托福聽力文章種類眾多，其中涉及歷史類的話題讓許多同學覺得頭疼，這是因為很多人對歷史都沒什么了解和興趣，對這類話題缺乏基本認識。今天小編給大家?guī)硗懈Ｂ犃v史類話題解題5個要點分析，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

【提分技巧】托福聽力歷史類話題解題5個要點分析

托福聽力歷史話題關(guān)鍵要素：主題關(guān)鍵詞

主題關(guān)鍵詞總是會出現(xiàn)和發(fā)展、起源或者歷史相關(guān)的詞匯(e.g develpoment, change, origin, historical)，舉例來說：

Professor: And what instrument comes to mind when you think of rock ‘n' roll?

Student: The electric Guitar?

Professor: Exactly. I think it's fair to say that the sound of the electric guitar typifies the rock ‘n’ roll genre,which became popular in the 1950s. But really the instrument we know today was the result of a continuing development that started for our practical purposes in the 1920s. But long before that even,people were experimenting with ways to modify traditional acoustic guitars.

注意到文章開頭做了兩件事情：一. 提出話題“ Electrical Guitar”; 二. 提出了歷史類文章要素, 教授說到電吉他是一個“the result of a continuing development” 而且人們很早之前就開始“ modify acoustic guitar”，自然而然我們就能推測文章是要講電吉他是如何發(fā)展起來的。

托福聽力歷史話題關(guān)鍵要素：影響

所謂影響，其中包括話題的發(fā)展;發(fā)展過程中所受到的影響;其所產(chǎn)生的影響;具體的影響是什么，怎么影響的。來看下例：

The first guitars were wooden. This is the Spanish guitar and the strings were made from animal products. Then came steel strings. And that led to the lap guitar,which is also called the steel guitar because the player slides a steel rod up and down the neck. And those are all acoustic guitars. OK?

But then eventually we have electric guitars. Over the years,many inventors and musicians contributed to the design of these instruments. And each design was intended to alter the sound in some way,at first at least with the electric guitar,to make it louder.

很明顯的，教授接下來就開始講到吉他的發(fā)展過程，第一種吉他，wooden aka spanish guitar;接著steel guitar;lap guitar;然后有了electric guitar。而且重點說到“ 很多的發(fā)明者和音樂家對這種樂器的設(shè)計做出了貢獻，而且每次的修改的目的就是為了改變電吉他的聲音，也就是要素中提到的對話題的影響。

托福聽力歷史話題關(guān)鍵要素：時間

歷史類話題的第三個關(guān)鍵要素是時間。當然，大家可能會注意到，下面例子提到的具體的時間點貌似只有兩個1890s 和1920s。但是總的來講，歷史類的文章，時間順序是一件非常關(guān)鍵的事情，因為在講到某個事物的發(fā)展總是會從前往后說，提醒一點的是，時間本身不重要，只要搞明白誰前誰后即可。

So let's get back to when the steel guitar was first introduced in the United States. It was right after the Spanish-American war in the late 1890s. US sailors who were stationed in Hawaii—then a US territory—were very enamored with the music they heard there. Uh,Hawaiian music was based on the steel guitar I just described. Some sailors learned how to play the steel guitar and brought it home to the States. Before long,Hawaiian steel guitar music was all the rage in the mainland US. It actually had a strong influence on the development of several musical genres,rock ‘n' roll most notably,but also jazz and blues.

Anyway,by the 1920s,with the advent of the public dance movement,people were gathering in large groups to listen to steel guitar music. But they had trouble hearing it,especially in large public settings. As I mentioned,the instrument was played horizontally,on the lap. Since the strings faced upward,the sound was projected toward the ceiling rather than outward toward the audience. Something had to be done,because the music venues and the audience kept getting larger and larger.

托福聽力歷史話題關(guān)鍵要素：話題特點和任務(wù)

在時間要素之后出現(xiàn)的就是要素四：話題的特點以及時有時無的要素五：人物，一般這兩點都是融合在一起的。

Electrified guitars already existed by the time Les Paul came into the picture around 1940. What Paul did was experiment with ways of removing the distortions and he succeeded. He designed a guitar with a solid body that relied solely on electronics. Paul's solid body eliminated the vibrations,and thus the distortions.

