托福聽力訓(xùn)練2種針對性練習(xí)方法詳解

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托福聽力想上分但有攔路虎?先解決這3個(gè)疑難問題再沖25，今天小編給大家?guī)硗懈Ｂ犃ο肷戏值袛r路虎，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

托福聽力想上分但有攔路虎?先解決這3個(gè)疑難問題再沖25

1.關(guān)于聽力發(fā)音的影響

托福聽力備考考生首先要解決的就是發(fā)音方面的問題，也就是糾正發(fā)音。如果存在自己腦袋里的單詞發(fā)音本來就是錯誤的，那你怎么能要求自己能聽出正確的發(fā)音呢?當(dāng)錄音中讀出一個(gè)正確的音，而考生還覺得是錯的，或者壓根聽不懂聽不出來，那么發(fā)音問題就很嚴(yán)重了。舉個(gè)最簡單的例子，receipt中的P是不發(fā)音的，但是很多學(xué)生仍然認(rèn)為P是發(fā)音的，在這種情況下，考生又怎么能聽懂文章呢?所以在托福聽力備考中一定要注意詞匯的發(fā)音問題。

解決方案：

跟讀音頻(不僅要讀對，最好讀的速度都跟上)，模仿音頻的發(fā)音，慢慢糾正自己的發(fā)音。

2.做聽力要不要記筆記

對于托福聽力部分是否要記筆記的問題也讓很多同學(xué)覺得很糾結(jié)。記筆記的話怕時(shí)間不夠或者漏了細(xì)節(jié)，不記筆記又擔(dān)心自己沒法全部記住，的確很苦惱。那么如何決定做聽力是否要記筆記呢?

解決方案：

首先大家要知道筆記只是一個(gè)輔助性的工具，筆記本身是沒有任何意義的，甚至考試后就會被粉碎。那么到底該不該記筆記?答案是需要，但是也需要因人而異。對于大部分學(xué)生來說，在托福聽力練習(xí)和考試中筆記是需要的，它幫助我們記住框架以及一些細(xì)節(jié)題，但是筆記要做好是需要時(shí)間來練習(xí)的。因此建議大家在練習(xí)中多進(jìn)行練習(xí)，盡早養(yǎng)成邊聽邊記的習(xí)慣。而對于少數(shù)聽力已經(jīng)頗有水平，記憶力也足以在沒有筆記情況下確保記住聽力材料所有內(nèi)容的高手來說，做筆記其實(shí)并非必要。

3.雖然聽懂但還是做錯

也有些同學(xué)覺得自己的托福詞匯量明明足夠，而且似乎聽懂了這題，但是一選出來答案還是出錯，怎么想也想不明白。而這種看似聽懂卻還沒做對的情況最容易出現(xiàn)在托福聽力的imply和infer題中。

解決方案：

這類問題其實(shí)從本質(zhì)上來說并非聽力問題，而是考生理解方式的問題。簡單來說，就是考生的思維方式還沒有習(xí)慣從native speaker的角度來理解聽力內(nèi)容。建議大家不要根據(jù)自己的思維方式去理解外國人的思維方式。想要提升理解力，不妨多做一些托福聽力中的暗示推理題，揣摩這類題的出題規(guī)律及錯誤選項(xiàng)的規(guī)律從而學(xué)會應(yīng)對。

2020托福聽力練習(xí)：貓比獵人更狡猾

Psychologist Saho Takagi, a graduate student at Kyoto University in Japan, strolls into one of Japan's many cat cafes. These establishments allow customers to pay an hourly fee for the chance to cuddle some cats. They're popular in Japan because so many apartment buildings forbid pet ownership. But Takagi isn't a typical customer. She's not there for feline affection, but to probe their minds.

The psychology of domestic cats is still something of a mystery, despite our overwhelming familiarity with the critters. They have many skills, she tells me through an interpreter, that are not well known even to their owners.

Takagi and her colleagues wanted to see whether domestic cats have an intuitive understanding of cause-and-effect, but to make it a fair test, they decided to let the cats use their ears instead of only their eyes. Cats are ambush hunters, and rely on their sense of hearing to locate their prey.

The cats—30 of them, mostly from cat cafes, plus a few pets—were shown a series of demonstrations. For example, a researcher would shake a box, accompanied by the sound of an object bouncing around inside. Then the cat would be allowed to see inside the container.

If the cat expects to find a ball inside the box, it would stare longer if the box turned out to be empty, rather than if the ball was there as expected. Psychologists call this a "violation of expectation" response. If they expected a ball and were surprised not to find one—or vice versa—it suggests that cats have certain expectations about the physical realities of the world.

