其實托福聽力如果能掌握一些好的經(jīng)驗?zāi)敲礋o論是對于托福聽力備考還是考試都很有幫助，今天小編給大家?guī)硗懈Ｂ犃Σ牧媳磉_方式有什么呢，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
托福聽力材料表達方式有什么呢?
時態(tài)的表達方式
漢語中用副詞表達時態(tài)，而英語中是用動詞的變形來表達時態(tài)的。中國考生一般都對時態(tài)缺乏敏感度，這是很正常的，這就像外國人很難掌握我們漢語中的聲調(diào)一樣。
在托福聽力中，尤其是在lecture(講座)中，我們要特別注意時態(tài)的變化。因為在托福的lecture文段開頭部分，教授常常會通過討論過去講的內(nèi)容來引出本次講座的內(nèi)容，或者討論過去的理論和觀點與當(dāng)前的新理論和新觀點進行對比。如果不注意時態(tài)，一股腦地聽下來，很容易會混淆lecture的主題，影響答題。
例如，托福聽力中一篇lecture的開頭如下
Up until now in our discussions and readings about the broken early classical periods, we’ve been talking about the development of musical styles and genres within the relatively narrow social context of its patronage by the upper classes…
But I think if I were asked to identify a single crucial development in European music of this time, it would be the invention of the piano…
這篇lecture主要講的是鋼琴的發(fā)明對西方音樂史的影響，教授在講座開頭回憶了上幾節(jié)課談到的出資人如何影響音樂家的創(chuàng)作風(fēng)格。第一句中“we’ve been talking about…”這樣的現(xiàn)在完成進行時，表明了教授在討論過去講過的內(nèi)容。后面由表達轉(zhuǎn)折的“But”引導(dǎo)的用一般現(xiàn)在時講述的內(nèi)容才是lecture的真正重心。
所以，如果在托福聽力備考中能夠抓住時態(tài)的變化，我們就能更好地把握文段的結(jié)構(gòu)和層次，將文章聽得更有調(diào)理。
否定含義的表達方式和雙重否定
在否定意義的表達上，漢語和英語的表述方式有比較大的差別。
我們來假設(shè)一個場景：媽媽讓小明吃菠菜補充營養(yǎng)，可是小明非常不喜歡菠菜的味道，于是小明對媽媽說：“媽媽，你別讓我吃了，我_____菠菜了?！?/p>
如果根據(jù)場景，幫小明把話補全來表達對菠菜的厭惡和否定，那么漢語表達大概會是：“媽媽，你別讓我吃了，我最不喜歡菠菜來了?！狈穸ǖ恼Z氣會很直接的表達出來。
那么，美語的表達會是怎么樣的呢，大概會是：“Mommy, please, the last thing I would like to eat is spinach. ”是的，美國人會說他想吃的東西中的最后一個是菠菜。這個邏輯對中國人來說是比較“曲折”的，但是我們必須適應(yīng)，否則聽力中的某些關(guān)鍵句就會反應(yīng)不出來到底是什么含義。
另外，雙重否定的形式在漢語的固定詞組中比較常用，如“不得不”、“無不”等等。但是雙重否定在英語中用得更為靈活，不單單以固定詞組的形式出現(xiàn)。
約定俗成的表達方式
在托福聽力中有很多約定俗成的表達方式，而且這些方式往往都是由簡單的單詞組成，非常容易望文生義。如果不知道這些表達方式的正確含義，以美式思維方式理解和記憶，就不能很好的理解聽力文段。
上面結(jié)合托福聽力說明了幾種表達的方式，這些大家在托福聽力備考中如果能熟練掌握相信一定對大家的托福聽力能提供不小的幫助，希望各位能仔細斟酌。
托福聽力練習(xí)對照文本
Today I want to talk to you about wasps and their nests.
今天我想和你們談?wù)匋S蜂(馬蜂)和他們的巢。
You'll recall that biologists divide species of wasps into two groups: solitary and social.
你們會記得，生物學(xué)家把黃蜂的種類分成兩組：獨居的和群居的。
Solitary wasps, as the name implies, do not live together with other wasps.
獨居的黃蜂，顧名思義，不和其他黃蜂生活在一起。
In most species the male and female get together only to mate, and then the female does all the work of building the nest and providing food for the offspring by herself.
