托托?？荚嚾绾伪苊饴?tīng)力拖后腿?補(bǔ)足短板要這么練。今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福考試如何避免聽(tīng)力拖后腿,希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

托福考試如何避免聽(tīng)力拖后腿?補(bǔ)足短板要這么練

練聽(tīng)力做筆記提升記憶效果

在托福聽(tīng)力進(jìn)行中，材料是只讀一遍的，而且在有些題目中，考生只有在材料播放完之后才能看到題目。正因如此，考生在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中做好筆記就成為了一個(gè)非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)。在記錄筆記的過(guò)程中，大家要做到條理清晰、書(shū)寫(xiě)盡量工整、提倡使用一些自己慣用的縮寫(xiě)和圖形來(lái)表達(dá)，提高記筆記的效率，并能夠?yàn)榇痤}時(shí)候高效準(zhǔn)確地提取信息打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。而只有這樣，大家在看到了題目后，才能根據(jù)之前所記錄的筆記，有條理地分析出最終答案。如果對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料的內(nèi)容理解不是特別充分，或者對(duì)可能考查的重點(diǎn)及細(xì)節(jié)把握不夠，都會(huì)造成聽(tīng)完材料之后卻對(duì)題目不知如何著手，這就要求大家在聽(tīng)材料的過(guò)程中，除去對(duì)材料本身的理解把握及記錄之外，還應(yīng)該注意對(duì)話中談話雙方對(duì)所談?wù)搩?nèi)容的觀點(diǎn)及態(tài)度，從而從整體上感知材料，形成對(duì)材料的整體的全面的把握。

合理切換聽(tīng)和寫(xiě)步驟保證節(jié)奏

在托福聽(tīng)力備考過(guò)程中，聽(tīng)寫(xiě)練習(xí)是一個(gè)非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)。而小編建議大家，對(duì)于聽(tīng)寫(xiě)練習(xí)的開(kāi)展可以在有了一定聽(tīng)力基礎(chǔ)后再正式開(kāi)始。這么做的原因很簡(jiǎn)單，聽(tīng)力基礎(chǔ)較好的同學(xué)可以完全把握好聽(tīng)和寫(xiě)的節(jié)奏，在記錄“寫(xiě)”的內(nèi)容時(shí)，也可以同時(shí)把握好“聽(tīng)”的同步進(jìn)行，不會(huì)有相互博弈的問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生。很多同學(xué)聽(tīng)寫(xiě)中常會(huì)自己跟自己打架，顧著聽(tīng)就來(lái)不及寫(xiě)，專心寫(xiě)又沒(méi)聽(tīng)清后面說(shuō)的內(nèi)容，結(jié)果聽(tīng)也沒(méi)聽(tīng)懂，記錄也亂七八糟自己都看不懂。想要避免這種問(wèn)題，考生一定要練好聽(tīng)與寫(xiě)之間的平衡和節(jié)奏感。

尋找自己的聽(tīng)力弱點(diǎn)盲區(qū)來(lái)改善

在聽(tīng)力練習(xí)完成之后，考生也不能簡(jiǎn)單地核對(duì)答案就覺(jué)得萬(wàn)事大吉。大家最好在核對(duì)答案的同時(shí)做好記錄，查看一下自己有沒(méi)有在同類問(wèn)題或者相似內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)反復(fù)錯(cuò)誤的情況，通過(guò)對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn)可能存在的一些薄弱環(huán)節(jié)和高頻盲區(qū)，及時(shí)調(diào)整之后的訓(xùn)練目標(biāo)，有針對(duì)性地迅速搞定弱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題，讓自己的練習(xí)能有真正的快速提升。

