托福聽力備考,考生在不同的水平階段需要的學(xué)習(xí)方法是有所差異的,今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈B犃?個階段考生備考心得細(xì)節(jié)詳細(xì)指點(diǎn),希望能夠幫助到大家,下面小編就和大家分享,來欣賞一下吧。
托福聽力3個階段考生備考心得細(xì)節(jié)詳細(xì)指點(diǎn)
托福聽力15分以下基礎(chǔ)較差的同學(xué)
對于這部分學(xué)生,聽不懂,非聽之錯。根本就是詞!匯!量!太!小!所以每天在聽力練習(xí)上需要3-4小時。前期需要4個小時,隨著復(fù)習(xí)進(jìn)度的深入,時間可略微減少,但不能少于 3小時。
做什么:
每天必須用 2小時來背單詞, 1到2小時練習(xí)聽寫和跟讀。
1. 詞匯:先以自己最習(xí)慣的方式看著背兩遍,再聽著背一遍,記住一定要去聽單詞。
2. 聽寫:根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際程度,選擇合適的材料(如老托、新托對話等,如果想要挑戰(zhàn)自己,也可選擇演講)來進(jìn)行一至兩個小時的聽寫練習(xí)。注意一點(diǎn):此時的聽寫重點(diǎn)放在識別單詞讀音上,做到聽到讀音能夠迅速反應(yīng)單詞,在此基礎(chǔ)上理解聽寫內(nèi)容的含義。
3. 跟讀:此階段的跟讀練習(xí)十分的重要,能糾正我們的錯誤發(fā)音,提升耳朵對音節(jié)識別的敏感度。
此階段的練習(xí)需要做到1到2個月的時間為宜。
托福聽力水平適中,成績在15-20分之間
此類學(xué)生,單詞不是不會而是不熟,聽音不是聽不懂而是聽不全,同時對于句子的理解力處在50%-60%之間。所以每天除了需要1個小時來鞏固之前單詞之外(必須聽音背單詞);還需要2個小時來練習(xí)聽寫跟讀,區(qū)別在于此階段要把重點(diǎn)更多地放在整體句子的理解上,而不要單純糾結(jié)某幾個音節(jié)是什么。
做什么:
1. 聽單詞的發(fā)音,然后快速回憶單詞的詞形和詞義。
2. 接著2個小時練習(xí)聽寫或跟讀。材料拿TPO中稍簡單的演講材料(如生物類文章)。
3. 此階段聽寫最好要開始做中文的聽譯,跟讀挑選文章中無法迅速理解的句子聯(lián)系為宜
如此這般堅(jiān)持兩周會有明顯提升,一個月后,基本可以做到重點(diǎn)信息不再遺漏,做題不會再有完全陌生的感覺。
托福聽力在20+的考生
或者說在做題時,演講的題目每篇有一個錯誤。對于這類學(xué)生,信息提取和理解都不再是重大問題。問題在于聽音精細(xì)程度和理解準(zhǔn)確程度還不夠,同時,文章的框架和結(jié)構(gòu)意識還需要加強(qiáng)。因此每天一至兩個小時的聽力復(fù)習(xí)時間還是必要的。
做什么:
1. 需要半個小時溫習(xí)已背單詞以及記憶新單詞;
2. 然后用一個小時進(jìn)行高難材料的聽寫練習(xí),目的是提高聽音精細(xì)程度和理解的準(zhǔn)確程度。材料以TPO講座較難的文章為主,或者也可選擇自己比較不擅長的文章類型。
3. 最后的半個小時梳理所聽文章的結(jié)構(gòu),按照結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行文章的復(fù)述。
這樣練習(xí)兩周后會感覺從容許多。一個月后筆記變得簡潔完整,有效內(nèi)容大大增加,由于細(xì)節(jié)填充,復(fù)述時內(nèi)容也會更加完整。
2020托福聽力練習(xí):全球荒野面積減少
Only about 23 percent of the world's land area is still what you'd call wilderness—where indigenous people, wildlife, plants and microbes get a chance to live with little or no disturbance from large human populations. But even that current figure of 23 percent is down by a tenth in just the last couple of decades. Which translates into an area the size of Alaska being converted away from wilderness since the 1990s. That's according to a study in the journal Current Biology that was also announced at the just completed Honolulu meeting of the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
The research found that the regions that suffered the biggest wilderness losses were South America and Central Africa. South America lost almost a third of its wilderness while Africa's is down about 14 percent.