在大多數(shù)的種群中，雄性和雌性在一起僅僅為了交配，然后雌性做所有筑巢的工作，并且她自己為后代提供食物。
Solitary wasps usually make nests in the ground and they separate the chambers for individual offspring with bits of grass, stone, or mud, whatever is handy.
獨居的黃蜂通常在地下筑巢，并且它們?yōu)榱藗€體的后代用少量的草，石頭或泥，無論怎樣(只要)是方便的(東西就行)，把窩分隔開來。
What about social wasps?
群居的黃蜂怎么樣呢?
They form a community and work together to build and maintain the nest.
它們形成一個群落并且在一起工作來建造并維護(蜂)巢。
A nest begins in the spring when a fertile female, called the queen, builds the first few compartments of the nest and lays eggs.
(筑)巢始于春天，當(dāng)一只能生育的雌性，被稱作(蜂)后，建造蜂巢的開始的幾個隔室并開始產(chǎn)卵。
The first offspring are small females that cannot lay eggs.
第一批后代是小個的雌性不能下蛋。
These females, called workers, then build a lot of new compartments, and the queen lays more eggs.
這些雌性，叫做工蜂，然后會建造很多新的隔室，然后蜂后產(chǎn)更多的卵。
They also care for the new offspring and defend the nest with their stingers.
它們也照顧新的后代并且使用它們的刺保護蜂巢。
By the way, only female wasps have stingers.
順便說一下，只有雌性黃蜂有刺。
Most social wasps make nests of paper.
多數(shù)黃蜂用紙做巢。
The females produce the paper by chewing up plant fibers or old wood.
雌性(黃蜂)產(chǎn)生紙是通過嚼碎植物纖維或者老舊的木頭。
They spread the paper in thin layers to make cells in which the queen lays her eggs.
他們把紙鋪成薄層來制作單元格，在那里蜂后產(chǎn)下她的卵。
Most of you, I'm sure, have seen these nests suspended from trees.
你們大多數(shù)(人)，我相信，曾經(jīng)見過這些蜂巢從樹上懸掛下來。
They may also be built underground in abandoned rodent burrows.
它們也可能被建造在地下，在被拋棄的嚙齒類動物的地洞中。
托福聽力練習(xí)對照文本
One of the most popular myths about the United States in the nineteenth century was that of the free and simple life of the farmer.
關(guān)于美國在十九世紀(jì)的流傳最廣的傳言之一是自由和簡單的農(nóng)民生活。
It was said that farmers worked hard on their own land to produce whatever their families needed.
據(jù)說農(nóng)民在他們自己的土地上辛勤的勞作，生產(chǎn)他們家庭需要的一切。
They might sometimes trade with neighbors; but in general they could get along just fine by relying on themselves, not on commercial ties with others.
他們可能有時候同鄰居交易，但通常他們能夠自給自足(他們依靠他們自己生活的還好)，與他人沒有商業(yè)關(guān)系。
This is how Thomas Jefferson idealized the farmer at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and, at that time, this may have been close to the truth, especially on the frontier.
這就是Thomas Jefferson如何理想化了的十九世紀(jì)初期的農(nóng)民，并且，在那時，這也許已經(jīng)接近了真相，特別是在邊遠地區(qū)。
But by mid-century, sweeping changes in agriculture were well under way as farmers began to specialize in the raising of crops such as cotton or corn or wheat.
但是在世紀(jì)中葉，當(dāng)農(nóng)民開始專門化種植農(nóng)作物如：棉花或者玉米或者小麥的(產(chǎn)量的)時候，農(nóng)業(yè)上的徹底變化已經(jīng)充分開始，
By late in the century, revolutionary advances in farm machinery had vastly increased production of specialized crops.
在世紀(jì)末，農(nóng)業(yè)機械上的革命性的改進，極大地增加了專業(yè)作物的產(chǎn)量。
And the extensive network of railroads had linked farmers throughout the country to markets in the East and even overseas.
而且廣大的鐵路網(wǎng)把全國的農(nóng)民同東部的，甚至海外的市場連接了起來。
By raising and selling specialized crops, farmers could afford more and finer goods and achieve a much higher standard of living, but at a price.
