托福聽(tīng)力分?jǐn)?shù)換算方式解讀

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今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福改革后聽(tīng)力考試內(nèi)容組成詳解及題型分值介紹，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

托福改革后聽(tīng)力考試內(nèi)容組成詳解及題型分值介紹

托福聽(tīng)力考試內(nèi)容講解

托福聽(tīng)力考試部分的考試時(shí)間通常為41-57分鐘，聽(tīng)力考試的題型大致可分為對(duì)話(huà)和講座兩個(gè)類(lèi)型。每段聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容的時(shí)間大致都在4到6分鐘左右。

對(duì)話(huà)部分，托福聽(tīng)力每場(chǎng)考試一般有2-3個(gè)對(duì)話(huà)，每段對(duì)話(huà)后設(shè)有5個(gè)問(wèn)題。在對(duì)話(huà)中，第一個(gè)場(chǎng)景一般發(fā)生在學(xué)校辦公室里。對(duì)話(huà)可能涉及學(xué)術(shù)內(nèi)容或者與課程要求有關(guān)。第二、三個(gè)場(chǎng)景是關(guān)于學(xué)生的日常對(duì)話(huà)。對(duì)話(huà)一般發(fā)生在大學(xué)校園中，包括非學(xué)術(shù)性的內(nèi)容。當(dāng)然這個(gè)并非絕對(duì)，對(duì)話(huà)的具體內(nèi)容也可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些變化。

除了對(duì)話(huà)外，另一種將做形式的托福聽(tīng)力題型則包含3到4個(gè)講座(Lectures)，每個(gè)講座后會(huì)有6個(gè)問(wèn)題。講座一般來(lái)源于講師教授的課堂教學(xué)內(nèi)容。講座可能只是摘錄教授的講課內(nèi)容，或者是學(xué)生的提問(wèn)，或是老師向?qū)W生提問(wèn)并且請(qǐng)一位學(xué)生回答。這個(gè)題型更偏向于學(xué)術(shù)性的內(nèi)容。

當(dāng)然，在這里需要提示大家一下，聽(tīng)錄音的過(guò)程中，ETS允許大家記錄筆記。所以，備考聽(tīng)力過(guò)程中，學(xué)會(huì)如何記錄筆記，對(duì)于托福聽(tīng)力的提分是很有幫助的。

托福聽(tīng)力評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解讀

在托福聽(tīng)力中所有回答正確的題目數(shù)量加起來(lái)就是你的“total points”。而托福聽(tīng)力的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和出題形式大致可以總結(jié)為以下3點(diǎn)：

1.分值是1分的題目，所有的項(xiàng)目都要回答正確，這一題才算是拿到了全部分值。

2.分值是2分的題目，比如，四選三的題目，必須全部答對(duì)才能得到所有分值;選對(duì)2個(gè)，可得到1個(gè)分值。

3.托福聽(tīng)力以單選題為主，復(fù)選題和表格題為輔。

2020托福聽(tīng)力練習(xí)：人工養(yǎng)殖鱒魚(yú)以滿(mǎn)足食用需求

Half of all fish people eat worldwide now come from fish farms. So farms need to do more to keep up with demand.

"If we look to the future, at today's per capita fish intake around the world we would need to double aquaculture production."

Ron Hardy is the University of Idaho's Director of Aquaculture Research. He presented his research at the recent International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding in Sun Valley, Idaho, which he also chaired.

In the wild, rainbow trout eat insects and other, smaller fish. But Hardy says there aren't enough little fish to feed larger fish in the wild and still meet market demand as the human population increases. So he's used selective breeding to create strains of farmed fish that get by on food that's less expensive than little fish—feed made from soybeans, corn and wheat.

Some of the farmed fish really thrive: 16 years ago, Hardy had to wait a year for a one-pound trout. These days, his efforts yield trout up to four times as large in the same amount of time.

"So, it would be kind of like if you were going to breed dogs. So we've got everything from Rottweilers to little Scotties or whatever."

But the farmed fish are not completely vegetarian.

"Soybeans don't have skeletons, they don't have bones and the bones in fish meal are a major source of minerals for the fish, for example."

And much like humans, fish diets require omega-3 fatty acids, not found in terrestrial plants. So Hardy has to add a little fish-oil back into the plant-based feed. For those of us without waders, this kind of aquaculture is our best shot at a fish fry.

