托福聽力是托?？荚囍凶顬橹攸c(diǎn)的內(nèi)容，因?yàn)橥懈？荚噹缀跽麍隹荚嚩紩婕奥犃?，聽力、口語和寫作都會涉及到聽力。下面小編就和大家分享托福聽力備考五大要素缺一不可，來欣賞一下吧。
托福聽力訓(xùn)練方法
第一步：要想徹底不卡殼地聽懂TOEFL聽力的內(nèi)容，或與老外進(jìn)行無障礙交流，首先要Maintain your composure and your confidence，就是說要保持冷靜和自信，千萬不要因?yàn)橐惶帥]反應(yīng)過來，就慌了手腳。良好的心理素質(zhì)對于聽力實(shí)力的培養(yǎng)和提高相當(dāng)關(guān)鍵。
第二步：TOEFL聽力的過程中要學(xué)會根據(jù)語言傳達(dá)的信息Make pictures and images, 也就是說：把抽象的文字變成形象的圖畫反映于腦海之中。有了連續(xù)的動態(tài)圖像的幫助，就有利于我們避開“直接翻譯的無序性”，以抓住TOEFL表達(dá)的主干而不是旁支末節(jié)，從而走出“聽了后面，忘了前面”的“怪圈”。也只有這樣，才能使我們真正體會到“登泰山而小天下”的神奇感受。
第三步：在聽懂之后，不要盲目追求“題海戰(zhàn)術(shù)”，迫不及待地找其他題目來聽，而應(yīng)該把注意力放到聽過的題目上?？梢哉f它們才是我們進(jìn)一步分析、研究從而樹立聽覺形象的上佳材料。所以要Model everything ( pronunciation, intonation, tone, slang, idioms, patterns, etc.) we heard before。也就是說認(rèn)真模仿和跟讀TOEFL聽力題目中的各種語言點(diǎn)(包括語音、語調(diào)、語氣、俚語、習(xí)語、句式等)，不能放過任何細(xì)節(jié)。
第四步：在模仿的基礎(chǔ)上，Multiply the meaning and usage of the words and patterns。 即大力補(bǔ)充和擴(kuò)展TOEFL聽力題目中常用詞匯和句式的其它含義和用法。因?yàn)門OEFL聽力考查的一大難點(diǎn)就是“一詞多義”，或“一義多詞”。這也就是很多考生之所以聽出來老外用的是哪個詞，卻仍然搞不懂其在題目中確切含義的重要原因。
第五步：在模仿和擴(kuò)展的基礎(chǔ)之上，要學(xué)會Mine(挖掘)the cultural background and the way of English thinking behind the language, 即努力挖掘聽力題目語言背后的美語思維模式和美國文化背景。畢竟語言是文化和思維的載體，掌握了老外的邏輯思維，就能在TOEFL聽力過程中變被動為主動，以不變應(yīng)萬變。
第六步：Memorize them。即在“立體”解構(gòu)了這些TOEFL聽力題目之后，將它們加以背誦和記憶，以求達(dá)到脫口而出的感覺。因?yàn)門OEFL聽力的語言重現(xiàn)率很高，背得越多，意味著沒聽過的就越少。久而久之，聽力實(shí)力便會大增。
不可否認(rèn)背誦是份“苦差事”，但“欲窮大地三千里，須上高峰八百盤?！笨梢哉f，背誦是登上聽力境界的重要環(huán)節(jié)。如果說“M7”的前五步是“消化過程”，那么背誦這第六步就是“吸收過程”。我們始終都要讓學(xué)生們銘記：吃得苦中苦，方為人上人。
第七步：相信如果你走過以上的六步，就會不經(jīng)意的發(fā)現(xiàn)：果然不僅是TOEFL聽力技巧、更是TOEFL聽力實(shí)力能夠大幅度的得以提高，Just like a Miracle!像奇跡一般!
2020托福聽力練習(xí)：膝關(guān)節(jié)響聲或?yàn)榛颊呖祻?fù)提供幫助
The sound of a cracking knee isn't particularly pleasant.
But it gets worse when you listen up close.
"It does for most people. But for me, it just makes me excited."
Omer Inan, an electrical engineer at Georgia Tech.
"I actually feel like there's some real information in them that can be exploited for the purposes of helping people with rehab."
Inan's experience with cracking knees goes back to his days as an undergrad at Stanford, where he threw discus.
"If I had a really hard workout, then the next day of course I'd be sore, but I'd also sometimes feel this catching or popping or creaking every now and then in my knee."
