語法是托??荚嚨幕緝?nèi)容,小編整理了一些語法知識,讓我們一起來看看吧。下面小編就和大家分享,來欣賞一下吧。
托?;A(chǔ)語法知識講解:被動時態(tài)
語法知識也是托福備考的基本內(nèi)容,語法知識貫穿于聽說讀寫各個考試科目中。今天我們重點(diǎn)來講解的是“被動時態(tài)”,下面就跟隨新東方在線托福網(wǎng)一起來看看具體的內(nèi)容吧!
先說說被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu),其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:be+動詞的過去分詞。其與主動語態(tài)在形式上的特征是選擇使用哪一種語態(tài)的必備常識,也是解題的一種手段。
被動語態(tài)區(qū)別于主動語態(tài)的是謂語動詞必須是及物動詞且之后絕大多數(shù)不能夠再接賓語,只有極少數(shù)可以接雙賓語的動詞,像consider, give, call, name等就可以,比如像:She was considered a genius in painting.
小編提醒:在托??荚嚨母腻e題中,如果在被動句里面,動詞(除了上面提到的接雙賓語的動詞)的被動式后面出現(xiàn)賓語,那么在這里絕對是有錯誤的,可將其改為主動句,但是同樣的,在主動句里面,如果及物動詞后面沒有賓語,此處肯定也是錯誤的,可以將其改為被動句。
其實(shí)大家可以將by視為被動語態(tài)的標(biāo)志詞,在by之后的名詞短語是句子中動作的施動者,因此在題目中如果見到by+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)的時候,最優(yōu)先考慮的就是被動式,比如像:The book was written by Mark Twain.
小編提醒:在by的后面如果接的是動名詞,那么其表示為方式、手段就不能將其視為被動式的標(biāo)志了,并且此時的謂語應(yīng)該用主動式,如:He passed the exam by cheating.而對于know來講,一般都是用be known to,而不用be know by。有點(diǎn)迷糊?沒事,我們照例來例題解析:
例:The seating of musicians in an orchestra is arranged --- to produce The desired blend of contributor from The various himself to sections.
(A) the conductor of
(B) from the conductor
(C) the conductor and
(D) by the conductor
解析:在題目中,如果不要空白處的話,句子也是很完整的,我們可以清楚的看到空格后的不定式短語表目的,那么可能填入的是arrange的施動者,自然此處應(yīng)該用by來引導(dǎo),A選項(xiàng)中of不能接不定式,C選項(xiàng)不能在被動式后面接賓語,所以選D。
大家都知道被動語態(tài)由助動詞be加上過去分詞構(gòu)成,因此它也會有不同的時態(tài),其時態(tài)主要通過助動詞be來表現(xiàn),在其中,對過去進(jìn)行時的表示方法大家要留意啊。比如像:The potatoes are being peeled in The machine.當(dāng)然還有其他的時態(tài),像:
The table has just been cleaned.(現(xiàn)在完成時)
His passport had been changed without His notice.(過去完成時)
The press conference will be held in three weeks.(一般將來時)
這個我們方便大家理解,就直接上例題解析:
例:Experiment in the photography of moving objects --in both the United States and Europe well before 1900.
(A) have had been conducting
(B) were conducting
(C) had been conducted
(D) being conducted
解析:在這個句子中缺少謂語,conduct是及物動詞,因此后面如果沒有賓語的話,基于此,A和B首先接被排除了,D的分詞是不能單獨(dú)作謂語的,所以選C。
托福語法實(shí)例講解:不定代詞
一、比較both 和All
Both,either,neither都是在談到兩個人或者東西的時候用到
Both of them are right. (他們兩個人都對)
You can take either book.(兩本書你可以任意挑一本)
Neither of them is going to get haircut. (他們倆誰也不愿意理發(fā))
All of the books are worth to read. (三本書以上)
None of them is going to get haircut. (them指三個人以上)
I like any of them. (them指三個人以上)
二、None 和no
None和no都用于否定的意思。但是None是“沒有一個人或者沒有一個東西”,在句子中可以用作主語、賓語、同位語等。而No是“沒有”的意思,只能夠當(dāng)作形容詞用,不能夠作代詞用。
None of them knew how to do it. (不能夠說no of them)
No women are allowed to come in.
