翻譯資格考試該如何備考?今天小編給大家?guī)砹朔g資格考試備考之翻譯意識(shí)和技巧培養(yǎng)方法，希望可以幫助到同學(xué)們。下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
翻譯資格考試備考：翻譯意識(shí)和技巧培養(yǎng)方法
翻譯意識(shí)和技巧的培養(yǎng)需要涉及以下幾個(gè)方面：
第一：要對(duì)翻譯的重要性有深刻的、充分的認(rèn)識(shí)，翻譯的對(duì)與錯(cuò)、好與壞有時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生絕然不同的效果。例如，天涯海角：不是the End of the World (應(yīng)為Land’s End / End of the Earth) 。再如，一小時(shí)內(nèi)免費(fèi)送機(jī)票上門：不是We give you tickets free of charge within one hour.(應(yīng)為We offer free delivery of your air tickets within one hour after your booking confirmation.)
第二：要善于仔細(xì)地、深入地、準(zhǔn)確地理解中文原文的意思。這是因?yàn)闇?zhǔn)確的理解是做好翻譯的前提。例如，摸著石頭過河：不是crossing the river by feeling the stones。(而是wade across the stream by feeling the way )正確的做法應(yīng)該是按照下面的步驟去做：
1.“摸著石頭過河”的字面意思如何理解?
2.它有什么暗含或延伸的意思?
3.英語里有沒有相同或類似的說法?.如果有，就可以直接借用;如果沒有，是進(jìn)行直譯還是意譯?
4.如果直譯為 crossing the river by feeling the stones是否能被外國人理解?
5.過河是乘船過(crossing by boat)還是淌水過(wading across)，動(dòng)詞用什么形式?
6.這里的河是大河、中河還是小河 (river, stream, brook, etc.)?
7.摸的方式是用手摸還是用腳觸?
8.石頭是大石頭還是小石頭(rock, stone, pebble, etc.)?
9.如果意譯為 learning by experiment / by trial and error是否可取?
10.直譯和意譯相結(jié)合wading across the stream by feeling the way如何?
第三：中文和英文的對(duì)應(yīng)詞有時(shí)意思并不相同或者不完全相同，不能照字面翻譯。例如，他的英語說得真好，就像外國人一樣。不是He speaks English so well, he sounds like a foreigner.而是He speaks English so well, he sounds like a native speaker.
拉動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長：不是pull economic growth，而是push/lift/increase/boost/stimulate/spur/drive/fuel/speed up/accelerate/generate/ fire up/ propel/ facilitate/reinforce/aid/assist/support/promote/encourage/foster/(sustain/maintain)。素質(zhì)教育：不是quality education，而是caliber-focused education 或trait-centered education。
第四：有時(shí)候中文字面的意思表達(dá)不充分，部分信息被省略了或被隱藏起來了。例如，特區(qū)是個(gè)窗口，是技術(shù)的窗口，管理的窗口，知識(shí)的窗口，也是對(duì)外政策的窗口。不是：The special zone is a window. It is a widow for introducing technology, management and knowledge. It is also a window for foreign policy. 而是The special economic zones are a window opening onto the outside world. They are a window through which to bring in from abroad sophisticated technology, advanced managerial expertise and up-to-date know-how. It is also a window through which to disseminate China’s external policies.
再如，退耕還林：不是return farmland to forest，而應(yīng)該是restore “woodland-converted farm-plots” back for afforesting 。春運(yùn)：不是spring transportation，而是the rush / peak season of passenger transportation during the Spring Festival。
第五：有些中文詞語沒有什么特殊涵義，而與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的英文詞語卻有著特殊的涵義。例如，與“便宜”、“價(jià)廉”相對(duì)應(yīng)的“cheap,”它有時(shí)候會(huì)帶有貶義，成為“質(zhì)次價(jià)低”的意，如cheap jewelries, cheap dresses, cheap furniture 等。我們可以說I bought a cheap watch for my child，對(duì)小孩無所謂;但不能說I bought a cheap dress for my girlfriend. 因?yàn)檫@樣說會(huì)冒犯對(duì)方。在后一種情況下必須用inexpensive一詞。
第六：避免用中式英語進(jìn)行表達(dá)，而要盡量用地道的英語進(jìn)行表達(dá)。假如我們要把“我過去學(xué)過一些法語，但現(xiàn)在都忘了，都還給老師了”這句話翻譯成英語，最好不要說 I learned some French in the past. Now I have forgotten it. I’ve returned it to the teacher. 比較好的說法是 I used to know some French, but I’ve forgotten it. It has found its way back to my teacher.
