托福聽力備考五大要素是什么?其實(shí)聽力備考五大要素涵蓋了聽力備考的各個(gè)方面，這五個(gè)要素分別是詞匯、精聽、題型、背景知識和語感。下面小編就和大家分享托福聽力備考五大要素缺一不可，來欣賞一下吧。

托福聽力備考五大要素缺一不可

托福聽力備考五大要素之 詞匯

任何語言的學(xué)習(xí)都是以單詞為基礎(chǔ)的，托?？荚嚠?dāng)然跳不過這一關(guān)。但是由于托福聽力考試本身不涉及單詞拼寫，考生可以把重點(diǎn)放在單詞讀音和意思的辨認(rèn)上，盡量擴(kuò)大自己的詞匯量，只記基礎(chǔ)詞匯拼寫。

托福聽力備考五大要素之 精聽

無論何種形式的聽力考試，精聽都是最能從根本上提高聽力能力的練習(xí)方式。朗閣海外考試研究中心分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，考生在做聽力時(shí)容易出現(xiàn)這么幾個(gè)問題：(1)無法整句理解。由于詞匯和語法知識的欠缺，很多考生在聽文章時(shí)往往只能抓住個(gè)別單詞詞組，再加上自己的猜測來進(jìn)行理解，這么做會造成理解不到位或者錯(cuò)誤的發(fā)生，有時(shí)多想一秒鐘也會影響到下文。(2)記憶容量不夠。聽后忘前是最容易發(fā)生的情況。(3)筆頭不快?？忌浌P記時(shí)手忙腳亂，想記這個(gè)又舍不得那個(gè)，最終寫下的內(nèi)容都是雞肋。精聽練習(xí)要求考生聽一句記一句，單句太長也可根據(jù)意群來做停頓。長期這樣的練習(xí)可以有效解決以上三個(gè)問題，鞏固了單詞，全面提高聽力能力。

托福聽力備考五大要素之 題型

托福聽力考試題型上的特點(diǎn)就是通篇選擇，沒有任何單詞拼寫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因此初次接觸考試的同學(xué)可能會抱著大不了一猜的心態(tài)，認(rèn)為題型上難度不大。但是別忘了托福聽力機(jī)考的特點(diǎn)是先聽文章再做題目，并沒有提前預(yù)覽的機(jī)會，因此考生在聽文章前對內(nèi)容幾乎是完全沒有概念的，會有些盲目。只有了解托福聽力的出題特點(diǎn)，才能在聽文章時(shí)把握好重點(diǎn)，記錄有效信息。托福聽力中的選擇題型可以分為傳統(tǒng)的單選題和多選題，以及相對新穎的配對排序題三種。各種題型將會考到學(xué)生對文章基本信息的理解，對所給情景的理解以及整合信息的能力。單選題為四選一，多選題一般需要選擇2-3個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)，而配對排序題考到的內(nèi)容一般比較細(xì)節(jié)。比較特殊的選擇性題目有原音復(fù)現(xiàn)題，從理論上來說這類題目的原文考生是聽了兩遍，但事實(shí)上遍時(shí)考生并不清楚考點(diǎn)所在，考生在做原音復(fù)現(xiàn)題時(shí)就一定得好好把握文章中言下之意。

托福聽力備考五大要素之 背景知識

托福聽力考試中較難的講座部分內(nèi)容可以分為藝術(shù)、生命科學(xué)、自然科學(xué)以及人文科學(xué)四個(gè)部分，可以說包含了人類知識的方方面面，并沒有明確的方向?？荚囍薪?jīng)常出現(xiàn)的話題如天文、地理地質(zhì)、音樂繪畫、生物等是考生可以重點(diǎn)去了解的內(nèi)容。推薦同學(xué)們可以通過以下幾種方法積累這些背景知識

(1)整理自己完成的習(xí)題。市面上托福習(xí)題集有很多，很多考生拼命做完題后卻不知道還能干什么。除了做精聽之外，梳理出現(xiàn)過的各科背景知識也能做到有效積累。(2)多看《探索》、《國家地理》等節(jié)目。如果能以聽的形式來積累背景知識對于聽力練習(xí)來說當(dāng)然是不過了。不必刻意追求每字每句都聽懂，關(guān)鍵在于廣泛積累知識。(3)利用維基百科或者百度百科等搜索引擎弄清平時(shí)自己碰到的背景知識難點(diǎn)。