三、another,the other,others,the others
1.在涉及到兩個人或者東西的時候,任意取一個用one,另外那個用the other(表示特指)
I have two computers; one is IBM,the other is Dell.
2.涉及到三個以上時,任意取一個用one,泛指另外一個用another
Three people went to the meeting. One was a software programmer,another was a network expert, and the third was a college student.
3.涉及到三個以上時,任意取一個用one,表示特指其他的那些用the others或者用
the other+名詞
Two of them go to Canada,the others go to America.
(他們中兩個人去了加拿大,其他人去了美國)
Two of the students go to Canada,the other students go to America
托福詞匯語法講解
第一講 詞類 一、 冠詞 【概念】 冠詞是一種虛詞,用在名詞或者名詞性短語的前面,表示名詞是特指還是泛指。 冠詞可以分為定冠詞(the)和不定冠詞(a / an)?! 灸銇砭毩?xí)】 an 用在元音音素前 ____ university ____ upward trend ______ European ____ engineer _____ hot dog ______ honour (一) 不定冠詞(a / an)的用法 1. 第一次提及的人或物,泛指某人或某物之前 1) Once a child goes to school, they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home. 2) [一個最近的調(diào)查] conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has found that one third of the white collar workers suffer from insomnia and depression. 2. 表示一類人或物 A knife is a tool for cutting with. A dog is a common animal. 3. 不定冠詞用在事物的“單位”前,如時間、價(jià)格等意義的名詞前,表示“每一”?! ?).People are suggested to do exercises . [至少一周兩次] 2).Health experts recommend that people should drink . [一天八杯水] 4. 不定冠詞用于固定詞組中,如 quite a little, a large(good,great) amount /sum/deal of, quite a few, a great(good,great) number of, a good many (of), a host of, a lot of/ lots of/ plenty of a large quantity of /a series of/ a good supply of 1).Excessive intake of high fat, sugar and calories leads to a host of health problems. 2).Obesity is no longer a personal health problem, but a thorny issue inducing a series of social problems. 5. 用于序數(shù)詞前,表示“又一,再一” Can you give me a second chance? 6. 抽象名詞具體化,被具體化的名詞要加不定冠詞 a surprise a success a pleasure 7. 用于固定搭配中 once a week ; a series of; a piece of ;a wide range of (二) 定冠詞(the)的用法 1. 定冠詞特指,上文中已經(jīng)提到過的人或者事物,或雙方明確所指的人或物前?! ?) There are many factors that contribute to child and adolescent obesity. The factors may include age, sex, genes, psychological makeup and environment. 2) In network age, the development of the library faces new challenges. 2. 定冠詞與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,表示一類人或者物。 1) [電腦] and video games contribute to children’s inactive lifestyles. 2) [吸煙者] causes damage to others through second-hand smoking. 3. 定冠詞用于表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物或者自然現(xiàn)象名詞前 the earth, the sun, the moon, the world, the South Pole, the universe, the Bible 4. 定冠詞用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級和表示方位的名詞前。 5. 用在樂器名稱前,特別是西洋樂器 但中華民族樂器和音樂名詞前不用冠詞 6. 用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)形式前,表示“全家人”或“夫妻倆” 7.用在年代,朝代,時代名詞前 8. 用于江河,海洋,湖泊,海峽,山脈,群島?! ?. 用在習(xí)語中all the same;all the time;at the moment;at the same time ;by the way 【你來翻譯】 3) 最有效的方式 4) 有同樣經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人 5) 西游記 6) 他是我最不想見的人。 (三) 零冠詞用法概述 1.表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前,表示一類人或事物 Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways. 2.在季節(jié)、節(jié)日、星期、月份及三餐等名詞前 [吃早飯] ___________is a good way to start the day and may be important in achieving and maintaining a healthy weight. 