托福聽力備考初期和實戰(zhàn)階段5大要點解讀

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托福聽力出現(xiàn)復雜句式如何秒懂?5個實例具體分析重點要點，今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈Ｂ犃Τ霈F(xiàn)復雜句式如何秒懂，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

托福聽力出現(xiàn)復雜句式如何秒懂?5個實例具體分析重點要點

1)反問句

Isn’t that just for when you need help with writing/, like an essay or research paper? (TPO24-C2)

同學們一聽就會知道是個問句，以及會聽到writing、research paper這些詞，但會感覺開頭有點快，這一點主要因為發(fā)音快導致不易辨認清楚。本句其實是Isn’t just for sth.這種反問句句式，在聽的方面主要是區(qū)分isn’t that和is that的發(fā)音;在理解上就要注意反問句所表達的偏強調的意思。

2)強調句

But actually, it was a physicist/ who came up with a method that was a breakthrough. (TPO15-L3)

這句話較簡單，主要是同學們容易聽懂了仍然不清楚這是強調句型it was sb. who…，而這個句型基本上是初中語法知識，但你看，作為用得少的典范，就容易反應不出，即使它再簡單。

3)插入語

So the original hypothesis/ that the stones found with sauropods were gastroliths/, even though it hasn’t been supported/, has helped us to make new hypothesis/, which may eventually lead to the answer. (TPO27-L3)

這句話比剛才的難度要大，首先要判斷出that引出同位語，指hypothesis，所以從the original hypothesis到gastroliths是主語，根據(jù)我們上一期文章提到的抓“核心主謂賓”的方法，要有意識抓謂語動詞。接著聽到even though，這個時候就要召喚語法預判能力了，因為even though固定搭配“雖然…但是…/即使…也…”，所以even though引導的都是讓步從句，我們仍然要抓主句，也就繼續(xù)等待剛才“the original hypothesis…gastroliths”主語部分之后的謂語動詞出現(xiàn)，此后我們聽到has helped…確定謂語動詞。到此為止，主干部分已經(jīng)清楚So the original hypothesis…h(huán)as helped us to make new hypothesis。最后which引導定語從句修飾new hypothesis，較簡單。

另外本句要注意聽出hasn’t been supported, has helped的否定和肯定，否則邏輯仍會混亂。本句語法成分較多：同位語，插入語，定語從句，但相對最難的是插入語。

4)被動句

It was presented in the works of well-known Greek philosophers/ as early as the fourth century B.C.E. (TPO21-L1)

本句如果第一遍沒聽懂，則要在精聽中的第二遍聽主干，也就是核心主謂賓：It was presented…再在第三遍抓里面的細節(jié)，也就是其他介詞引導的部分;其中注意連讀works of，as early as;本句為大家也用得相對較少的被動句句式。

5)倒裝句

Only after the site at Gonur-depe was excavated/ were archaeologists able to identify it/ as coming from Gonur-depe. (TPO28-L4)

本句首先聽聽前半部分有明顯的停頓were，那么迅速判斷only after…were是明顯的倒裝句。事實上本句很多同學看都不一定看得懂，這就考查語法功底的扎實程度了。

2020托福聽力練習：蛋白質測試補充DNA分析

DNA analysis is a staple of crime scenes—and crime shows, like HBO's The Night of or the old standby, CSI:

"We just need to get this to the DNA lab, confirm it's the victim's blood. And then, case closed."

And it's not just for crime: DNA sequencing also helps determine our relationship to Neandertals, and our primate cousins.

Problem is, DNA's a relatively fragile molecule—it doesn't last forever. What's more sturdy is protein. So now researchers have come up with a way to use protein in a similar way to DNA: to link an individual to a piece of evidence or to determine ethnic background.

The protein source these scientists studied was human hair, from 76 individuals of European-American, African-American and Kenyan descent. And they determined that the variation of a couple hundred proteins in a person's hair could be enough to single her out from a group of one million individuals.

The way it works is that proteins are made according to the instructions in DNA. So one individual's genetic variations can result in slightly different proteins being made, compared to another individual. And by determining the protein composition, the scientists can then extrapolate info about the DNA. The results are in the journal PLoS ONE.

The researchers say the technique still is not ready for prime-time—ideally the process needs to be more sensitive, to avoid consuming valuable crime scene or archaeological samples in the analysis. And the statistics behind the technique need to be validated, too. But someday, they say, it could come within a hair of DNA analysis.

DNA分析是犯罪現(xiàn)場和犯罪片采用的主要方法，就像家庭影院頻道(HBO)的電視劇《罪惡之夜》和老牌美劇《犯罪現(xiàn)場調查》中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的場面。

“我們只需要將這個送到DNA實驗室，確認這是受害者的血跡。然后就可以結案了?！?/p>

但是，DNA分析不僅僅只是用于犯罪調查，DNA序列還可以幫助確定我們與尼恩特人以及與靈長類動物的關系。

問題是，DNA是一個相對脆弱的分子，其并不會永遠存在。更加堅固的是蛋白質。所以現(xiàn)在研究人員提出了一種利用蛋白質的新方法，該種方法與DNA的使用方法非常相似：將個體同證據(jù)聯(lián)系起來，或是確定種族背景。

這些科學家研究的蛋白質來自人類的頭發(fā)，這些頭發(fā)采集自歐裔美國人、非洲裔美國人以及肯尼亞的76個個體?？茖W家發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個人頭發(fā)中數(shù)百個蛋白質的變化足以將該個體與其他100百萬個個體相區(qū)分。

這種方法就是根據(jù)DNA的指令來操作蛋白質。所以，與其他個體相比較，一個個體的基因變異會產(chǎn)生略有不同的蛋白質。通過確定蛋白質的組成，科學家可以推斷出DNA的信息。這項研究結果發(fā)表在《公共科學圖書館·綜合》雜志上。

研究人員表示，這項技術尚未成熟，在理想情況下，該過程需要更加的謹慎，以避免在分析中浪費寶貴的犯現(xiàn)場或其他考古樣本。另外，該技術的支持數(shù)據(jù)也還需要驗證。但是，科學家表示，有朝一日可以實現(xiàn)通過頭發(fā)來驗證DNA。

重點講解：

1. come up with 想出，提出(計劃、想法等);

例句：I had a hard time trying to come up with an idea.