再比如我們要用英語說“我攢了一大堆贓衣服，等著周末來洗，”最好不要說I have accumulated a large amount of dirty clothes. I’m going to wash them at the weekend. 比較好的說法是 I have a lot of laundry to catch up at the weekend.
第七：根據(jù)不同場合，英語的表達(dá)有莊重(formal) 與隨意(informal) 之分。比如“禁止吸煙”(No Smoking)、“請(qǐng)勿吸煙”(Thank you for not smoking) 和“為了您和他人的健康，請(qǐng)勿在此吸煙”(For hygiene’s sake, please refrain yourself from smoking in this room.)下面兩組例子中都各包含有formal- normal - informal 三種文體風(fēng)格(style):
Please await instructions before dispatching items.
Please wait for instructions before sending items off.
Don’t send anything off until you’re told to do so.
Essential measures should be undertaken at the earliest opportunity.
One should undertake any necessary measures at the earliest opportunity.
You should do whatever you have to as soon as you can.
第八：要注意各行各業(yè)的不同術(shù)語的選擇。比如我們要把“專業(yè)簽證人員”翻譯成英語，那么我們就要按照外交用語的習(xí)慣把它翻譯為visa officers，而不應(yīng)該照字面上翻譯成specialized visa personnel?！鞍簿庸こ獭?的英譯不是housing project for low-income urban residents，而應(yīng)該按照社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)用語的習(xí)慣翻譯為the Affordable Housing Program; “信息化”的英譯不是informatization 或informationization，而應(yīng)該按照高科技行業(yè)習(xí)慣翻譯為the spreading / sweeping information explosion / the information explosion process / trend; “外資企業(yè)”的英譯不是overseas-funded enterprises,而應(yīng)該按照外貿(mào)行業(yè)習(xí)慣翻譯為enterprises with foreign investment / enterprises with foreign elements;再比如，高速公路上的警示語“請(qǐng)勿疲勞駕駛，”翻譯成英語不是Don’t drive tiredly，按照交通法規(guī)術(shù)語應(yīng)該翻譯為Drowsy driving is dangerous 或Drive alert, arrive alive。
第九：注意漢語和英語之間的文化差異。把“相聲”翻譯成英語不能只是翻譯其形式，還要翻譯其內(nèi)涵。翻譯成cross talk 外國人不明白;不如翻譯為comic dialogue 更好懂。再如，假設(shè)我們要把“以外貿(mào)為龍頭”翻譯成英語，能不能直接翻譯為with foreign trade as the dragon head呢?這樣翻譯是很難讓外國人明白的，因?yàn)椤耙浴瓰辇堫^”這個(gè)說法是源自耍龍燈的習(xí)俗，而多數(shù)外國人不一定熟悉中國人的這一習(xí)俗。為了取得好的翻譯效果，最好是用能夠跨越文化障礙的表達(dá)方法，如“火車頭”或“旗艦”：with foreign trade as the locomotive / flagship。
但是不能機(jī)械地對(duì)待一切類似的翻譯問題，我們的頭腦里應(yīng)該有一點(diǎn)辯證法。比如漢語的“魚米之鄉(xiāng)”(land of fish and rice)，在英語里有一個(gè)類似的說法land of milk and honey，但由于land of fish and rice 外國人也能理解，不會(huì)造成跨化交流的障礙，所以我們可以采用land of fish and rice的說法，以保留一點(diǎn)中國的特色。
第十：對(duì)于暗含的意思，必須把它明白地翻譯出來，這樣便于外國讀者理解。例如，”東邊日出西邊雨，道是無晴卻有晴”中的“晴”字，它是個(gè)雙關(guān)語，有“天晴”和“愛情”的雙重意思。我們?cè)诜g的時(shí)候，必須做到二者兼顧：
It’s sunny in the east but in the west it’s raining hard.
