托福聽力講座lecture信息量太大記不過來

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對于托?？荚噥碚f，聽力成績的好壞直接關(guān)系到考生總分是否能夠沖刺到100+。今天小編給大家?guī)硗懈Ｂ犃p松提分備考要訣逐一指點(diǎn)，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

【高分經(jīng)驗(yàn)】托福聽力輕松提分備考要訣逐一指點(diǎn)

提升邊聽邊做筆記的效率

在托福聽力進(jìn)行中，材料是只讀一遍的，而且在有些題目中，考生只有在材料播放完之后才能看到題目。正因如此，考生在聽的過程中做好筆記就成為了一個非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)。在記錄筆記的過程中，大家要做到條理清晰、書寫盡量工整、提倡使用一些自己慣用的縮寫和圖形來表達(dá)，提高記筆記的效率，并能夠?yàn)榇痤}時候高效準(zhǔn)確地提取信息打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。而只有這樣，大家在看到了題目后，才能根據(jù)之前所記錄的筆記，有條理地分析出最終答案。如果對聽力材料的內(nèi)容理解不是特別充分，或者對可能考查的重點(diǎn)及細(xì)節(jié)把握不夠，都會造成聽完材料之后卻對題目不知如何著手，這就要求大家在聽材料的過程中，除去對材料本身的理解把握及記錄之外，還應(yīng)該注意對話中談話雙方對所談?wù)搩?nèi)容的觀點(diǎn)及態(tài)度，從而從整體上感知材料，形成對材料的整體的全面的把握。

把握聽寫節(jié)奏步調(diào)

在托福聽力備考過程中，聽寫練習(xí)是一個非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)。而小編建議大家，對于聽寫練習(xí)的開展可以在有了一定聽力基礎(chǔ)后再正式開始。這么做的原因很簡單，聽力基礎(chǔ)較好的同學(xué)可以完全把握好聽和寫的節(jié)奏，在記錄“寫”的內(nèi)容時，也可以同時把握好“聽”的同步進(jìn)行，不會有相互博弈的問題產(chǎn)生。很多同學(xué)聽寫中常會自己跟自己打架，顧著聽就來不及寫，專心寫又沒聽清后面說的內(nèi)容，結(jié)果聽也沒聽懂，記錄也亂七八糟自己都看不懂。想要避免這種問題，考生一定要練好聽與寫之間的平衡和節(jié)奏感。

發(fā)現(xiàn)自身薄弱問題

在聽力練習(xí)完成之后，考生也不能簡單地核對答案就覺得萬事大吉。大家最好在核對答案的同時做好記錄，查看一下自己有沒有在同類問題或者相似內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)反復(fù)錯誤的情況，通過對比發(fā)現(xiàn)可能存在的一些薄弱環(huán)節(jié)和高頻盲區(qū)，及時調(diào)整之后的訓(xùn)練目標(biāo)，有針對性地迅速搞定弱點(diǎn)問題，讓自己的練習(xí)能有真正的快速提升。

糾正讀音問題

有些考生可能會覺得，讀音和聽力有什么關(guān)系。實(shí)際上，不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的發(fā)音不僅會影響到大家的口語考試，對于聽力同樣也是有損害的。明明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)音是那樣，考生自身認(rèn)知的發(fā)音卻有所差異，到了聽力考試中就容易出現(xiàn)明明聽到但聽不懂的情況。實(shí)際上，因?yàn)榘l(fā)音問題導(dǎo)致自己聽不懂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)考試聽力發(fā)音的情況并不少見。而托?？荚囎鳛橐婚T英語能力綜合測試，各個題型之間所需求的英語能力其實(shí)也是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的，糾正了讀音問題，不僅會直接讓各位的口語能力得到提升，也會讓聽力間接受益。因此，糾正讀音問題對于聽力來說也是必不可少的。

2020托福聽力練習(xí)：珊瑚漂白現(xiàn)象阻礙魚類學(xué)習(xí)躲避捕食者

In April the world learned that more than 90 percent of Australia's Great Barrier Reef had become bleached. That is, warming waters or other conditions cause the algae living in the coral to exit, leaving the coral weak. It's a bleak statistic, because it's reasonable to assume that as the corals themselves suffer, the entire ecosystem they support suffers as well.

For example, a study finds that bleaching hinders fish from learning to avoid predators.

Imagine you're a fish, and suddenly one of your friends meets its unfortunate end in the jaws of a predator.

"We found that these animals actually have this really sophisticated way of learning, which involves the linking of chemical alarm cues, which are damage-released cues from conspecifics, and any other smell or even the sight of anything novel... sort of a Pavlov's dog-type scenario."

James Cook University marine scientist Mark McCormick. He and his team found that this learning process breaks down when the coral becomes bleached. Instead of hosting algae within, the bleached coral becomes blanketed by algae.

"We've used little patches of live coral and little patches of dead and degrading coral, which have similar topographic complexity, and what we've done is we put those little patches within a bed of either live coral or dead and degraded coral."

Onto each patch, the researchers deposited a small, naive reef dweller called a damselfish. They wanted to see how the health of the reef influenced the fish’s ability to learn to avoid the odor of a predator called the dusky dottyback. And they found that the presence of degraded coral—even if surrounded by a healthy reef—entirely disrupted that learning mechanism.

"It touches on a really big issue, to some extent a really global issue. So, even though this is actually dealing with a relatively small aquarium fish, it's got life history traits that are very similar to virtually all of the other marine organisms."

So, is there anything that can be done to help the world's reefs and their inhabitants?

"These communities are going to have to try and rebuild, and they have really effective mechanisms whereby they can re-seed themselves. But we're talking about timescales of really probably 10-15 years to actually get a healthy reef back after really a cataclysmic change."