此處教授講到Les Paul此人對于電吉他的修改，使得電吉他有了一個”solid body” ， 減少了聲音失真的狀況。

尤其要注意，如果一篇文章出現(xiàn)了好幾個人和一個事物的好幾個特點的時候，一定要警覺起來，區(qū)分清楚哪個特點，屬于哪個人物，這通常都是要出難題的前兆。

2020托福聽力練習：新月和滿月時更易發(fā)生大地震

Every two weeks, on the full and new moons, the sun, moon and Earth fall along a nearly straight line. The combination of gravitational forces in this arrangement creates large swings in the tides. But the celestial alignment affects more than the oceans—it also tugs on Earth's crust, adding to the stress on faults. This makes it more likely that major earthquakes will strike at these times, according to a new study.

The idea isn't new, but scientists have had a hard time testing the earthquake-tide relationship. For instance, three of the largest earthquakes in recent years happened when tidal stress was high. But those big ones are rare and the link seems to break down for smaller events.

So the researchers crunched a bunch of numbers: by looking at more than 10,000 medium and large earthquakes, they found that the proportion of large events increased when tidal stress was high.

The results do not imply that every full or new moon will bring an earthquake—obviously. What the findings mean is that high tidal stress during new or full moons may up the chances that an earthquake will grow bigger than it otherwise might have been.

"Even magnitude 9 earthquakes start like magnitudes 1 or 2." Satoshi Ide, the University of Tokyo seismologist who led the study. "So, at the initial stage, it's very difficult to distinguish small or large earthquakes. It starts similarly, but it grows at some probability to large scale. That probability is controlled by some other effect."

And one of those effects might be the tides. Ide points out that tides in the Earth's crust are known to cause tiny tremors along deep faults. "Earthquake faults are locked everywhere, but that kind of slow deformation unlocks very small part of the fault...so it doesn't make large failure there, but once earthquake rupture starts...it can propagate very far and become very large earthquake."

The study was published in the journal Nature Geoscience.

Ide is now doing a similar analysis on earthquakes that all happened in the same geologic setting, like subduction zones. Perhaps that research will confirm whether heavenly bodies can take smaller shakes and supersize them.

每兩周，在出現(xiàn)滿月和新月時，太陽、月亮和地球幾乎就會排成一條直線。這種引力組合會產(chǎn)生巨大的潮汐波動。但是，這種天象影響的不僅僅是海洋，同時還會拖動地殼，增加地殼對斷層的壓力。一項新研究表明，這使大地震更可能在這種時期發(fā)生。

這種想法并不新鮮，但是科學家很難測試地震與潮汐之間的關(guān)系。比如，近幾年最大的三起地震發(fā)生時，潮汐應力都很高。但是，大型地震發(fā)生次數(shù)較少，所以地震和潮汐之間的聯(lián)系似乎被小型地震破壞了。

所以，研究人員分析了大量的數(shù)據(jù)：通過對1萬多次大中型地震的觀察，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)當潮汐應力增高時，大型地震發(fā)生的比例也會增加。

當然，這個結(jié)果并不能表明，每一次滿月或新月都會引發(fā)地震。研究結(jié)果表明的是，在出現(xiàn)滿月或新月時，潮汐應力會增高，這會使地震級別增強的可能性增加。

“即使是9級地震，開始時也只像1、2級地震。井出哲是東京大學的地震學家，也是本次研究的負責人。他還表示：“所以，一開始很難辨別是大型地震還是小型地震。因為開始時很類似，但是，之后就可能演變成大型地震。這種可能性會受到其他因素的影響?！?/p>

其中一個影響因素可能就是潮汐。井出哲指出，地殼上發(fā)生的潮汐能引起深斷裂層的微小震動?！暗卣鸬臄嗔褜邮枪潭ǖ模沁@種緩慢的變形解鎖了一小部分的斷裂，所以，不會帶來巨大的影響，但是一旦地震發(fā)生，潮汐的微小震動可能會傳播很遠，從而演變成大型地震?！?/p>

該研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在《自然地球科學》期刊上。

井出哲現(xiàn)在正在對所有同一地質(zhì)環(huán)境下發(fā)生的地震進行相似性分析，比如說消減帶。也許那項研究可以確定天體是否可以引發(fā)小型地震并使其增強。

重點講解：

1. for instance 例如;譬如;

例句：For instance, oranges, bananas and pineapples, are all fruits from the south.

例如橘子、香蕉、菠蘿等，都是南方的水果。

2. break down 破壞;消除;

例句：We should break down old conventions and think big.