現(xiàn)在全世界人們食用的魚(yú)中，有一半來(lái)自養(yǎng)魚(yú)場(chǎng)。所以，養(yǎng)魚(yú)場(chǎng)要做更多來(lái)滿(mǎn)足人們的需求。

“如果我們放眼未來(lái)，以目前世界人均魚(yú)類(lèi)攝入量來(lái)看，我們需要加倍水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖?！?/p>

羅恩·哈迪是愛(ài)達(dá)荷大學(xué)水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖研究所所長(zhǎng)。他主持了近期在愛(ài)達(dá)荷州太陽(yáng)谷舉行的世界魚(yú)類(lèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)與飼料學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)，并發(fā)表了他的研究成果。

在野生環(huán)境中，虹鱒魚(yú)以昆蟲(chóng)和其它小型魚(yú)類(lèi)為食。但是哈迪表示，由于人類(lèi)人口不斷增長(zhǎng)，野生環(huán)境中沒(méi)有足夠的小型魚(yú)類(lèi)既供大型魚(yú)類(lèi)食用，又滿(mǎn)足市場(chǎng)需求。所以，他采用選擇育種的方法培育出幾種養(yǎng)殖魚(yú)品種，這些品種依靠花費(fèi)少于小型魚(yú)類(lèi)的食物生存，比如大豆、玉米和小麥等。

一些養(yǎng)殖魚(yú)茁壯成長(zhǎng)：16年以前，哈迪想得到一只一磅重的鱒魚(yú)，必須要等一年的時(shí)間。而現(xiàn)在，他的努力使鱒魚(yú)的產(chǎn)量在同樣的時(shí)間內(nèi)翻了四倍。

“所以，這就像培育狗一樣。我們可以得到羅德維拉犬，也可以得到小型Scotties犬?！?/p>

但是養(yǎng)殖魚(yú)并不是完全的素食魚(yú)。

“大豆中不含骨骼，不含骨頭，而骨頭是魚(yú)類(lèi)飲食中礦物質(zhì)的主要來(lái)源?！?/p>

與人類(lèi)很像，魚(yú)飼料也需要?dú)W米伽-3脂肪酸，但它并不存在于陸生植物中。所以哈迪必須要在植物性飼料中加一些魚(yú)油。對(duì)于我們這種沒(méi)有釣魚(yú)用連靴褲的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這種水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖是我們能享用到炸魚(yú)的最佳選擇。

重點(diǎn)講解：

1. keep up with 跟上(變化等);跟上(活兒、人等);

例句：Penny tended to work through her lunch hour in an effort to keep up with her work.

為了把活兒干完，彭妮常常午飯時(shí)間也要工作。

2. look to 展望，思考(將來(lái)發(fā)生的事);

例句：Looking to the future, though, we asked him what the prospects are for a vaccine to prevent infection in the first place.

不過(guò)，展望未來(lái)，我們問(wèn)到他研制出防止感染的疫苗究竟有多大的可能性。

3. get by 勉強(qiáng)過(guò)活;勉強(qiáng)應(yīng)付;

例句：He gets by on very little money.

他靠著很少的錢(qián)過(guò)日子。

2020托福聽(tīng)力練習(xí)：野生動(dòng)物與獵人和徒步旅行者共存

Public lands in the U.S. are managed with two goals in mind: protecting biodiversity and providing people with recreational opportunities, a chance to connect with nature. But sometimes those two goals are at odds—especially if recreation, activities like hiking or hunting, disrupts wild animals enough to alter their use of those landscapes.

Indeed, several years ago, a study done in California found that hikers had a negative impact on wildlife.

"That kind of sounded a bit of an alarm to us as wildlife biologists and as people who like to go hiking ourselves."

Wildlife biologist Roland Kays, of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and N.C. State University.

"We were pretty worried that if this problem was as bad as it seemed from that study, and was widespread, then there could be a real conflict between outdoor recreation and wildlife conservation."

To find out, Kays and his team enlisted the help of more than 350 volunteer citizen scientists, who deployed camera traps at nearly 2,000 sites within 32 protected areas in six different states. Roughly half of the areas allowed hunting and half did not. What they discovered was something of a relief.

"We found relatively minor impacts of hunting and hiking on wildlife."

It's not that human activities didn't impact wildlife at all of course. Heavily hunted species, like white-tailed deer, grey squirrels, and raccoons, were photographed somewhat less often in hunted areas. Coyotes showed up more often in hunted areas. While most species didn't avoid hiking trails, the predators actually preferred them.

But they did find something that had a much bigger impact on wildlife: habitat quality. The best predictor of wildlife abundance was not human activity, but factors like forest connectivity, nearby housing density, and the amount of adjacent agriculture. The results were published in the Journal of Applied Ecology.