And for that to happen, McCormick says, we need to reduce our CO2 emissions and to stop polluting our waterways. In order for things to improve underwater down under.

Thanks for a minute for Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I’m Jason Goldman.

今年4月，全世界知道了澳大利亞大堡礁有超過90%的珊瑚出現(xiàn)漂白現(xiàn)象的消息。這是由于溫暖的海水和其他條件導(dǎo)致珊瑚排出了共生的藻類，這使珊瑚變得虛弱。這一數(shù)字并不樂觀，因?yàn)槲覀冇欣碛烧J(rèn)為在珊瑚本身遭受破壞的同時，支持珊瑚的整個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)同樣遭到了破壞。

舉例來說，一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，漂白現(xiàn)象對魚類學(xué)習(xí)躲避捕食者造成了阻礙。

想象一下，假如你是一只魚，突然你的一個同伴遭遇不幸，命喪捕食者口中。

“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些動物的學(xué)習(xí)方式非常復(fù)雜，學(xué)習(xí)過程包括與化學(xué)物質(zhì)相關(guān)的警報提示，即同種生物傳遞出的危險信號和味道，甚至是不同尋常的景象，就像巴甫洛夫的狗這種理論。”

這是詹姆斯·庫克大學(xué)的海洋科學(xué)家馬克·麥考密克所說。他和他的團(tuán)隊發(fā)現(xiàn)，在珊瑚漂白化以后，這種學(xué)習(xí)過程就被破壞了。藻類不再生活在珊瑚體內(nèi)，而是會覆蓋住珊瑚。

“我們用小塊活珊瑚和死后降解的珊瑚進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)，它們擁有類似的地形復(fù)雜性，我們把這些小塊珊瑚放在有活珊瑚或死后降解珊瑚的海底?！?/p>

研究人員在每塊珊瑚上放了一個小“礁民”——雀鯛。他們想知道珊瑚礁的健康如何影響魚類學(xué)習(xí)躲避捕食者氣味的能力。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，降解珊瑚即使處在健康的珊瑚礁中，也會徹底破壞魚類的學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)制。

“這涉及一個非常重要的問題，從某種程度上可以說是全球問題。雖然這只是用相對較小的水族觀賞魚進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)，但是實(shí)驗(yàn)得出的生活史特征和所有其他海洋生物類似?！?/p>

有沒有什么方法能幫助世界上的珊瑚礁和棲息于珊瑚礁的生物?

“這一群體需要重建，它們擁有可以自我修復(fù)的高效機(jī)制。但是在災(zāi)難性變化之后，這些珊瑚恐怕需要10年至15年的時間才能恢復(fù)正常?！?/p>

麥考密克表示，為了讓珊瑚恢復(fù)健康，我們要減少二氧化碳排放量，停止污染水域的行為。這樣才能保證海底的情況得到改善。

謝謝大家收聽科學(xué)美國人——60秒科學(xué)。我是杰森·高曼。

重點(diǎn)講解：

1. break down 出毛病，損壞;

例句：Her health broke down under the pressure of work.

工作的壓力把她的身體弄垮了。

2. touch on 談及;涉及;

例句：The book does not touch on this question.

這個問題書里面沒涉及到。

3. to some extent 在某種程度上;

例句：To some extent I hold that opinion of them still.

在某種程度上，我仍對他們持同樣的看法。

4. be similar to 相像的;相仿的;類似的;

例句：His stance towards the story is quite similar to ours.

他對該報道的態(tài)度和我們很相像。

2020托福聽力練習(xí)：鳥類叫聲的特殊順序

Humans have always considered themselves special compared with other animals.

One reason is the complexity of our language—bounded by unique rules, such as syntax, where we string words together in a specific order to create meaningful sentences.

But it turns out a bird may also vocalize with syntax rules—the Japanese great tit, a bird that's a close relative of North America's very own chickadee.

Toshitaka Suzuki, of Japan's Graduate University for Advanced Studies, has been listening to the calls of the Japanese great tit for the past decade.

Suzuki has recorded at least ten alarm calls used by the bird.

These include, known as the ABC call, which alerts other great tits to the presence of a predator, and the D call, which signals the birds to approach the caller.

Now Suzuki and his colleagues have found that the great tit uses those calls together to deliver both messages to other birds.

And they found that the order of that call was essential—only ABC-D made sense to the birds.

When the scientists intentionally reversed the order to create a D-ABC call, the birds did not respond.

The study is in the journal Nature Communications.

“I think the really interesting thing is why the order matters, and figuring that out I think will be difficult but also potentially really, really interesting, because it'll give a lot of insight...”

David Wheatcroft of Sweden's Uppsala University, one of the study scientists.

“You wouldn't expect sort of naively that it would matter.

Obviously it matters in human language, the order in which we say things, but it's still somehow shocking when you find it in tits.

So I think understanding why it's the case will be really interesting in the future.”

The work could help explain the evolution of the building blocks and structure of our own languages.

同其他動物相比時，人類總是認(rèn)為自己與眾不同。

其中一個原因就是因?yàn)槲覀冋Z言的復(fù)雜性—比如語法的獨(dú)特規(guī)則，我們會將單詞按照特定的語序串在一起組成有意義的語句。

但研究結(jié)果表明鳥類的叫聲也有自己的句法規(guī)則—比如北美山雀的近親，日本大山雀就是這樣。

在過去10年中，日本高級研究所的鈴木俊孝一直從事本國大山雀叫聲的研究。

鈴木已經(jīng)記錄下這種鳥知識10種的警示性叫聲。

其中包括用以警示其他大山雀這里有捕食者的ABC叫聲，還有示意其他鳥可以接近的D叫聲。

現(xiàn)在鈴木和他的同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)大山雀也使用這樣的叫聲向其他同類傳遞信息。