不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)音需及時(shí)糾正

有些考生可能會(huì)覺(jué)得，讀音和聽(tīng)力有什么關(guān)系。實(shí)際上，不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的發(fā)音不僅會(huì)影響到大家的口語(yǔ)考試，對(duì)于聽(tīng)力同樣也是有損害的。明明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)音是那樣，考生自身認(rèn)知的發(fā)音卻有所差異，到了聽(tīng)力考試中就容易出現(xiàn)明明聽(tīng)到但聽(tīng)不懂的情況。實(shí)際上，因?yàn)榘l(fā)音問(wèn)題導(dǎo)致自己聽(tīng)不懂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)考試聽(tīng)力發(fā)音的情況并不少見(jiàn)。而托?？荚囎鳛橐婚T英語(yǔ)能力綜合測(cè)試，各個(gè)題型之間所需求的英語(yǔ)能力其實(shí)也是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的，糾正了讀音問(wèn)題，不僅會(huì)直接讓各位的口語(yǔ)能力得到提升，也會(huì)讓聽(tīng)力間接受益。因此，糾正讀音問(wèn)題對(duì)于聽(tīng)力來(lái)說(shuō)也是必不可少的。

2020托福聽(tīng)力練習(xí)：加固水壩有利魚(yú)類繁殖

In the early 19th century the fur industry reached what was then known as the Oregon Territories. Lewis and Clark found massive numbers of Pacific salmon and steelhead trout there, swimming among the beaver dams scattered across the Columbia River Basin.

But in an effort to starve American interests, Canada's Hudson's Bay Company tried to create a "fur desert" by killing off as many fur-bearing animals as they could. As a result, beavers had all but disappeared from the area by the year 1900. And once the beavers and their dams were gone, fish populations dropped.

Today, steelhead trout numbers in the region continue to fall. But scientists and government agencies are working to restore their habitats.

"We're looking for restoration approaches in these areas to recover ESA-listed species, but we really don't know what works and what doesn't." Nick Bouwes of the environmental consulting firm Eco Logical Research and Utah State University.

He says that the U.S. spends a billion dollars each year to restore watersheds, but without any real empirical information to guide those efforts. So Bouwes and his team tested the idea that by helping beavers, they could help the fish.

Dams naturally alter the flow of streams, providing fish with a variety of suitable habitats. But the watersheds have become so degraded that there's not enough woody vegetation available for the beavers to build strong dams. The flimsy ones they do build get washed away whenever there's a big storm.

"The idea was, can we reinforce these dams so that they maintain their integrity during high flows, and can be maintained by beavers to capture that sediment, to reconnect that floodplain?"

For seven years, the researchers compared Bridge Creek, which had lots of artificially strengthened dams, to Murderer's Creek, which had none. And in Bridge Creek, the fish flourished—despite the view held by some that beaver dams are bad for fish. The results are in the journal Scientific Reports.

"Beavers, they're really good at making a mess of a system, and it's that messiness that's exactly what we're looking for, by creating more complex fish habitat."

And costing just $11,000 for each kilometer of stream, artificial dam reinforcements are much cheaper than conventional restoration methods—since the beavers do most of the work for us. And that is a dam good deal.

毛皮行業(yè)在19世紀(jì)早期進(jìn)入到當(dāng)時(shí)著名的奧勒岡領(lǐng)土。劉易斯和克拉克發(fā)現(xiàn)，大量的太平洋鮭魚(yú)和硬頭鱒在哥倫比亞河流域的海貍水壩中游來(lái)游去。

但是為了節(jié)制美國(guó)的利益，加拿大哈德遜灣公司試圖創(chuàng)建一個(gè)“毛皮沙漠”，盡可能多地殺死毛皮類動(dòng)物。因此，海貍在1900年時(shí)幾乎消失殆盡。一旦海貍和它們創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的水壩都不見(jiàn)了，魚(yú)類數(shù)量就會(huì)開(kāi)始下降。

現(xiàn)在，該地區(qū)的硬頭鱒數(shù)量仍在繼續(xù)下跌。但是科學(xué)家和政府機(jī)構(gòu)正在努力恢復(fù)它們的棲息地。

“我們正在這些領(lǐng)域?qū)ふ倚迯?fù)方法以恢復(fù)ESA名單上的物種，但我們真的不知道哪種方法有效，哪種方法沒(méi)有作用。”這是環(huán)境咨詢公司生態(tài)研究公司和猶他州立大學(xué)的研究人員尼克·鮑威斯所說(shuō)。