Whether rain or sunshine, he’s the sunshine in my heart.
再如，“這種鞋油為您足下增光”中的“足下”也是個(gè)雙關(guān)語，翻譯的時(shí)候也必須把兩層意思都表達(dá)出來：This shoe shine shines your shoes and you look great.
第十一：有時(shí)候，比如翻譯詩句，光翻譯字面上的意思是不夠的，還必須把字里行間的深度、力量和美感表達(dá)出來。例如，朱門酒肉臭，路有凍死骨：不是 Wines and meats become rotten in the mansions; Dead bones become rotten at the doors of them， 而是：In the mansions, rolling luxury allows wine and meat to go rotten away;On the streets, grinding poverty causes dead bodies to freeze and decay.
第十二：漢語和英語在語法語序和句子結(jié)構(gòu)上都有很大的差別。因此，在進(jìn)行中譯英的時(shí)候必須要考慮到這些方面的變化。例如，改革開放開放取得了巨大的成就：不是The economic reform and the opening-up have made great achievements. 而是把“巨大的成就”當(dāng)作主語，把主動(dòng)語態(tài)變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)：Great achievements have been made in the economic reform and in our efforts to open-up China to the outside world.
綜上所述，一個(gè)好的翻譯人員必須具有高屋見瓴的視角，要懂得翻譯的真諦是什么。要想提高漢英翻譯水平，必須加強(qiáng)對(duì)上述各種意識(shí)的培養(yǎng)。必須養(yǎng)成多層次、多角度的思維習(xí)慣。
2020翻譯資格考試筆譯三級(jí)模擬題
網(wǎng)絡(luò)屬于每個(gè)人，也屬于所有人，需要大家共同建設(shè)，共同治理。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)治理是全球治理的重要組成部分。國際社會(huì)應(yīng)共同努力，構(gòu)建一個(gè)公正合理的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)全球治理體系。
As the Internet is open to everyone, it needs to be built and managedby all. The governance of the Internet is an important part of global governance. The international community should work together to build a global Internet governance system that is fair and equitable.
網(wǎng)絡(luò)為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和實(shí)現(xiàn)千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)提供了強(qiáng)勁動(dòng)力，在未來全球發(fā)展議程中也占據(jù)著極為重要的位置。
The Internet is a strong driving force for world economic growth and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and takes an important place in the future global development agenda.
21世紀(jì)是網(wǎng)絡(luò)和信息化的世紀(jì)。作為擁有6.18億網(wǎng)民的網(wǎng)絡(luò)大國，中國高度重視網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全和信息化工作，致力于不斷提高自身網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全水平。
The 21st century is an era of the Internet and IT application. As amajor cyber state with 618 million Internet users, China attaches great importance to cyber security and IT application and is committed to improving its level of cyber security.
中國始終是網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的建設(shè)者、維護(hù)者和貢獻(xiàn)者，致力于與國際社會(huì)攜手共建和平、安全、開放、合作的網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間。
China has always been contributing its part to building and maintaining cyber space and committed to working with the rest of the international community to create a peaceful, secure, open and cooperative cyber space.
在當(dāng)前網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間事端頻發(fā)的背景下，各方應(yīng)在相互尊重和信任的基礎(chǔ)上，以建設(shè)性態(tài)度開展對(duì)話，合作解決分歧。
Amidst the frequent occurrence of incidents in cyber space, parties concerned should take a constructive approach, engage in dialogue on the basis of mutual respect and trust, and resolve differences through cooperation.
信息和通信技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，深刻影響著人類經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)生活的方方面面，為人類文明發(fā)展與進(jìn)步提供了全新的數(shù)字機(jī)遇，同時(shí)帶來了前所未有的挑戰(zhàn)。
The fast growth of the information and communication technology (ICT) has exerted profound impacts on all aspects of social and economic life of mankind, and offered brand new digital opportunities for the advancement of human civilization. But at the same time, it has also brought unprecedented challenges.