James Watson is the lead author of the study. He's with the Wildlife Conservation Society and the University of Queensland—he's no relation to the more famous DNA double helix James Watson.
In the journal article he and his colleagues write: "The continued loss of wilderness areas is a globally significant problem with largely irreversible outcomes for both humans and nature: if these trends continue, there could be no globally significant wilderness areas left in less than a century. Proactively protecting the world's last wilderness areas is a cost-effective conservation investment and our best prospect for ensuring that intact ecosystems and large-scale ecological and evolutionary processes persist for the benefit of future generations." And future generations includes both the organisms in the remaining wilderness—and us.
世界上只有23%的土地仍可被稱為荒野,在那里,土著、野生動物、植物和微生物有機(jī)會生活在一個很少或沒有人干擾的地方。但即使是目前這23%的占比在過去二十年里也減少了十分之一。上世紀(jì)90年代以來,相當(dāng)于阿拉斯加大小的荒野面積損失。這是一篇發(fā)表在《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》期刊上的研究報告得出的結(jié)論,該研究成果在剛剛結(jié)束的國際自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟火奴魯魯會議上宣布。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),荒野損失最嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)是南美洲和中非。南美洲損失了近30%的荒野,而非洲則減少了14%的荒野。
詹姆斯·沃森是這項(xiàng)研究的主要作者。他在野生動物保護(hù)協(xié)會和昆士蘭大學(xué)工作,大家可能知道DNA雙螺旋的發(fā)現(xiàn)者詹姆斯·沃森,不過我們這里提到的并不是同一個人。
他和他的同事在期刊文獻(xiàn)中寫道:“荒野地區(qū)的持續(xù)損失是全球性的重要問題,對人類和自然造成的影響在很大程度上是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的:如果這種趨勢繼續(xù)下去,不出一個世紀(jì)的時間,具有全球性重要意義的荒野地區(qū)可能將不復(fù)存在。積極保護(hù)世界上最后的荒野地區(qū)是具有成本效益的重大投資,也是我們確保完整生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的最好前景,同時讓大規(guī)模的生態(tài)進(jìn)化過程為后代造福?!边@里的后代既包括現(xiàn)存荒野中的生物,也包括我們?nèi)祟悺?/p>
2020托福聽力練習(xí):光子芯片增加智能手機(jī)加密力度
Today's cars have loads of computer smarts built in. Like the chips that allow you, with the push of a button to unlock your car. And as new cars move down the assembly line, automakers program those functions into the car.
"They produce one car and they program a cryptographic secret in it, in order to secure it against thieves." Timo Kasper, a cryptographer and engineer at the security and IT consulting company Kasper & Oswald. "Then comes the next car on the production line and they put the same secrets into the second car. And then comes the third car on the production line and they again put the same secrets into this car. And they repeat this process for millions of cars in the world. And now millions of cars in the world share the same cryptographic secret. Of course, this secret is not so well protected anymore, because it's in every of these million cars, and in every remote control. And this is of course a typical example of how to not do it."
And yet, he says that's exactly how the Volkswagen Group did do it, for many cars manufactured in the last 20 years. Kasper and his colleagues decoded that shared cryptographic secret by studying the design and operation of chips from VW Group cars and remotes. After hacking the hardware, they were easily able to eavesdrop on and decrypt unlocking signals, clone the remote control and unlock cars. They presented the details August 12th at the USENIX Security Symposium, in Austin, Texas.
Kasper says VW is aware of the problem—and they're not alone. "This is not a VW bug but this is a red line, as we Germans say, through all the automotive industry." In fact, in the same study, they showed that another encryption system used by many other brands, including Ford, Chevy, Nissan and Mitsubishi, has a weak cryptographic algorithm—which, again, allowed the team to break into more than a dozen cars.