他說(shuō)，美國(guó)每年在恢復(fù)流域方面花費(fèi)10億美元，但是沒(méi)有任何實(shí)證信息來(lái)指導(dǎo)這些努力。所以鮑威斯和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)測(cè)試了通過(guò)幫助海貍來(lái)幫助魚(yú)類的辦法。

大壩可以自然地改變河流的流動(dòng)，為魚(yú)類提供各種合適的棲息地。但由于水域質(zhì)量嚴(yán)重下降，導(dǎo)致沒(méi)有足夠的木本植物供海貍建造堅(jiān)固的水壩。只要有大風(fēng)暴來(lái)襲，它們建造的劣質(zhì)水壩就會(huì)被沖走。

“我們的想法是，能不能通過(guò)加強(qiáng)這些水壩使它們?cè)诟吡鲃?dòng)性期間保持完整性，由海貍采集沉積物去填補(bǔ)洪泛區(qū)來(lái)保持完整性?”

七年來(lái)，研究者將有過(guò)很多人工加固水壩經(jīng)歷的Bridge Creek與沒(méi)有人工加固水壩經(jīng)歷的Murderer's Creek,相比較。雖然有觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為海貍水壩對(duì)魚(yú)類有害，不過(guò)在Bridge Creek，魚(yú)類大量繁殖起來(lái)。這項(xiàng)研究成果刊登在《科學(xué)》雜志上。

“海貍非常擅長(zhǎng)擾亂系統(tǒng)，而這種干擾正是我們所需要的，因?yàn)檫@樣能創(chuàng)造出更多復(fù)合魚(yú)類棲息地?！?/p>

與傳統(tǒng)修復(fù)方法相比，每公里河流只需花費(fèi)1.1萬(wàn)美元的人工加固大壩更加便宜，因?yàn)楹Ｘ倿槲覀冏隽舜蟛糠止ぷ?。這是一樁相當(dāng)劃算的交易。

重點(diǎn)講解：

1. kill off 全部殺死;滅絕;

例句：his spray will kill off any pests or insects.

這種噴霧能夠消滅任何的害蟲(chóng)或者昆蟲(chóng)。

2. as a result 結(jié)果;后果;

例句：As a result, daily output has doubled.

結(jié)果日產(chǎn)量翻了一番。

3. wash away 沖垮;沖走;

例句：Flood waters washed away one of the main bridges in Pusan.

洪水沖垮了釜山的一座主要橋梁。

4. be good at 擅長(zhǎng)的;精通的;能干的;

例句：I'm pretty good at water skiing.

我對(duì)滑水橇很在行。

2020托福聽(tīng)力練習(xí)：火星衛(wèi)星形成于火星大碰撞

Mars is a planet of outsized splendor. Despite being only half as big and a tenth as heavy as Earth, it bears the solar system’s tallest mountain, longest canyon and largest crater. At 22 and 12 kilometers wide, however, its inner moon Phobos and outer moon Deimos are figurative small potatoes. Scientists suspect both formed much as Earth’s single large moon did, from a massive debris disk ejected into orbit by a giant impact eons ago. But if Mars’s moons formed like Earth’s, why are they so very much smaller?

The answer may be that they did not form alone. New simulations from Pascal Rosenblatt of the Royal Observatory of Belgium and colleagues show how the debris disk from a giant impact on Mars could have generated additional moons a few hundreds of kilometers in size. After forming in the dense inner regions of the disk, those larger moons would have stirred the disk’s sparser outer reaches, allowing smaller companions like Phobos and Deimos to coalesce from the ripples. The study appears in the journal Nature Geoscience.