通過種植和出售專門的作物，農(nóng)民能夠買得起更多和能好的商品，并且獲得更高的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但是價錢很高。
Now, farmers were no longer dependent just on the weather and their own efforts.
現(xiàn)在，農(nóng)民不再僅僅依靠天氣和他們自己的努力。
Their lives were increasingly controlled by banks, which had power to grant or deny loans for new machinery, and by the railroads, which set the rates for shipping their crops to market.
他們的生活越來越多地受到銀行的控制，(銀行)有權(quán)利同意或拒絕給新機器貸款，受到鐵路(的控制)，(鐵路)為運輸他們的作物到市場上設(shè)定價格。
As businessmen, farmers now had to worry about national economic depressions and the influence of world supply and demand on, for example, the price of wheat in Kansas.
作為商人，農(nóng)民現(xiàn)在不得不擔(dān)心國民經(jīng)濟蕭條，以及世界的供應(yīng)與需求的影響，舉例來說，Kansas的小麥價格。
And so, by the end of the nineteenth century, the era of Jefferson's independent farmer had come to a close.
因此，在十九世紀(jì)末，Jefferson的獨立的農(nóng)民的時代已經(jīng)終結(jié)。
托福聽力練習(xí)對照文本
Before moving on to a new topic, I want to finish up our unit on arachnids by looking at what may seem a very unusual aspect of spider behavior, a species where the young spiders actually consume the body of their mother.
在轉(zhuǎn)到新的主題之前，我想結(jié)束我們在蛛形綱上的單元，通過著眼于一個看似非常不同尋常的蜘蛛行為的方面，年幼的蜘蛛實際上消耗他們母親的身體的一個種群。
Unlike most other spiders, this species lays one, and only one, clutch of 40 eggs in her lifetime.
不像大多數(shù)其他蜘蛛，這個種類在她的一生中下一窩，而且只下一窩，40只卵。
The young spiders hatch in mid-spring or early summer, inside a nest of eucalyptus leaves.
年幼的蜘蛛在仲春或初夏，在一個桉樹葉的窩里面。
Their mother spends the warm summer months bringing home large insects—often 10 times her weight—for meal.
它們的母親消耗了幾個月的溫暖的夏季(時光)將大型的昆蟲帶回家——通常10倍于她的重量——當(dāng)食物。
The catch is always significantly more than her young spiders can eat.
捕獲物總是大大地多于她的年幼的蜘蛛(幼仔)所能吃掉的。
So, the mother fattens herself up on this extra prey and stores the nutrients in her extra unfertilized eggs.
因此，(蜘蛛)母親用這些額外的獵物把自己養(yǎng)肥，并且把營養(yǎng)素儲存在她另外的非受精卵中。
As the weather turns colder, there are fewer insect prey to hunt.
隨著天氣轉(zhuǎn)冷，能捕獵的昆蟲獵物很少了。
That's when the nutrients stored in those extra eggs begin to seep into the mother's bloodstream.
那就是當(dāng)儲存在這些另外的卵中的這些營養(yǎng)素開始滲入到母親的血流中的時候。
So, when there are no more insects to feed to the young spiders, they attach themselves to the mother's leg joints and draw nourishment by sucking the nutrient-rich blood.
所以，當(dāng)沒有更多的昆蟲來喂養(yǎng)年幼的蜘蛛時，它們把它們自己貼在母親的腿關(guān)節(jié)上，通過吮吸營養(yǎng)豐富的血液來吸取營養(yǎng)。
After several weeks, the mother is depleted of all nutrients and she dies.
幾周之后，母親被耗盡所有的營養(yǎng)并死去。
But then how do the young get nourishment?
然而幼仔如何獲取營養(yǎng)呢?
They start to feed on one another.
它們開始以彼此為食。
Now, if you recall our discussion of Darwin, you'll see the evolutionary value of this: Only the strongest spiders of the clutch will survive this "cannibalism," and the mother spider will have ensured that her genes have an increased chance of survival through future generations.
現(xiàn)在，如果你記得我們關(guān)于達爾文的討論，你將看到這種進化的價值：只有窩里最強壯的蜘蛛將會在這種“嗜食同類”中生存，蜘蛛母親將會確保她的基因憑借未來的后代增加生存的機會。