網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪和網(wǎng)絡(luò)恐怖主義呈蔓延之勢(shì)，個(gè)別國家大規(guī)模網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)監(jiān)控活動(dòng)嚴(yán)重侵犯別國主權(quán)和公民隱私，網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊事件和軍事化傾向損害國際安全與互信，全球范圍內(nèi)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展不平衡的狀況亟待改善。
Cybercrime and terrorism have been on the rise. The massive-scalesurveillance activities by an individual country have severely infringed on other countries’ sovereignty and their citizen’s privacy. Cyber-attacks and militarized tendency in cyber space can diminish international security and mutual trust, and the imbalanced development of the Internet worldwide needs to be corrected in a timely way.
網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間是一個(gè)新空間，需要我們倍加珍惜。維護(hù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的安全、穩(wěn)定與繁榮，是國際社會(huì)的共同責(zé)任。
Cyber space is a new frontier that deserves our special care. The international community has a shared responsibility to maintain security, stability and prosperity in cyber space.
2020翻譯資格考試筆譯三級(jí)模擬題
在此，我謹(jǐn)代表中國政府，對(duì)大會(huì)的召開表示熱烈祝賀，對(duì)遠(yuǎn)道而來的各位嘉賓表示誠摯歡迎，對(duì)長期致力于全球旅游事業(yè)發(fā)展的各界人士致以崇高敬意!
On behalf of the Chinese government, let me offer warm congratulations on the opening of the conference. I also express sincere welcome to all guests coming from afar, and pay high tribute to those who have long been committed to the development of tourism in the world.
旅游是人類對(duì)美好生活的向往與追求，是認(rèn)識(shí)新鮮事物和未知世界的重要途徑。
Travel and tourism makes part of the human pursuit for better life; it opens a way to the new and the unknown world.
中國經(jīng)濟(jì)保持較高增長速度，居民收入不斷增加，交通條件日趨改善，越來越多的人外出旅游。
As the economy grew faster and people’ s income got higher, more and more people could afford to travel. This is even more so whentransportation in China is being made increasingly easier.
even more so 甚至更是如此
中國地域遼闊，歷史悠久，民族眾多，有著壯美秀麗的自然風(fēng)光、光輝燦爛的傳統(tǒng)文化、各具特色的民族風(fēng)情，發(fā)展旅游業(yè)的優(yōu)勢(shì)和潛力巨大。
China is a huge country. It has a long history, a splendid culture and enchanting natural scenery. The Chinese population is multi-ethnic,each with its own uniqueness. All this could be translated into advantage and potential for tourism development.
此段英譯用到了篇章段落調(diào)整，并沒有嚴(yán)格依據(jù)原文句子順序。
2015年旅游業(yè)對(duì)中國GDP的直接貢獻(xiàn)率為4.9%，綜合貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)10.8%。
In 2015, direct contribution and aggregate contribution of tourism to China’s GDP was 4.9% and 10.8% respectively.
但目前中國旅游業(yè)發(fā)展水平還不高，對(duì)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的貢獻(xiàn)率仍低于世界平均水平。
That said, tourism is not contributing as much to the economy in China as it does in many other countries.
2015年，中國旅游業(yè)直接就業(yè)人數(shù)近2800萬人，加上間接就業(yè)總計(jì)吸納8000萬人就業(yè)，約占全國就業(yè)總數(shù)的10%。
In 2015, China’s tourism industry directly employed 28 million people, and the total number of jobs created, directly or indirectly, was 80 million. That was roughly 10% of the number of all jobs in the country.
旅游是人與人最直接、最自然的交流方式，是開放的窗口、友誼的紐帶、和平的使者。
Tourism is the most direct and natural way of people-to-people exchange. It is a window of openness, a bond of friendship and a messenger of peace.
旅游可以加深理解、減少偏見、增進(jìn)包容，在促進(jìn)世界和平中有著獨(dú)特作用。
Tourism helps deepen understanding, reduce prejudice and enhance inclusiveness. It thus has a special role to play in ensuring world peace.