火衛(wèi)一(Phobos).jpg

In this scenario, the reason we only see Phobos and Deimos today is that the bigger moons were destroyed a few million years after their formation. Their low, fast orbits outpaced Mars’s rotation, creating a tidal pull that sent them spiraling down to crash into the planet (Earth’s moon, by contrast, orbited slower than our planet’s rotation, allowing it to spiral outward and survive). Future investigations could test the new hypothesis by looking for clusters of Martian craters produced by the infalling moons, but in the meantime, proof that Mars can kill its companions is right before our eyes: The orbit of Deimos is stable, but Phobos is in a death spiral, losing two centimeters of altitude per year to Mars’s tidal pull. It will plunge into the planet in 20 million to 40 million years, leaving lonely, far-out Deimos as the last vestige of what may have been a once-mighty system of Martian moons.

For Scientific American — 60-Second Science Science. I'm Lee Billings.

火星是一個(gè)擁有驚人光輝的行星。雖然火星的體積只有地球的一半，重量只有地球的十分之一，但是它擁有太陽(yáng)系中最高的山峰、最長(zhǎng)的峽谷以及最大的火山口。在22公里和12公里寬處，火星內(nèi)部衛(wèi)星火衛(wèi)一和外部衛(wèi)星火衛(wèi)二像生動(dòng)形象的兩顆小土豆?？茖W(xué)家認(rèn)為，這兩顆衛(wèi)星的形成與地球上形成唯一的月球類似，是億萬(wàn)年前發(fā)生大碰撞時(shí)大量碎片被送入軌道而形成。但是如果火星衛(wèi)星的形成與月球的形成過(guò)程類似，那為什么它們的體積會(huì)小這么多?

答案或許是它們并不是單獨(dú)形成的。比利時(shí)皇家天文臺(tái)的帕斯卡爾·羅森布拉特和他的同事進(jìn)行了模擬試驗(yàn)，目的是說(shuō)明火星大碰撞產(chǎn)生的碎片盤如何形成幾百公里大小的衛(wèi)星。在碎片盤密集的內(nèi)區(qū)形成以后，較大的衛(wèi)星會(huì)攪動(dòng)碎片盤的稀松外延，允許火衛(wèi)一和火衛(wèi)二這樣的小型衛(wèi)星凝結(jié)而成。這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)表在《自然地球科學(xué)》期刊上。

在這種情況下，我們現(xiàn)在之所以只能看到火衛(wèi)一和火衛(wèi)二的原因是，那些較大的衛(wèi)星在它們形成幾百萬(wàn)年后被摧毀。它們?cè)谟值陀挚斓能壍肋\(yùn)行，速度超過(guò)了火星自轉(zhuǎn)，因此而形成的潮汐推動(dòng)它們盤旋而下，最終撞向火星。(相比之下，月球運(yùn)行軌道的速度慢于地球自傳，使其螺旋向外延展并生存下來(lái)。)未來(lái)的調(diào)查可以通過(guò)尋找由隕落衛(wèi)星形成的火星隕石坑集群，來(lái)測(cè)試這一新假設(shè)，但與此同時(shí)，證明火星可以殺死其同伴的證據(jù)就展現(xiàn)在我們眼前：火衛(wèi)二的運(yùn)行軌道很穩(wěn)定，但是火衛(wèi)一處在“死亡螺旋”中，由于火星的潮汐力，火衛(wèi)一的運(yùn)行高度每年下降2厘米。在未來(lái)二千萬(wàn)至四千萬(wàn)年，火衛(wèi)一將撞向火星，只留下非常遙遠(yuǎn)的火衛(wèi)二，成為曾經(jīng)輝煌的火星衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)的最后遺跡。

重點(diǎn)講解：

1. by contrast 相比之下;與…相反;

例句：The private sector, by contrast, has plenty of money to spend.

相比之下，私營(yíng)部門就有很多錢可供開(kāi)銷。

2. look for 尋找，尋求;

例句：You can look for the book in the library catalogue.

你可以在圖書(shū)館的圖書(shū)目錄上查找這本書(shū)。

3. in the meantime 在此期間;其間;

例句：In the meantime the sky is turning clear.

與此同時(shí)，天空開(kāi)始晴朗起來(lái)。