托福聽力提升筆記質量5個實用記錄技巧分享

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托福聽力分數換算方式解讀 ,28道題和30分滿分是如何算出來的?今天小編給大家?guī)硗懈Ｂ犃Ψ謹祿Q算方式解讀，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

托福聽力分數換算方式解讀 28道題和30分滿分是如何算出來的?

托福聽力分數概念介紹：原始分和標準分

對于托福聽力的分數，首先我們需要搞清楚兩個概念：原始分和標準分。

原始分指的是考生在考試中得到的、未經處理的分數。托福聽力的原始分(raw score)是這樣計算的：每道單選題原始分1分。4選2多選題，答對2個得2分，答對1個得1分，答對0個得0分。5選3多選題，答對3個得2分，答對2個得1分，答對1個及以下得0分。表格題，全部答對得2分，之后錯一個減1分，最少0分。

然而我們在托福成績單上看到的分數不是原始分，是標準分(scale score)。原始分的最大問題是，由于不同考試的難度不同無法讓不同考試的結果互相比較。假設有A、B兩場考試。A考試難度較大，B難度較小。那么兩場考試中獲得的同樣的原始分，如25分，就沒有可比性。因此，我們需要將原始分轉化為標準分。那么何為標準分?所謂標準分，就是對原始分采用一定算法折算的分數。標準分的目的，就是為了消除考試難度的差異，讓考生的成績更具有和其他場次考生分數對比的可信度。

托福聽力算分過程具體講解

搞清了原始分和標準分，我們再看TOEFL聽力的算分過程：

Step 1：計算出以下幾個數據：

1.某考生在本次考試中的原始分;

2.本次考試中所有考生原始分的中位數(mean)和標準差(standard deviation);

3.中國學生過去幾年的標準分(scale score)的中位數(mean)和標準差(standard deviation)。

Step 2：按照公式計算得出最后的分數。

由此可見，一個托福聽力分數的生成，需要大量的學生數據，不是簡單的答對一個題幾分，而是需要綜合考量同場次其他考生的發(fā)揮情況和考試難度，才能得出比較綜合的結果。

而對于考生來說，其實需要做好的事情也只有一件，那就是無論托福聽力難度高還是低，大家都需要盡量保證得分，算分過程本身并不存在可供考生制定額外考試策略的空間，所以大家能夠追求的只有盡可能高的正確率所帶來的聽力分數。托福聽力的分數提升說到底還是需要建立在自身聽力水平提升的基礎上，明確托福聽力分數換算只是第一步，我們更需要腳踏實地進行真題訓練，有的放矢實現自身能力提升。

2020托福聽力練習：公路噪音掩蓋鳥類求救信號

It may not be the most melodious bit of birdsong you'll ever encounter. [Titmouse alarm call]. But this particular call, issued by a tufted titmouse, conveys important information about the presence of potential predators. But only if other birds can hear it.

Unfortunately, near a highway, traffic sounds can drown out such alarm calls. Scientists have long observed a decrease in wildlife populations in habitats adjacent to major roadways. And many figured it was the noise that drives creatures to hightail it someplace more remote. But it could be more than mere annoyance that keeps animals away. The inability to hear potentially life-saving calls could also be a factor. That's according to a study in the journal Biology Letters.

To test that theory, Aaron Grade and Kathryn Sieving at the University of Florida recorded that titmouse alarm call, produced by a captive individual that had spotted an owl. They then played this alarm call from speakers mounted in different locations in Florida state parks. Some of the spots were noisy, along Interstate 75 or U.S. Route 441. Others were more secluded and relatively quiet.

The scientists then observed the reactions of cardinals to these broadcasted declarations of danger. Because cardinals and other birds often eavesdrop on the talk of titmice for news of impending peril.

In the quiet areas, cardinals clearly responded to the titmouse alarms. They froze in place, stopped singing and scanned the area for predators. But in the noisy places, cardinals paid the warnings no heed and continued their regular activities.

It's not completely clear whether the cardinals could not hear the calls or if they were simply too distracted by the traffic to respond. Either way, looks like some birds should seek the road less traveled—or travel the regions less road-ed. Whereas hungry owls should hit the highway if they're looking to sneak up on an unexpecting snack.

(山雀的警報信號)可能不是你聽過的最悅耳的鳥鳴聲。但是這種由簇山雀發(fā)出的特殊呼叫，傳遞了重要的信息——可能存在捕食者。但前提是其他鳥類得能聽到這一警報。

不幸的是，在高速公路附近，交通聲音會淹沒這種警報信號。經過長期觀察，科學家發(fā)現棲息地靠近主干道的野生動物種群數量在減少。許多人認為正是這種噪音迫使動物們逃到了更偏遠的地方。但使動物遠離的可能不僅僅是打擾這一個因素。無法聽到潛在的救命信號也可能是因素之一。這一研究結果刊登在《生物學快報》雜志上。

為了驗證這一理論，佛羅里達大學的亞倫·格雷德和凱瑟琳·西溫錄下了簇山雀的警報信號，這是在它發(fā)現貓頭鷹的時候發(fā)出的。然后他們用設置在佛羅里達州立公園不同地方的揚聲器播放這一警報信號。75號州際公路和441號美國國道沿線的一些地點噪音很大。而其他地方則更加隱蔽且相對安靜。

然后科學家觀察了紅雀對所播放危險信號的反應。因為紅雀和其他鳥類為了得到即將到來危險的消息，經常偷聽山雀的對話。

重點講解：

1. drown out 蓋過，淹沒(聲音);

例句：Her voice was drowned out by a loud crash.