3. 指職位、頭銜的詞 4. 在表示棋類或球類的名詞前 第二講 句子結(jié)構(gòu) Chapter Two —— Sentence Structure 1.主語:主語是一個句子的主體,一般位于句首,表示句子說的是什么人或者什么事情。一般由名詞,代詞,不定式,動名詞或從句充當(dāng)。 The girl is pretty. He is a volunteer. To see is to believe Reading is useful. What is more unbelievable is the fact that he didn’t die. 2.謂語:說明主語做什么,是什么或者怎么樣,由簡單動詞或者動詞短語構(gòu)成.謂語在人稱和數(shù)的方面必須要和主語一致?! hey are teachers. She looks well. He can speak English. He studies hard. He laughed at his classmates. 3.賓語: 是動作,行為的對象,由名詞,代詞,短語,不定式,動名詞,從句充當(dāng).它和及物動詞一起說明主語做了什么,在謂語之后?! he plays the piano. He often helps me. I like watching TV. She likes to go to shop this afternoon. I think that he is a good guy. 注:直接賓語和間接賓語:英語中,一些及物動詞如:give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等,可以帶兩個賓語。一個指人,叫間接賓語;一個指物,叫直接賓語。
Eg. He gives him the book (間賓) (直賓) 4. 表語:說明主語是什么,或者怎么樣,由名詞,形容詞,副詞,介詞短語,不定式,動名詞,短語,或者從句充當(dāng).表語位于系動詞后面. I am a teacher. She is happy. Everybody is here. They are at home now. My job is to teach English. Seeing is believing. This is what I want 5. 定語:是用來說明人或事物的品質(zhì)或特征。修飾名詞或代詞。形容詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,名詞,介詞短語,不定式,動名詞,分詞,從句都可以充當(dāng)定語. The black bike is mine. What’s your name? I have five books. The boy in the room is Jack. They made paper flowers. I have something to do. A sleeping boy. A broken vase. The girl who is talking is my sister. 注:英語的定語可以前置,也可以后置。獨(dú)立的單詞作定語時,習(xí)慣上放在被修飾的詞之前作前置定語;短語或句子(定語從句)作定語時,應(yīng)放在被修飾的詞后面,作后置定語 6. 狀語:狀語用來修飾動詞,形容詞或副詞.它表示行為發(fā)生的時間,地點(diǎn),目的,方式,程度等.一般由副詞,介詞短語,不定式或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語充當(dāng),也可由從句來充當(dāng). I have a dream today.(時間狀語) He did it carefully. (方式狀語) I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.(地點(diǎn)狀語) 7. 賓語補(bǔ)足語:是補(bǔ)充說明賓語的身份,狀態(tài),特性或所做的動作的一種句子成分。一般由名詞,形容詞,不定式,介詞短語和分詞構(gòu)成。 His parents named him Jim. We found the book very interesting. .Lucy asked him to turn down the radio. I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow. 句子的結(jié)構(gòu) 按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種: 1)簡單句:只有一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語(或并列謂語)?! .g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2) 并列句:由并列連詞(and, but, for, or, so)或分號(;)把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成?! .g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的,道路是曲折的?! ?)復(fù)合句:含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含:名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句)、定語從句和狀語從句等?! .g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. (其中簡單句其中二) 其中在簡單句中英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型,是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)?! ?. S+V→主語+謂語(不及物動詞)(+狀語) Class begins. Jim runs in the park. 及物動詞后可直接加賓語:buy, catch, invent, found, like, 注:及物和不及物動詞的區(qū)別 raise, find, forget 不及物動詞后面不可直接接賓語,一般要加介詞后再接賓語: go, work, listen, look, come eg.Managers often behave very differently outside the office and in it, even to the same person. 由于世界的工業(yè)化和人口的增長,水污染問題加劇了。/ is ge 2. S+V+O→主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語 He enjoys reading. eg.Children’s extensive exposure to television violence causes greater aggressiveness. Solving these problems cannot depend on the simple rise in the price of petrol. 