為了想出主意我苦思了半天。

2. single out 單獨挑出;特別選出;

例句：He was singled out for special training.

他被選撥出來接受專門訓練。

3. according to 依據(jù)，根據(jù)，依照 (原則等);

例句：He ranged the books according to size.

他照大小順序排列這些書。

4. result in 導致;引起;造成;

例句：It resulted in a diminished output.

這導致了減產(chǎn)。

5. compared to 與…相比;和…比起來;

例句：The cost is just peanuts compared to what you get from the money.

和你投資所獲得的利益相比，這點成本就不算什么。

2020托福聽力練習：鯊魚體內含毒素或威脅類

Living at the top of the food chain, sharks can accumulate dangerous levels of methylmercury. So much that pregnant women and children are advised not to eat shark at all. But sharks can accumulate another toxin too, called BMAA, which has been linked to the development of neurodegenerative disease. Which could be bad news for shark eaters.

"Mercury in combination with BMAA is a one-two punch." Deborah Mash, a professor of neurology at the University of Miami's Miller School of Medicine. "These are two synergistic toxins. So even if there are low levels of exposure from the mercury or the BMAA, when humans are exposed to both of these toxins, then they will have a synergistic effect on the nervous system."

BMAA starts out in cyanobacteria, and travels up the food chain through crabs and shrimp and fish. And, as previous studies have shown, makes all the way to sharks. What Mash and her colleagues wanted to know was how widespread the problem was, and if the chemical often appeared alongside mercury. So they analyzed fin and muscle samples from 10 species of shark—55 individuals in all—from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. And they found BMAA and mercury in all 10 species. Suggesting that exposure to that "one-two punch" could be pretty common. The results are in the journal Toxins.

It's still not clear at this point what sort of risk this occasional exposure through food might have. Still, Mash isn't waiting.

"I myself would not want to be exposed to BMAA or methyl mercury in my diet by eating shark fin or shark meat or taking shark cartilage products. We already know that mercury is toxic to our health. And we already know that BMAA plus mercury is a very bad mix for the brain. So people need to be concerned, and I think that's not only for the benefit of us as consumers, but also to the poor sharks, who are threatened with extinction."

Conservationists have argued for years that sharks should be spared. Maybe now that it's us who are threatened... people might finally start to leave them alone.

因為生活在食物鏈的頂端，所以鯊魚可以積累達到危險水平的汞。因為鯊魚體內的汞含量非常高，所以建議孕婦和兒童不要吃鯊魚。但是，鯊魚還能積累另外一種毒素——BMAA，這種毒素與神經(jīng)退行性疾病的發(fā)展有關。這對愛吃鯊魚的人來說可是個壞消息。

“汞和BMAA的結合可謂是雙重重擊。”黛博拉·馬許是邁阿密大學米勒醫(yī)學院的神經(jīng)學教授。“這是兩種協(xié)同作用的毒素。即使汞或者BMAA的含量很低，但是只要人類接觸到這兩種毒素，它們就會對人的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生協(xié)同效應?！?/p>

BMAA最初存在于藍藻中，之后通過螃蟹、蝦類和魚類進入食物鏈上層。此前的研究已經(jīng)表明，BMAA最后進入鯊魚體內。馬許和她的同事們想知道，如果這種化學物質經(jīng)常和汞一起出現(xiàn)，那這個問題的普遍性有多大。所以，他們從太平洋和大西洋的55只鯊魚中提取分析了10種鯊魚的鰭和肌肉樣本。在這10種鯊魚中，均發(fā)現(xiàn)了BMAA和汞。這表明，這兩種毒素的結合非常普遍。該研究結果發(fā)表在《毒素》雜志上。

目前尚不清楚通過食物接觸這些毒素會產(chǎn)生何種風險。但是馬許并沒有坐等結果。

“我不想因為吃魚翅、鯊魚肉或服用鯊魚軟骨制品而在飲食中接觸到BMAA或甲基汞。我們已經(jīng)知道汞危害我們的健康。我們也知道BMAA和汞結合會對我們的大腦造成更嚴重的危害。所以，我認為人們擔心的不應該僅僅是我們作為消費者的利益，同時也要擔心瀕臨滅絕的可憐的鯊魚?！?/p>

多年來，環(huán)保人士一直認為應該保護鯊魚。也許現(xiàn)在受到威脅的是我們人類……所以，現(xiàn)在人們可能不會再去管它們了。

重點講解：

1. even if 即使;盡管;縱然;

例句：They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed.

即使你不成功他們也會支持你。

2. be exposed to 使暴露于(險境);使遭受(危險或不快);

例句：Women who are exposed to mercury, cadmium, or vinyl chloride before conceiving seem to be especially likely to have autistic kids.

女性在懷孕期間接觸汞、鎘或氯乙烯很有可能會生出自閉癥患兒。

3. start out 起初是…;

例句：He started out to fix the car himself, but in the end, he had to ask for help.