各國應(yīng)深化多形式、多層次的旅游合作，加深不同民族和文化之間的尊重、包容和理解，為促進(jìn)人民友好奠定堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
Countries need to step up tourism cooperation in various forms and at multiple levels, and need to deepen respect, accommodation and understanding of the different ethnic groups and cultures in the world, so as to strengthen the foundation for friendship.
旅游作為增長最快、最具韌性的產(chǎn)業(yè)部門之一，在促進(jìn)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇中承擔(dān)著重要作用。據(jù)世界銀行估算，旅游業(yè)每消費(fèi)1美元，可為全球帶來3.2美元的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長。
Tourism, which is among the fastest growing and highly resilient of all sectors, plays a vital role in stimulating global economic recovery. According to the World Bank, one dollar of consumption in tourism can generate 3.2 dollars of growth globall
目前，旅游業(yè)貢獻(xiàn)了全球約10%的GDP、30%的服務(wù)出口，是名副其實(shí)的第一大產(chǎn)業(yè)。未來15年，國際游客數(shù)量將由12億人次增長至18億人次。
Tourism now contributes to about 10% of global GDP and some 30% of services exports worldwide. It surely stands out as the largest sector in the economic mix. In the next 15 years, the number of international visits worldwide will increase from 1.2 billion to 1.8 billion.
2020翻譯資格考試筆譯三級(jí)模擬題
上海是個(gè)大熔爐，居民多數(shù)是移民，這使得上海發(fā)展了多姿多彩的文化，擁有大批著名的藝術(shù)家和文藝團(tuán)體。
Shanghai is a big melting pot with a population largely made up of migrants. This has lead to the development of the city’s colorful culture. Shanghai Boasts a large number of celebrated artists and performing troupes.
許多世界級(jí)的音樂家和藝術(shù)家都曾到上海表演，上海還定期舉辦國際電視電影和藝術(shù)節(jié)。這些活動(dòng)都吸引了許多國內(nèi)外參加者，為上海觀眾帶來了大量高品質(zhì)的節(jié)目。
Many world-class musicians and artist have come to perform in Shanghai. The city regularly host international TV, film and art festivals. These events have drawn many domestic and overseasparticipants and brought an abundance of high-quality programs to Shanghai audiences.
天津，渤海灣上的一顆璀璨的寶石，通往中華人民共和國首都的大門。這座城市擁有悠久而光輝的歷史。如今，從形形色色優(yōu)美的建筑中，古玩市場迂回的街道上林林總總新奇的古玩里，從散落在城市各處的富有宗教風(fēng)格的大量建筑中，旅行者仍然可以品味到天津悠久的歷史。
Tianjin, also known as the diamond of the Bohai Gulf and the gate way to the capital of the People’s Republic of China, has a long andillustrious history. For the visitors today, this legacy can still beglimpsed, in the varied and beautiful architecture, amongst theantiques to be found in the winding streets of the antique market, and with visits to the profusion of religious buildings the litter the city.
illustrious /i'l?stri?s/
卓越的，杰出的，著名的
(事跡等)輝煌的，燦爛的
[古語]發(fā)光的;有光澤的;明亮的
天津高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)是經(jīng)國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)的首批高新技術(shù)工業(yè)發(fā)展區(qū)。第一個(gè)國內(nèi)軟件及服務(wù)外包工業(yè)基地和超壓縮輔助服務(wù)項(xiàng)目的開始建設(shè)，標(biāo)志著國內(nèi)軟件及服務(wù)外包基地在天津高新園區(qū)建設(shè)開始進(jìn)入實(shí)施階段。
Tianjin High-Tech Developmental Park is one of the first-group high-tech industrial development areas approved by the State Council. The first construction project in National Software and Service Outsourcing Industry Base and Compressive Auxiliary Service Areamarks that National Software and Service Outsourcing Industry Base in Tianjin High-Tech Developmental Park has entered the construction stage.
