have new plumbing and hardware. Because of this there are usually very few problems with new apartment buildings. In addition to this, they also come supplied with refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioning, and the Internet. Many new buildings have the added bonus of having a workout facility or a swimming pool. All of these advantages make an apartment a much more attractive option than a traditional house. Modern buildings are also stronger and safer than traditional houses. They are made completely of concrete, which is a very durable material. These buildings are always designed by important architects who have a detailed knowledge of building materials, and methods that ensure that natural disasters will not affect the stability of the complex. In addition to this, all modern buildings have to be inspected by engineers, who carefully evaluate the structure to ensure that it is sound and can withstand natural or unnatural disasters. Many older structures were built using the experience of the builder rather than any empirical understanding of building materials and the forces they can withstand. Traditional houses are also usually built in quiet areas outside the city. Most modern apartment buildings are constructed in the core of the city, offering the residents a wide range of services right outside their door. Detailed analyses are made by civic engineers and city planners to ensure that all necessary services are readily available. This includes transportation, shopping, employment and recreational facilities. Living too far outside the city can be a hindrance to one's business and social life.
5. Do advertisements promote things we do not need or products that may improve our lives? Some people say that advertising encourages us to buy things we really do not need. Others say that advertisements tell us about new products that may improve our lives. Which viewpoint do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
『分析』傾向于同意后者廣告的好處：介紹新產(chǎn)品;降低報(bào)紙、雜志、電視節(jié)目的價(jià)格…… 廣告的不良影響(可大多情況下，那不是廣告的錯(cuò)，而是制作者的責(zé)任，這些可以通過(guò)法制解決) 結(jié)論是，廣告有很多好處，也有一些不足，可是沒(méi)有廣告卻是不可以的。
『范文』 Over the last twenty years the amount of adverting we are subjected to in our daily lives has increased dramatically. It has got to the point where one can hardly turn his/her head without seeing a wide array of media images. I tend to agree the fact that advertisements more often than not persuade us into buying things that we do not need. Often it is difficult to discern what a product is from an advertisement. Advertisers prey on our basal emotions, conjuring strong relationships between our primary drives and their product names or logos.
A prime example of this is perfume ads. In many of these types of advertisements there are women in compromising positions, but there is no mention of the actual product for sale. These ads draw us in and make us think that we can be better and more beautiful if we have the product. In addition to being manipulative, advertisements also fill our environments and our consciousness. There is no taboo venue for advertisements; they fill our televisions, radios, streets and elevators. Some advertisers have even taken to placing images of their products in our urinals or on boxers' bodies. It is impossible to get away from them. To illustrate this point, all one has to do is to pick up a popular magazine. While flipping through the pages, one will most likely find that for every page of content there are at least two pages of advertisements. It should also be noted that a significant portion of this so called "content" is actually advertising in disguise.
Finally, advertisements feed on our insecurities and often successfully convince us that we have no value to society without their products. Advertising was originally designed to showcase products and inform us as to how they can improve our lives. This harmless form has been replaced by a medium that viciously attacks our self-confidence and self-esteem. In conclusion, I posit that the main goal of advertisements is to convince us to buy things that we do not need. As globalization continues to shrink the world, advertising coerces all countries to become consumer nations.