And the cats did stare longer at those containers that violated their expectations, as if to suggest that they realized that something in the situation was amiss. The findings were published in the journal Animal Cognition.

Takagi suspects that this ability might be related to cats'hunting skills. Despite years of domestication, we initially kept them around as a form of pest control, so it makes sense that cats would have retained their knack for hunting.

Next, Takagi wants to see just how much information domestic cats can extract about objects, like quantity or size, based on what they hear. Eventually, she hopes to do similar experiments with wild cats as well, to see whether her hunting hunch is right.

日本有多家貓咪主題咖啡館，心理學(xué)家、日本京都大學(xué)研究生高木佐保走進(jìn)其中一家咖啡館。在這些場所，顧客按小時(shí)付費(fèi)，便可擁抱貓咪。這些咖啡館在日本非常流行，因?yàn)樵S多公寓樓禁止養(yǎng)寵物。但是高木并不是一個(gè)典型的顧客。她來到這里并不是為了獲得貓咪的情感，而是來調(diào)查它們的想法。

雖然我們非常熟悉小動物，但家貓的心理仍是一個(gè)未解之謎。她通過一名翻譯告訴我，貓咪們有許多連它們的主人都不太清楚的技能。

高木和她的同事想了解家貓是否對因果關(guān)系有直觀的理解，為了進(jìn)行公平的測試，他們決定讓貓咪用聽覺來測試，而非僅僅靠視力。貓咪屬于伏擊型獵人，可以依靠聽覺來定位獵物。

30只貓咪中，多數(shù)貓來自貓咪主題咖啡館，還有幾只是寵物物，這些貓進(jìn)行了一系列展示。舉個(gè)例子，一名研究人員晃動一個(gè)盒子，里面的一個(gè)物體發(fā)出彈來彈去的聲音。然后讓貓查看盒子的內(nèi)部。

如果貓咪期待在盒子里找到一個(gè)球，可是盒子卻是空的，那相較于如它所料找到球的情況，它盯著盒子的時(shí)間要更長。心理學(xué)家將這種反應(yīng)稱之為“期望悖反”。如果它們期望會有一個(gè)球，但驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)并沒有球——或反之——這表明貓對物理現(xiàn)實(shí)世界有一定的預(yù)期。

而且，如果結(jié)果與它們的期望相反，那貓咪確實(shí)會盯著盒子更長的時(shí)間，就好像在說它們意識到了一些不正常的情況。這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在《動物認(rèn)知》雜志上。

高木認(rèn)為這種能力可能與貓的捕獵技能有關(guān)。盡管經(jīng)過了多年的馴化，但是我們最初將貓咪養(yǎng)在身邊是作為“害蟲防治”的一種形式，因此貓會保留捕獵本領(lǐng)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是有道理的。

接下來，高木想弄明白根據(jù)它們所聽到的，家貓可以提取多少與物體有關(guān)的信息，這些信息包括數(shù)量或體積。最后，她希望對野生貓科動物進(jìn)行類似的實(shí)驗(yàn)，以觀察她的狩獵預(yù)感是否正確。

重點(diǎn)講解：

1. instead of 代替…;而不是…;

例句：The promotion of Russell instead of Sarah really made the sparks fly.

因?yàn)樘嵘死麪枦]提升薩拉，這件事竟惹起了軒然大波。

2. rely on 依賴;依靠;

例句：Don't rely on him to do anything he's just a talker.

什么事都不要依靠他--他光會說空話。

3. turn out 原來是;結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn);

例句：Even the best theory can turn out to be wrong.

即使最好的理論都可被證明是錯誤的。

4. vice versa 反之亦然;反過來也一樣;

例句：Energy transmutes into matter and vice versa.

能量變成物質(zhì)，反之亦然。

5. stare at 凝視;盯著看;

例句：He stared at me with sharp eyes.

他用銳利的目光盯著我。

6. as if 好像;仿佛;

例句：It seems as if he knows everything.

他似乎是個(gè)萬事通。

7. make sense (行為方式)有道理，合乎情理

2020托福聽力練習(xí)：野生動物與獵人和徒步旅行者共存

Public lands in the U.S. are managed with two goals in mind: protecting biodiversity and providing people with recreational opportunities, a chance to connect with nature. But sometimes those two goals are at odds—especially if recreation, activities like hiking or hunting, disrupts wild animals enough to alter their use of those landscapes.

Indeed, several years ago, a study done in California found that hikers had a negative impact on wildlife.

"That kind of sounded a bit of an alarm to us as wildlife biologists and as people who like to go hiking ourselves."

Wildlife biologist Roland Kays, of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and N.C. State University.

"We were pretty worried that if this problem was as bad as it seemed from that study, and was widespread, then there could be a real conflict between outdoor recreation and wildlife conservation."