Bottom line? It's easier to hack into cars than many drivers might have imagined. So if you want to avoid eavesdropping, the researchers recommend simply ditching remote controls and cryptography, and just go back to the good old metal key.
現(xiàn)在的汽車配備了大量電腦智能系統(tǒng)。比如芯片,讓你可以一按按鈕就打開車門。新車從裝配線下線時,汽車制作商就已經(jīng)將這些功能編入汽車。
“汽車制造商每生產(chǎn)一輛汽車,就會在車內(nèi)編寫一個加密程序,目的是確保汽車可以防盜?!钡倌たㄋ圭晔强ㄋ圭旰蛫W斯瓦爾德安全信息咨詢公司的密碼學(xué)家兼工程師?!叭缓笤谏a(chǎn)下一輛車時,他們會在這輛車上裝上同樣的密碼系統(tǒng)。在生產(chǎn)第三輛車時,他們會再次裝上同樣的密碼系統(tǒng)。他們在全球數(shù)百萬輛車上重復(fù)這一過程。現(xiàn)在全世界有數(shù)百萬輛汽車擁有同樣的加密程序。當(dāng)然,這個密碼系統(tǒng)不再受到較好的保護(hù),因?yàn)樵谶@數(shù)百萬輛車中,每輛車、每個遙控裝置中都有這一密碼系統(tǒng)。這當(dāng)然是個應(yīng)該避免的典型的例子?!?/p>
他表示,大眾汽車就在對過去20年間生產(chǎn)的汽車上進(jìn)行了上述操作??ㄋ圭旰屯聜兺ㄟ^研究大眾汽車和其遙控裝置的芯片,解碼了車輛共享的密碼系統(tǒng)。在入侵硬件之后,他們很容易能夠竊聽和解密釋放信號,克隆遙控裝置解鎖汽車。8月12日,他們在得克薩斯州奧斯汀舉行的USENIX安全研討會上公布了具體的信息。
卡斯珀表示。大眾公司已經(jīng)意識到了這個問題——意識到問題的不僅僅是大眾公司?!斑@不是大眾的漏洞,就如我們德國人描述的那樣,這是整個汽車行業(yè)的紅線。實(shí)際上,在同一個研究中,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)福特、雪弗蘭、尼桑、三菱等其他品牌使用的加密算法也有紕漏,這使研究團(tuán)隊(duì)再一次成功解鎖了10多輛汽車。
底線?入侵解鎖汽車比許多司機(jī)想的更容易。如果你想避免被竊聽的話,研究人員建議,只要不使用遙控和加密裝置,重新使用傳統(tǒng)的金屬鑰匙就可以了。
重點(diǎn)講解:
1. in order to 為了;以便;目的在于;
例句:She stepped forward in order to see clearly.
她向前走了一步以便能看得更清楚。
2. eavesdrop on 偷聽;竊聽;
例句:German hacker claims to have cracked the encryption that protects most cellphone calls, potentially paving the way for others to eavesdrop on conversations.
一名德國黑客聲稱破了保護(hù)大部分手機(jī)通話的加密編碼,使竊聽他人手機(jī)通話成為可能。
3. be aware of 注意到的;察覺到的;意識到的;
例句:John has been aware of having done something wrong.
約翰已意識到自己做錯了事情。
4. break into 強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入;闖入;
例句:They break into computers and break the phone system. Real hackers call these people crackers and want nothing to do with them.
他們?nèi)肭蛛娔X,破壞電話系統(tǒng)。真正的黑客叫這些人駭客,而且不想與他們扯上邊。
5. hack into (尤指為獲取機(jī)密信息)侵入,非法進(jìn)入(他人的計算機(jī)系統(tǒng));
例句:There is no doubt that it is a criminal offence to hack into others' computers and get secret data .
毫無疑問,非法侵入他人電腦獲取機(jī)密資料是刑事犯罪。