A few years later, he found himself building tiny microphones at a high-end audio company.
So when he got to Georgia Tech and heard the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA, wanted better tech for knee injuries, he thought:
Why not strap tiny microphones to people's knees, to eavesdrop as their legs bend? "
What we think it is, is the cartilage and bone rubbing against each other, the surfaces inside the knee rubbing against each other, during the movements."
He and a team of physiologists and engineers built a prototype with stretchy athletic tape and a few tiny Mics and skin sensors.
And preliminary tests on athletes suggest the squishy sounds the device picks up are more erratic, and more irregular, in an injured knee than in a healthy one.
Which Inan says might allow patients and doctors to track healing after surgery.
Details appear in the IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.
"The primary application we're targeting at first is to give people a decision aid during rehabilitation, following an acute knee injury, to help them understand when they can perform particular activities, and when they can move to different intensities of particular activities."
A useful thing to take a crack at.
膝蓋裂開的聲音肯定不是令人特別愉悅。
但是你靠近聽時，聲音就會更刺耳。
“很多人都是這樣的感覺，但對我而言，這種聲音只會讓我更為興奮?！?/p>
佐治亞州理工學(xué)院的一名電氣工程師奧默爾?伊恩楠說道。
“實(shí)際上我認(rèn)為這些聲音中包含的一些的信息可以為患者所用并且有助于他們康復(fù)?！?/p>
伊恩楠的膝蓋創(chuàng)傷經(jīng)歷要追溯到他在斯坦福大學(xué)的學(xué)生時代，他就是在那里開始討論這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
“我要是刻苦進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練，第二天膝蓋就會非常痛，但有時我也會感覺膝蓋發(fā)出咯吱咯吱的聲響。
而幾年后他在一家高端音頻公司制造了微型麥克風(fēng)。
因此當(dāng)伊恩楠來到佐治亞州理工學(xué)院并聽說到DARPA，即美國國防部高級研究計(jì)劃局的這項(xiàng)工程后，他希望能研發(fā)更先進(jìn)的技術(shù)來治療膝傷，于是他想:
“為什么不把微型麥克風(fēng)植入人體膝蓋記錄下膝蓋彎曲發(fā)出的聲音呢?”
我們認(rèn)為發(fā)出聲音是因?yàn)檐浌呛凸穷^相互摩擦所致，而運(yùn)動的過程中，膝蓋內(nèi)部這兩者的表面會相互摩擦。
他和他的生物學(xué)家及工程師小組用彈性透氣膠帶、一些微型麥克風(fēng)及皮膚傳感器建立了一個原型。
而對運(yùn)動員的初步測試表明，同健康膝蓋相比，受傷膝蓋中所偵測到的聲音更加不穩(wěn)定，也更無規(guī)律可循。
伊恩楠表示這項(xiàng)技術(shù)可能會讓病人及醫(yī)生手在術(shù)后進(jìn)行追蹤治療。
這項(xiàng)研究已在《IEEE生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程》雜志上發(fā)表。
“我們進(jìn)行這個項(xiàng)目的主要目標(biāo)人群是患者的膝蓋受到嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷后，首先要讓他們知道，在康復(fù)期間何時可以進(jìn)行特殊活動及何時可以增加強(qiáng)度。
這種追蹤會非常有用。
1.listen up 聽好了
例句:All right! I need everybody to listen up!
好了!大家都聽好了!
2.each other 互相，彼此
例句:They support each other in their work.
他們在工作中互相支持。
3.move to 移動到
例句:It may also be a good move to suggest she talks things over.
建議她把事情談開了也許是不錯的做法。
4.appear in 出現(xiàn)在
例句:New programmes will appear in the fall on television.
秋季將有新節(jié)目在電視上出現(xiàn)。
2020托福聽力練習(xí)：基因電路輔助細(xì)胞計(jì)算機(jī)
Our smartphones, tablets, laptops—they all compute things electronically. But, think outside that silicon box for a second: "There's nothing special about electrons and using silicon as part of computing." Chris Voigt, a bioengineer at M.I.T.. "You can do computing with any number of things." Including, he says, DNA.
"Cells do computing all the time. So they're constantly trying to interpret their environment and be able to turn on different genes and respond to it." And those genes in a cellular circuit are like the logic gates, the memory, and other systems found in conventional computers.