3. S+V+IO+DO→主語+謂語(及物動詞)+間接賓語+直接賓語 I bought John a birthday present. Please tell me your telephone number. eg. 1.廣告給我們提供很多有用的信息?! dvertisements supply us much useful information 2.家長應(yīng)該保證孩子接受教育的機(jī)會。[guarantee] Parents should guarantee their children the access to f 4 .S+V+P→主語+系動詞+表語(+狀語) He became a scientist. They are honest. eg. 目前,對于許多國家的年輕人來說,高中畢業(yè)后從學(xué)習(xí)中休息一下是非常普遍的。[have a break from] It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after eg.出現(xiàn)在商業(yè)廣告中的信息有時候是誤導(dǎo)性和欺騙性的?! he information that appears in the commercial sometimes are che 5. S+V+O+C (主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)) The war made him a soldier. New methods make the job easy. 1.School bullying makes students afraid of going to school. 2.Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists, 【練習(xí)】 1) 學(xué)會與別人合作是一個人職業(yè)中的關(guān)鍵因素 2) 父母們總是期望他們的孩子出人頭地。 3) 媒體中的暴力可能會給孩子呈現(xiàn)出不好的范例?! ÷糜握哂袡C(jī)會去充分體驗(yàn)完全不同的文化。
托福詞匯語法講解:時態(tài)問題
★ 寫作中,常用時態(tài)有四種:一般現(xiàn)在時,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時,現(xiàn)在完成時,一般將來時 ★ 口語中,注意時態(tài)的正確使用,特別是過去時 一、 寫作中常用時態(tài) 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時:注意第三人稱單數(shù) 【你來翻譯】 1) 做兼職工作對一個人的將來的事業(yè)有深遠(yuǎn)的影響。[exert profound impacts on] Taking part-time jobs exerts profound impacts on one’s future career. 2) 國際旅游業(yè)促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展?! nternational tourism promotes the economic development. 3) 電子書籍的發(fā)展將帶來書籍業(yè)的重大變化?! he development of e-books will bring major changes in the book industry. 2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時:表示逐漸的過程 【常用句型】 1) X。X。X is developing / increasing / advancing rapidly/dramatically/at an amazing rate. 2) X。X。X is becoming increasingly popular / prevalent in the contemporary world. 3. 現(xiàn)在完成時: 常用來表示變化發(fā)展的結(jié)果?! 緯r間搭配】 In recent years / In the past decades… 1) 最近幾十年期間,科技極大的改變了人們的生活?! n recent years, technology has reshaped people’s life. 2) 最近幾年,現(xiàn)代的科技已經(jīng)被廣泛的應(yīng)用于教育中,這在一定程度上豐富了傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)方法?! n recent years, modern technology has been widely applied to education in schools, which, to meth. 3) Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations. This has been driven by technological and scientific breakthroughs that are changing the whole way we view the world on an almost daily basis. 4. 一般將來時:常用來表示對將來一種趨勢的預(yù)測, 【常用句式】 will do (be expected / predicted to do (表示一種預(yù)測) ) 托福閱讀備考提升語法能力2大重點(diǎn)要點(diǎn)講解
托福閱讀提升語法能力要點(diǎn)分析
1.熟悉語法規(guī)則
對于托福閱讀,常見的語法現(xiàn)象有定語從句,主賓表同四個名詞性從句,以及非謂語動詞。對于多數(shù)的學(xué)生而言,單個的語法現(xiàn)象不足以成為閱讀的障礙,真正的障礙來自于文章句子里面所體現(xiàn)的多個語法現(xiàn)象,也就是我們平時所說的長難句。經(jīng)常做錯題分析的同學(xué)也明白,自己錯題的原因并非沒有找到相關(guān)的信息,而是定位到有效信息后,沒有看懂句子的意思,導(dǎo)致錯題。所以備考階段需要有針對性,要加強(qiáng)長難句分析的訓(xùn)練,由易到難,熟練掌握語法規(guī)則。
2.精讀文章,分析段落結(jié)構(gòu),劃分句子成分,并翻譯文章大意
句子是語法的載體,在做完題目之后必須要精讀文章,把每段的段落層次劃分清楚,把比較難懂的句子單獨(dú)拿出來劃出主干部分,并翻譯出大意。在這一環(huán)節(jié),翻譯是必要的,翻譯其實(shí)就是語言的輸出,如果輸出的信息是正確的,那么我們的理解就是正確的,同時還有利于老師對于學(xué)生語法知識盲點(diǎn)的準(zhǔn)確判斷,改進(jìn)教學(xué)。