我們應該打破舊框框，敢于幻想。

3. a bunch of 大量;大批;

例句：I scanned a bunch of pictures from our trip to Hawaii last summer.

我把去年夏天到夏威夷旅游的一堆照片掃了進去。

4. point out 指出，說出(事實或錯誤);

例句：Let me point out some of its special features.

讓我指出它的一些獨特的特點。

2020托福聽力練習：已婚人士更易發(fā)福

Bridget Jones, in print and on screen, called them the “Smug Marrieds”—the happy couples that seemed to have it all.

But maybe the fictional Jones should have called them the “Plump Marrieds.”

Because along with offering couples unbridled bliss, marriage can cause them to pack on some extra pounds.

That's according to a study in The Journal of Family Issues.

Sociologist Jay Teachman, at Western Washington University, examined data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth.

The data included info about more than 3,000 African Americans over a 20-year period.

Teachman tracked body-mass-index, BMI, a measure of obesity, from adolescence to middle age.

And he analyzed the relationship between BMI, marital status and changes in marital status.

It turned out that living without a partner usually equated to being thinner and having a lower BMI compared with married people and couples living together.

The single folks included the never-marrieds and divorced.

Both men and women gained weight but when it came to race, black women had the most rapid weight gain, followed by white women and then black and white men.

The weight gain was just a few pounds—but even a slightly higher BMI is associated with weight-related health issues.

Several reasons exist for the weight discrepancy between the single and married people.

For example, married men and women may be less concerned about their body weight because they're no longer actively seeking a mate.

Plus, married people have a regular dining partner, possibly leading to more meals.

On the single side, those who are widowed or have gone through a divorce may lose weight due to stress.

So while this news may not be good for the smug marrieds, it may be welcomed by Bridget Jones.

The single, and very weight-conscious, Jones may actually have had the easier path to staying thin than her married friends.

無論是小說還是大熒幕，《BJ單身日記》中的瓊斯夫婦可算得上“令人羨慕的一對”了—這對幸福小夫妻看起來擁有了一切。

但虛構(gòu)出來的瓊斯夫婦應該也能被稱為“豐滿的一對”。

因為婚姻除了帶給這對新人無盡的幸福之外，也增加了兩人的體重。

這是根據(jù)《家庭問題》期刊上登載的一項研究得出的結(jié)論。

西華盛頓大學的社會學家杰伊?特克曼對全國青年縱向研究的數(shù)據(jù)進行了詳細檢查。

這一數(shù)據(jù)涵蓋20多年來超過3000名非裔美國人的數(shù)據(jù)信息。

特克曼對這些人從青春期到中年時的BMI，即身高體重指數(shù)進行了跟蹤調(diào)查，這一指數(shù)可反映出人體的肥胖程度。

而且他還對BMI同婚姻狀態(tài)及婚姻中產(chǎn)生變化之間的關(guān)系進行了分析。

而結(jié)果表明相比已婚人士及同居人士，單身者會更瘦，而且BMI指數(shù)更低。

而單身者則包含未婚者及離異人士。

無論種族，婚后的男女體重都會增加，其中增幅速度最高是黑人女性，接下來是白人女性，黑人男性及白人男性。

體重的增加只是幾磅—但即使BMI指數(shù)略微增加也可能引發(fā)健康問題。

而單身及已婚人士存在體重差異存在下面幾個原因。

比如，已婚男女可能不會過度關(guān)心自己的體重問題，因為彼此已經(jīng)不用再積極尋找各自的另一半。

此外已婚人士在飲食方面有了規(guī)律性的伴侶，可能會導致其食量加大。

而單身，喪偶或離異者可能會由于面臨壓力而減輕體重。

因此這項研究對那些自鳴得意的已婚者可能不是利好消息，但《BJ單身日記》中的瓊斯卻接受這樣的事實。

同已經(jīng)步入婚姻殿堂的朋友相比，單身、注重保持身材的瓊斯已經(jīng)有了保持纖細身材的妙招。

1.along with 連同;以及

例句:I'll go along with you.

我將隨同你一起去。

2.according to 根據(jù)

例句:Prices vary according to the quantity ordered.

價格隨訂購數(shù)量不同而有所變化。

3.associate with 與…交往，聯(lián)系

例句:I associate with you through choice.

我是通過自主選擇和你聯(lián)系在一起。

4.turn out 關(guān)掉;結(jié)果是

例句:It's turned out nice again.

天氣又突然轉(zhuǎn)好了。