托福聽力備考五大要素之 語感

其實(shí)語感是非常飄渺不定的東西，看不到摸不著，卻對我們的理解起著非常大的作用。說話人語音語調(diào)的變化，用詞的選擇都對理解起著微妙的作用?？忌綍r(shí)可以多多跟讀，模仿說話人的口吻，揣摩說話人的言下之意，這對考生做理解情景類的題目是非常有幫助的。

托福聽力備考五大要素如上，如果大家在備考中已經(jīng)能夠兼顧到這幾個(gè)方面，那么就不用再刻意去提升，如果這幾方面仍有欠缺，建議盡快彌補(bǔ)短板，提升聽力能力。

2020托福聽力練習(xí)：害羞的魚類更喜歡追隨同樣膽小的魚

When you think of a leader, you may think of an individual who is above all bold. But a new study of fish called sticklebacks shows that shy individuals actually prefer to follow fish that are similarly timid.

Researchers had trios of sticklebacks with known personalities play follow the leader. The fish were placed in a tank that had some plastic plants at one end and some food hidden at the other. In some of the groups, a bold fish and a shy fish acted as leaders, while another shy fish followed. And in other groups, it was a bold fish that did the following. The researchers recorded whether the follower sallied forth more frequently with the fish that was behaviorally similar or the one that was different.

What they found is that shy fish were more likely to emerge from under cover when an equally wary fellow was already out there. Bold follower fish did not seem to care which leader they followed.

Of course, no matter which fish a stickleback chose to stick with, the bold fish did lead more expeditions over the course of the experiment than their more retiring friends. That’s because the bold fish initiated more trips, regardless of who might be tailing them. The findings are in the journal Biology Letters.

The researchers write that "when offered a choice of leaders, sticklebacks prefer to follow individuals whose personality matches their own, but bolder individuals may, nevertheless, be able to impose their leadership, even among shy followers, simply through greater effort." We may soon see if such tendencies also hold true in humans, when Americans decide who they’ll follow in November. Unless, of course, something fishy happens.

你可能認(rèn)為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者通常都是非常大膽的個(gè)體。但是一項(xiàng)有關(guān)刺魚的新研究表示，害羞的魚類更喜歡追隨同樣膽小的魚。

研究人員將已知性格的三只刺魚分為一組，觀察它們追隨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的情況。刺魚被放在一個(gè)水箱里，水箱的一頭有一些塑料植物，另一頭藏有一些食物。在有些組中，一只大膽的魚和一只害羞的魚充當(dāng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，而另一只害羞的魚則跟隨它們。而在其他組中，跟隨的卻是一只大膽的魚。研究人員記錄了跟隨者采取行動的頻率，看它們是跟隨行為相似的魚出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)更多，還是跟隨性格相反的魚出來的次數(shù)更多。

研究人員得出的結(jié)論是，當(dāng)同樣謹(jǐn)慎的魚出現(xiàn)時(shí)，害羞的魚更可能從遮蔽物中出來。大膽的跟隨者似乎并不在乎它們跟隨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者是誰。

當(dāng)然了，在實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中，無論一只刺魚選擇跟隨哪只魚，大膽的魚領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的探險(xiǎn)多于靦腆的魚。這是因?yàn)闊o論是誰在跟隨，大膽的魚發(fā)起的探險(xiǎn)更多。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果發(fā)表在《生物學(xué)通訊》上。

研究人員寫道：“在可以選擇領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者時(shí)，刺魚更喜歡跟隨在個(gè)性上同自己相符的個(gè)體，但是即使在害羞的魚中間，較大膽的個(gè)體也能通過加倍努力來施加它們的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力。”我們很快就會看到這種趨向性是否同樣適用于人類，因?yàn)槊绹藢⒂诮衲?1月決定他們要追隨的人選。除非發(fā)生可疑的事情。

1. sally forth 勇敢投入;

例句：With these desperate speeches he sallied forth upon the desiegers.

說完這些絕望的話，他就朝圍攻的人沖去。

2. be likely to do sth. 可能(做…)的;有(…)傾向的;

例句：The fires are likely to permanently deforest the land.

這些火災(zāi)很可能會徹底毀掉這片土地上的森林。

3. stick with 緊跟;緊隨;和…呆在一起;

例句：Tugging the woman's arm, she pulled her to her side saying: 'You just stick with me, dear.'

她拽著那個(gè)女人的胳膊，將她拉到自己身邊說：“親愛的，你就跟我呆在一起。”

4. regardless of 不顧;不管;不論;

例句：We will do it regardless of what might happen.