To find out, Kays and his team enlisted the help of more than 350 volunteer citizen scientists, who deployed camera traps at nearly 2,000 sites within 32 protected areas in six different states. Roughly half of the areas allowed hunting and half did not. What they discovered was something of a relief.

"We found relatively minor impacts of hunting and hiking on wildlife."

It's not that human activities didn't impact wildlife at all of course. Heavily hunted species, like white-tailed deer, grey squirrels, and raccoons, were photographed somewhat less often in hunted areas. Coyotes showed up more often in hunted areas. While most species didn't avoid hiking trails, the predators actually preferred them.

But they did find something that had a much bigger impact on wildlife: habitat quality. The best predictor of wildlife abundance was not human activity, but factors like forest connectivity, nearby housing density, and the amount of adjacent agriculture. The results were published in the Journal of Applied Ecology.

And they suggest that outdoor recreation, a 646-billion-dollar industry in the U.S., is currently managed in a sustainable way, but also that protecting the scattered patches of wild habitat that remain in the U.S. is vital—both for wildlife and for people.

"Recreation, including hunting and hiking, and wildlife conservation, can coexist in the same place at the same time, and we can go out there and enjoy nature, enjoy the woods, hope to catch a glimpse of wildlife, without worrying about hurting the populations in the process."

美國公共土地管理有兩個(gè)目標(biāo)：一是保護(hù)生物多樣性，二是為人們提供娛樂休閑、接近大自然的機(jī)會。不過有時(shí)這兩個(gè)目標(biāo)并不一致，尤其是像徒步旅行或狩獵這樣的休閑活動，如果對野生動物造成破壞，足以改變他們對這些景觀的使用。

事實(shí)上，幾年前，加利福尼亞進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，徒步旅行者會對野生動物產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。

“作為野生生物學(xué)家，作為喜歡徒步旅行的人，這就像是為我們敲響了警鐘?！?/p>

羅蘭·凱斯是北卡羅來納自然科學(xué)博物館和北卡羅來納州州立大學(xué)的野生生物學(xué)家。

“我們非常擔(dān)心，如果這一問題像研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣嚴(yán)重、普遍，那戶外休閑活動和野生動物保護(hù)之間可能會發(fā)生真正的沖突。”

為了找到答案，凱斯和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)招募了350余名公民科學(xué)家志愿者，讓這些志愿者在6個(gè)州的32個(gè)保護(hù)區(qū)設(shè)置相機(jī)“陷阱”近2000處。在這些地點(diǎn)中，約有一半地區(qū)允許狩獵，另一半則不允許。他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)令人松了一口氣。

“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)狩獵和徒步旅行對野生動物的影響相對較小?！?/p>

當(dāng)然這并不是說人類活動對野生動物沒有任何影響。像白尾鹿、灰松鼠和浣熊等大量被捕殺的物種，在狩獵地區(qū)極少被拍攝到。土狼在狩獵地區(qū)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。大多數(shù)物種沒有選擇回避徒步旅行的小徑，捕食者實(shí)際上更喜歡它們。

但是他們的確發(fā)現(xiàn)了會對野生動物產(chǎn)生更大影響的因素：棲息地的質(zhì)量。野生動物豐富的最佳預(yù)測指標(biāo)并不是人類活動，而是森林的連通性、附近房屋的密度以及相鄰農(nóng)田的數(shù)量。這一研究結(jié)果刊登在《應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)期刊》上。

他們認(rèn)為，作為美國價(jià)值6千4600億美元的產(chǎn)業(yè)，戶外休閑活動現(xiàn)在應(yīng)以可持續(xù)的方式進(jìn)行管理，另外，無論是對野生動物還是對人類而言，保護(hù)美國零散的野生棲息地是至關(guān)重要的。

“狩獵和徒步旅行等休閑活動，可以與野生動物保護(hù)在同一時(shí)間同一個(gè)地方共存，我們可以走出去，享受自然，希望能在森林里看到野生動物，而不用擔(dān)心在這一過程中對它們造成傷害?！?/p>

事實(shí)上，幾年前，加利福尼亞進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，徒步旅行者會對野生動物產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。

“作為野生生物學(xué)家，作為喜歡徒步旅行的人，這就像是為我們敲響了警鐘。”

羅蘭·凱斯是北卡羅來納自然科學(xué)博物館和北卡羅來納州州立大學(xué)的野生生物學(xué)家。

“我們非常擔(dān)心，如果這一問題像研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣嚴(yán)重、普遍，那戶外休閑活動和野生動物保護(hù)之間可能會發(fā)生真正的沖突?！?/p>

“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)狩獵和徒步旅行對野生動物的影響相對較小?！?/p>