And they suggest that outdoor recreation, a 646-billion-dollar industry in the U.S., is currently managed in a sustainable way, but also that protecting the scattered patches of wild habitat that remain in the U.S. is vital—both for wildlife and for people.

"Recreation, including hunting and hiking, and wildlife conservation, can coexist in the same place at the same time, and we can go out there and enjoy nature, enjoy the woods, hope to catch a glimpse of wildlife, without worrying about hurting the populations in the process."

美國(guó)公共土地管理有兩個(gè)目標(biāo)：一是保護(hù)生物多樣性，二是為人們提供娛樂(lè)休閑、接近大自然的機(jī)會(huì)。不過(guò)有時(shí)這兩個(gè)目標(biāo)并不一致，尤其是像徒步旅行或狩獵這樣的休閑活動(dòng)，如果對(duì)野生動(dòng)物造成破壞，足以改變他們對(duì)這些景觀(guān)的使用。

事實(shí)上，幾年前，加利福尼亞進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，徒步旅行者會(huì)對(duì)野生動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。

“作為野生生物學(xué)家，作為喜歡徒步旅行的人，這就像是為我們敲響了警鐘?！?/p>

羅蘭·凱斯是北卡羅來(lái)納自然科學(xué)博物館和北卡羅來(lái)納州州立大學(xué)的野生生物學(xué)家。

“我們非常擔(dān)心，如果這一問(wèn)題像研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣嚴(yán)重、普遍，那戶(hù)外休閑活動(dòng)和野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)之間可能會(huì)發(fā)生真正的沖突?！?/p>

為了找到答案，凱斯和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)招募了350余名公民科學(xué)家志愿者，讓這些志愿者在6個(gè)州的32個(gè)保護(hù)區(qū)設(shè)置相機(jī)“陷阱”近2000處。在這些地點(diǎn)中，約有一半地區(qū)允許狩獵，另一半則不允許。他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)令人松了一口氣。

“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)狩獵和徒步旅行對(duì)野生動(dòng)物的影響相對(duì)較小?！?/p>

當(dāng)然這并不是說(shuō)人類(lèi)活動(dòng)對(duì)野生動(dòng)物沒(méi)有任何影響。像白尾鹿、灰松鼠和浣熊等大量被捕殺的物種，在狩獵地區(qū)極少被拍攝到。土狼在狩獵地區(qū)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。大多數(shù)物種沒(méi)有選擇回避徒步旅行的小徑，捕食者實(shí)際上更喜歡它們。

但是他們的確發(fā)現(xiàn)了會(huì)對(duì)野生動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生更大影響的因素：棲息地的質(zhì)量。野生動(dòng)物豐富的最佳預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)并不是人類(lèi)活動(dòng)，而是森林的連通性、附近房屋的密度以及相鄰農(nóng)田的數(shù)量。這一研究結(jié)果刊登在《應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)期刊》上。

他們認(rèn)為，作為美國(guó)價(jià)值6千4600億美元的產(chǎn)業(yè)，戶(hù)外休閑活動(dòng)現(xiàn)在應(yīng)以可持續(xù)的方式進(jìn)行管理，另外，無(wú)論是對(duì)野生動(dòng)物還是對(duì)人類(lèi)而言，保護(hù)美國(guó)零散的野生棲息地是至關(guān)重要的。

“狩獵和徒步旅行等休閑活動(dòng)，可以與野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)在同一時(shí)間同一個(gè)地方共存，我們可以走出去，享受自然，希望能在森林里看到野生動(dòng)物，而不用擔(dān)心在這一過(guò)程中對(duì)它們?cè)斐蓚?。?/p>

事實(shí)上，幾年前，加利福尼亞進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，徒步旅行者會(huì)對(duì)野生動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。

“作為野生生物學(xué)家，作為喜歡徒步旅行的人，這就像是為我們敲響了警鐘?！?/p>

羅蘭·凱斯是北卡羅來(lái)納自然科學(xué)博物館和北卡羅來(lái)納州州立大學(xué)的野生生物學(xué)家。

“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)狩獵和徒步旅行對(duì)野生動(dòng)物的影響相對(duì)較小。”

“狩獵和徒步旅行等休閑活動(dòng)，可以與野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)在同一時(shí)間同一個(gè)地方共存，我們可以走出去，享受自然，希望能在森林里看到野生動(dòng)物，而不用擔(dān)心在這一過(guò)程中對(duì)它們?cè)斐蓚??！?/p>