她的聲音被一聲響亮的撞擊聲所淹沒。

2. eavesdrop on 偷聽;竊聽;

例句：It is not polite to eavesdrop on the conversation of other people.

偷聽他人說話是很不禮貌的。

3. respond to 應對;作出回應;作出反應;

例句：The horse responds to the slightest pull on the rein.

只要韁繩稍稍一拉，這匹馬就有反應。

4. either way (兩種情況中)不論發(fā)生哪一種情況;

例句：Was it his fault or not? Either way, an explanation is due.

是他的錯不是?無論是不是，都得有個解釋。

5. sneak up on 偷偷地走近;偷偷地挨近;

例句：I managed to sneak up on him when you knocked on the door.

你敲門的時候，我設法悄悄靠近了他。

在安靜的地方，紅雀對山雀的警報信號做出了清晰的反應。它們僵在原地，停止歌唱，仔細查看周圍的區(qū)域是否有捕食者出現。但是在吵鬧的地區(qū)，紅雀沒有理會這種警報，繼續(xù)正?；顒印?/p>

目前并不完全清楚紅雀是沒有聽到警報，還是僅僅是因交通而分心所以沒有做出回應。無論怎樣，看起來有些鳥類應該尋找旅客少的路段或者尋找公路少的區(qū)域生存。反之，饑餓的貓頭鷹如果想偷偷靠近一個“點心”，應該到公路附近尋找覓食機會。

2020托福聽力練習：人耳聽到的聲音優(yōu)于CD品質

Jay Z's "Tidal" platform promises listeners CD-quality streaming music, in all its 44.1 kilohertz, 16 bit glory—much better, they say, than compressed files, like mp3s. But why stop there? Neil Young's PonoMusic Store sells music that's even better than CD quality.

In a YouTube video for the service Young compares mp3 listeners to scuba divers, muddling around the seafloor. "You know you're walking around in the murk and there's big fish down there, that's kind of like listening to an mp3."

CD listeners are underwater, too. The only way to rise to the top, he says, is to dial up sample rate to over four times that of CD: to 192 kilohertz. "When you make it to 192, you actually break through the surface, and you're breathing air. And the feeling is different, it actually is a visceral relief. You feel good."

But… how good? What researchers, record producers, audiophiles, sound engineers, want to know is: "Is CD, compact disc, enough?" Joshua Reiss (RICE), who leads audio engineering research at Queen Mary University of London. "And the arguments seem to be never-ending."

Reiss took a stab at settling the argument with a meta-analysis—a study of studies—on whether people can really perceive better-than-CD quality sound. He analyzed data from 18 studies, including more than 400 participants and nearly 13,000 listening tests. Overall, listeners picked out the better-than-CD-quality track 52.3 percent of the time. Statistically significant, if not all that impressive.

But when Reiss isolated studies that trained listeners first and gave them a chance to feast their ears on the difference, their odds of picking the higher-quality track climbed to 60 percent. Suggesting there may actually be some perceptible difference... at least enough to convince Reiss to change his listening habits. "Yes I think I actually will, based on this." The analysis is in the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society.

Not that it will settle all arguments. "No, no never. But what I think it might do is allow the researchers to move on a little bit from this question and to start looking deeper into the causes of the perception." And for the audiophiles out there? It's no doubt music to their ears.

Jay Z的“潮汐”平臺承諾為聽眾提供CD品質的流媒體音樂，44.1千赫，16比特，他們說這比mp3等壓縮文件的品質更高。但是為什么要停在這里?尼爾·楊的波諾音樂商店出售的音樂品質甚至比CD品質更高。

楊在上傳到優(yōu)兔網上的視頻中，將mp3聽眾比作漫游在海底的水肺潛水員。“你知道你正在黑暗中漫步，周圍有大魚游來游去，這就像在聽mp3。”

CD收聽者也在海底。他說，唯一可以升到海面的方法是把采樣率調到CD的4倍以上：調至192赫茲。“當你把采樣率調至192赫茲時，你就沖破了海面，可以呼吸到空氣了。這種感覺很不同，就像發(fā)自內心的解脫。你感覺非常好。”

但是，有多好呢?研究人員、唱片制作人、音響發(fā)燒友和音響師想知道的是：CD的品質足夠嗎?約書亞·賴斯在倫敦瑪麗女王大學主導了一項音頻工程研究?！盃幷撍坪跤肋h不會停止?！?/p>

賴斯試圖用整合分析來解決爭論，他對人們是否能感知到比CD品質更好的音樂進行了研究。他分析了18項研究中得到的數據，包括400余名參與者和近1300個聽力測試?？傮w來說，收聽者辨別出優(yōu)于CD品質音樂的概率為52.3%。從統(tǒng)計學意義上看，并不是全部都令人印象深刻。

但是當賴斯把研究分離出來，先對收聽者進行培訓，給他們的耳朵享受不同音樂的機會以后，他們辨別出高品質音樂的機率上升到60%。這表明可能存在顯著的差別，至少可以說服賴斯去改變他的收聽習慣?！盎诖?，我認為我會改變我的收聽習慣?！边@一分析結果刊登在《音頻工程學會志》上。

這一研究結果并不能解決所有爭論?！坝肋h不會。但是我認為這可能會讓研究人員從這個問題轉向另一個問題，開始深入研究感知原因?！边@對音響發(fā)燒友來說意味著什么?毫無疑問，這對他們來說絕對是好消息。

重點講解：

1. break through 沖破;突破;

例句：The sun broke through after days of rain.

下了許多天的雨之后，太陽終于撥云而出。

2. take a stab at 嘗試;試圖;