So Voigt and his colleagues created what he calls the first human-made "programming language" for living cells. It’s an open-source design environment called "Cello." Just write what you want the cell to do, and Cello spits out the DNA sequence—as if you were compiling code. The researchers used the platform to design 60 genetic circuits, which they then ran inside E. coli bacteria. Many of these DNA-based circuits allow bacteria to sense environmental data - like levels of oxygen or glucose in the gut - and respond in various ways. They detail the findings in the journal Science.
Not all the circuits worked as intended. A quarter of them failed, and some were toxic to the cells. But the idea is to make cellular circuit design easier—and more approachable—to creative people. "When I was a graduate student I had a computer file for Microsoft Word that had all my favorite pieces of DNA. And I would have to sit there and stitch it together and try to remember how each one worked, and constantly run programs to try to look for mistakes."
Cello takes care of all that. And now, Voigt says, biology is right about where electrical engineering was in the early 80s: ready for a computing revolution.
Our smartphones, tablets, laptops-they all compute things electronically. 我們的智能手機(jī)、平板電腦、筆記本--它們都是以電子方式進(jìn)行計(jì)算。
But, think outside that silicon box for a second: "There's nothing special about electrons and using silicon as part of computing." 但是，考慮一下硅制盒子之外的事物："利用電子和硅進(jìn)行計(jì)算并無特殊之處。"
Chris Voigt, a bioengineer at M.I.T.. "You can do computing with any number of things." Including, he says, DNA. 克里斯·沃伊特是麻省理工學(xué)院的生物工程師。"你可以利用計(jì)算機(jī)計(jì)算任何事物的數(shù)量。" DNA也包括在內(nèi)。
Cells do computing all the time. 細(xì)胞一直都在進(jìn)行計(jì)算。
So they're constantly trying to interpret their environment and be able to turn on different genes and respond to it. 所以，它們一直在試圖了解周圍的環(huán)境，并控制DNA，并對其作出反應(yīng)。
And those genes in a cellular circuit are like the logic gates, the memory, and other systems found in conventional computers. 這些在細(xì)胞電路中的基因就像傳統(tǒng)電腦中的邏輯門、內(nèi)存和其他的系統(tǒng)。
So Voigt and his colleagues created what he calls the first human-made "programming language" for living cells. 所以，沃伊特和同事們創(chuàng)造了人類首例的活細(xì)胞"編程語言"。
It's an open-source design environment called "Cello." 這種開放源碼的設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境稱為"Cello"。
Just write what you want the cell to do, and Cello spits out the DNA sequence-as if you were compiling code. 你只需寫下需要細(xì)胞做些什么，這時候 Cello翻譯DNA序列--就好像你在進(jìn)行編碼。
The researchers used the platform to design 60 genetic circuits, which they then ran inside E. coli bacteria. 研究人員利用這一平臺設(shè)計(jì)了60個遺傳電路，他們可以利用這些遺傳電路應(yīng)用于大腸桿菌內(nèi)部。
Many of these DNA-based circuits allow bacteria to sense environmental data - like levels of oxygen or glucose in the gut - and respond in various ways. 許多基于 DNA的電路都允許細(xì)菌感覺環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)--例如大腸中的氧氣以及葡萄糖的含量--并通過不同的方式作出反應(yīng)。
They detail the findings in the journal Science. 該研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在《科學(xué)》雜志上。
Not all the circuits worked as intended. 但是并不是所有的電路都會按照預(yù)期的方式運(yùn)行。
A quarter of them failed, and some were toxic to the cells. 有1/4的電路失敗了，而有的電路則會毒害細(xì)胞。
But the idea is to make cellular circuit design easier-and more approachable-to creative people. 但是，這種創(chuàng)作想法會使有創(chuàng)新精神的人將細(xì)胞電路設(shè) 計(jì)更加簡單--更易成功。
When I was a graduate student I had a computer file for Microsoft Word that had all my favorite pieces of DNA. 當(dāng)我還在讀研究生的時候，我有一個電腦文件里面包含了我最愛的DNA片段。
And I would have to sit there and stitch it together and try to remember how each one worked, and constantly run programs to try to look for mistakes. 我會坐在那里，將這些片斷拼接到一起，并試圖記住這 些片斷是如何運(yùn)作的，我還經(jīng)常運(yùn)行程序試圖找到其中的錯誤。
Cello takes care of all that. And now, Voigt says, biology is right about where electrical engineering was in the early 80s: ready for a computing revolution. Cello會處理以上所有的問題?，F(xiàn)在，沃伊特稱生物學(xué)就像80年代早期的電器工程：已經(jīng)為計(jì)算機(jī)革命做好準(zhǔn)備。