不管情況怎樣，我們決意這樣做。

5. hold true 同樣適用;

例句：This law is known to hold true for galaxies at a distance of at least several billion light years.

這個(gè)定律被普遍認(rèn)為同樣適用于至少數(shù)十億光年之遠(yuǎn)的星系。

2020托福聽力練習(xí)：研究或揭示狗的祖先是歐亞大陸的狼

In Jack London's The Call of the Wild, a pet dog named Buck winds up in the Yukon…where he succumbs to his desire to return to his wild cousins…the wolves.

"It's hard to say no to that call, isn't it Buck? It's all right boy.

Go ahead."

Of course, Buck himself was the descendant of wolves.

Wolves that lived more than 10,000 years ago.

"At this time people would have been hunting and gathering."

Laurent Frantz, a geneticist at the University of Oxford in the U.K.

Humans roamed across Eurasia.

They would eat, and throw scraps around their settlement.

Which attracts wildlife. Wildlife like wolves.

Over time a split would have appeared in wolf populations, he says:

those wolves that feared humans, and those that didn't.

"So this would have facilitated, I think, the domestication process."

At which point humans deliberately took wolves as pets.

But that domestication process, Frantz says, may have happened more than once: first in the west, in Europe.

And again in the far east, in Asia.

Frantz and his colleagues analyzed the DNA from a 4,800-year-old Irish dog's ear bone, along with the genomes of hundreds of other modern and ancient dogs.

After building a family tree, they determined that dogs could have been first domesticated in Europe, at least 15,000 years ago.

But the data also point to another domestication in East Asia, more than 13,000 years ago.

Sometime after that, they say, humans from East Asia wandered to Europe… and brought their dogs with them.

Leading to a mixing of the two populations.

The study appears in the journal Science.

Frantz says most purebred dog breeds trace their origins to the 1800s.

But as this study reminds us—if you go back far enough, all dogs are mutts.

杰克·倫敦的小說《野性的呼喚》中，一只名為巴克的狗狗最終從人類文明社會返回狼群。

那樣的呼喚很難拒絕，對吧，巴克!好了伙計(jì)。

走吧!

當(dāng)然，巴克是狼的后代。

馴化過程.jpg

狼在10,000多年前就開始生活。

“那時(shí)候的人們一直過著群居及打獵的生活?！?/p>

洛倫特·弗朗茨是英國牛津大學(xué)的一位遺傳學(xué)家。

人類橫跨了歐亞大陸。

他們曾經(jīng)在進(jìn)食后將吃剩下的東西扔在定居點(diǎn)周圍。

這就招來了野生動物，狼就包括在內(nèi)。

而他表示隨著時(shí)間的推移狼群會產(chǎn)生兩派。

“那就是害怕人類的狼群及毫無懼意的狼群。

我認(rèn)為這就促成了狼的馴化過程。

人類曾故意將狼當(dāng)作寵物。

弗朗茨表示這種馴化過程曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過不只一次，第一次是在西方的歐洲;

其次是在遙遠(yuǎn)的東方亞洲。

弗朗茨和他的同事們對4800年前愛爾蘭狗的耳骨及數(shù)千只現(xiàn)代及古代狗的基因組進(jìn)行了對比分析。

在建立家譜后，他們認(rèn)為至少在15,000年前，狗就第一次在歐洲被人類馴服。

但數(shù)據(jù)也顯示在13,000多年前，東亞也曾經(jīng)有過馴服動物的行為。

而后的時(shí)間，研究人員認(rèn)為東亞人帶著馴服過的狗前往歐洲。

這導(dǎo)致兩個(gè)種群的混合。

這項(xiàng)研究已在《科學(xué)》雜志上發(fā)表。

弗朗茨表示最純種狗的起源能夠追溯到18世紀(jì)。

但這項(xiàng)研究提醒我們，如果你追溯的足夠久遠(yuǎn)，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的狗都不是純種。

1.wind up 收尾;煞尾

例句:The President is about to wind up his visit to Somalia.

總統(tǒng)即將結(jié)束對索馬里的訪問。

2.domestication process 馴化過程

例句:In their studies, the researchers also found that farmers have tried to develop ricevarieties expressing the GIF1 gene during the domestication process.

在研究過程中，科研人員也發(fā)現(xiàn)了在水稻馴化過程中，農(nóng)民選擇培育了GIF1高表達(dá)的水稻變種。

3.along with 隨著

例句:I'll go along with you.

我將隨同你一起去。

4.family tree 族譜;系譜

例句:A family tree shows our family members and relatives.

家譜表明我們的家庭成員和親戚。