在四個(gè)中央直轄市中，重慶是唯一一個(gè)位于東西部交匯處的城市，而其他額直轄市，北京、天津和上海都位于中國東部地區(qū)。重慶人口超過3000萬，面積 82 000 平方公里，承重山河交錯(cuò)，因此旅游資源十分豐富。重慶的中心城區(qū)，被在朝天門外交匯的長江和嘉陵江所包圍，依山而建，河流環(huán)保，因此重慶也被稱為“山城”。
Of the four municipalities directly under the Chinese central government, Chongqing is the only one that is located at the joining sector of eastern China and western China, while the other three, Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai, are all located in eastern China. With a population of over 30 million and an area of 82 000 square kilometers crisscrossed by mountains and rivers, Chongqing is richly endowed with tourist resource. The downtown area, embraced by the Yangtze and Jialing River that join at Chaotianmen, is a city built on hillside and surrounded by rivers, and therefore, Chongqing is also known as a mountain city.
2020翻譯資格考試筆譯三級(jí)模擬題
9億多勞動(dòng)力、1億多受過高等教育和有專業(yè)技能的人才，是我們最大的資源和優(yōu)勢(shì)。
A workforce of over 900 million, of whom over 100 million have received higher education or are professionally trained: this is our greatest resource and strength.
今年擬安排財(cái)政赤字2.18萬億元，比去年增加5600億元，赤字率提高到3%。其中，中央財(cái)政赤字1.4萬億元，地方財(cái)政赤字7800億元。
The government deficit for 2016 is projected to be 2.18 trillion yuan, an increase of 560 billion yuan over last year, meaning the deficit-to-GDP ratio will rise to 3%. Of the deficit, 1.4 trillion yuan will be carried by the central government, and the remaining 780 billion yuan will be carried by local governments.
實(shí)施上述政策，今年將比改革前減輕企業(yè)和個(gè)人負(fù)擔(dān)5000多億元。
Through the above policies, the burdens on enterprises and individuals will be cut by more than 500 billion yuan this year.
完成鐵路投資8000億元以上、公路投資1.65萬億元，再開工20項(xiàng)重大水利工程
More than 800 billion yuan will be invested in railway construction, and investment in road construction will reach 1.65 trillion yuan. A further 20 water conservancy projects will be carried out
增加深松土地1.5億畝，新增高效節(jié)水灌溉面積2000萬畝
improve the subsoil of an additional ten million hectares of cropland, and increase the area of cropland covered by efficient water-saving irrigation by 1.33 million hectares
十五畝等于一公頃
今年要完成1000萬以上農(nóng)村貧困人口脫貧任務(wù)，其中易地搬遷脫貧200萬人以上，繼續(xù)推進(jìn)貧困農(nóng)戶危房改造。
This year, we will help more than ten million rural residents lift themselves out of poverty, including over two million poor residents who are to be relocated from inhospitable areas
中央財(cái)政安排城鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)療救助補(bǔ)助資金160億元，增長9.6%。
The central government will allocate 16 billion yuan to be used in both rural and urban areas for medical assistance and subsidies, an increase of 9.6% over last year.
整合城鄉(xiāng)居民基本醫(yī)保制度，財(cái)政補(bǔ)助由每人每年380元提高到420元。
We will merge the basic medical insurance systems for rural and non-working urban residents and raise government subsidies for the scheme from 380 to 420 yuan per capita per annum.
根據(jù)國際貨幣基金組織2013年數(shù)據(jù)，按購買力平價(jià)(PPP)計(jì)算，香港本地生產(chǎn)總值位居全球第35位，人均本地生產(chǎn)總值位居全球第7位。
According to the 2013 statistics of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Hong Kong’s GRP and per-capita GRP, respectively, ranked the 35th and 7th in the world, as calculated by purchasing power parity.
2012年，四大產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值共占香港本地生產(chǎn)總值的58%，吸納就業(yè)人數(shù)占總就業(yè)人數(shù)的47.2%。
In 2012, these four sectors employed 47.2 percent of Hong Kong’s total working population, and their added value accounted for 58 percent of Hong Kong’s total GRP.
香港嬰兒死亡率由1997年的4‰下降至2013年的1.6‰，是全球嬰兒死亡率最低的地方之一。
The infant mortality rate dropped from 4 per thousand in 1997 to 1.6 per thousand in 2013, which is among the world’s lowest.
