托福聽(tīng)力沖刺高分先打好這4項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)

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托福聽(tīng)力做題怎樣用題干關(guān)鍵詞定位答案?解題思路實(shí)例講解。今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福聽(tīng)力做題怎樣用題干關(guān)鍵詞定位答案，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

托福聽(tīng)力做題怎樣用題干關(guān)鍵詞定位答案?解題思路實(shí)例講解

通過(guò)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位答案

托福聽(tīng)力是先聽(tīng)音再看題，因此我們要根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞，定位回我們自己的筆記、或者定位回我們對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料的記憶來(lái)找答案。這樣的做法同樣適用于組織結(jié)構(gòu)題，要想把組織結(jié)構(gòu)題作對(duì)首先要在聽(tīng)音過(guò)程中注意教授所作的比較;第二要看當(dāng)教授提到一些看似離題的內(nèi)容時(shí)，考生要明確教授想表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)是什么。在托福聽(tīng)力的組織結(jié)構(gòu)題中經(jīng)常利用一個(gè)例子進(jìn)行考察，考察為什么要提到某個(gè)例子。給大家舉個(gè)例子：

TPO11 lecture 2

Why does the woman refer to visiting her grandparents?

A. To explain why she is interested in residential architecture

B. To explain why she knows a lot about the history of Cape Cod

C. To explain why she is familiar with Cape Cod houses

D. To explain why she enjoys visiting rural New England

本道題目所對(duì)應(yīng)的原文為：

Professor: Good! Of course for a Cape Cod house, it might be even more accurate to say that form also follows climate. Who knows what the climate’s like on Cape Cod?

Bob: Cold in the winter.

sue：and whenever I visit my grandparents, it’s really wet. It’s usually either raining or showing or foggy, and windy too，I guess because it's so exposed to the ocean?

通過(guò)學(xué)生與教授之間的一問(wèn)一答，教授提的問(wèn)題，仍然是與Cape Cod houses相關(guān)的話題?？梢钥闯鰏ue提到自己的grandparents，it’s really wet是為了例證自己的也知道Cape Cod house，然后又通過(guò)后面raining or showing or foggy, and windy，表明sue經(jīng)歷過(guò)這些天氣，因此sue說(shuō)到grandparents是為了說(shuō)明自己對(duì)Cape Cod houses很熟悉。從本道題目中可以看出，女士說(shuō)到的例子是為了證明自己的是了解和熟悉的。

2020托福聽(tīng)力練習(xí)：軍艦鳥(niǎo)可連續(xù)飛行兩個(gè)月

Great frigate birds are extraordinary creatures. They're seabirds with six-foot wingspans, yet they weigh only about three pounds. Their preferred food: flying fish—which they pluck out of the air above the water's surface. Frigate birds' feathers aren't waterproof, so landing on the water to fish is a no-go.

Now, scientists have discovered that great frigate birds do something else amazing: they can fly for up to two months at a time without landing.

Researchers already knew that these birds took extended trips over the Indian and Pacific Oceans to feed. But in a new study, scientists used tracking devices to follow the movement and vital signs of birds from the island of Europa, near Madagascar. They discovered that the birds have a highly specialized strategy for staying aloft.

"When they are traveling, most of the time, they flap very infrequently their wings."

Henri Weimerskirch, an ecologist at the National Center for Scientific Research in France.

"In fact, what they are doing, they are doing sort of a roller coaster flight where they take altitude. Even they can climb up to 3,000 or 4,000 meters, and when they climb, they do not flap their wings at all."

Weimerskirch and his colleagues found that the birds climb currents of rising air associated with cumulus clouds, circling upwards the way hawks and vultures do over land. Then they glide back down again, hardly flapping. By using atmospheric conditions to their advantage, the birds covered an average of 420 kilometers a day almost effortlessly. The study is in the journal Science.

The researchers also discovered that the birds endure some harrowing conditions on their voyage, including some thrills and chills.

"When you enter into the clouds, there's a lot of turbulence. After, when you see from the recording on the logger of the bird, when they are at 4,000 meters, the temperatures are negative. It's a tropical bird. It's a bird that has no specific down like geese that are operating in the Arctic. So they are encountering sort of a polar temperature, but it's a typical tropical bird."

Of course, the birds have to eat during their journey. The researchers found that diving down to the sea surface to snatch a meal consumed most of the birds' energy, even though it only occupied about 10 percent of their time.

"When they are climbing, they have a period where there is no movement at all during several minutes. And so, during this time is probably the time when they are sleeping."

That's right—like many others who make long-distance flights, great frigate birds catch a little shut-eye along the way.

大軍艦鳥(niǎo)是一種特別的生物。它們屬于海鳥(niǎo)，擁有長(zhǎng)達(dá)6英尺的翼展，但重量只有3磅。大軍艦鳥(niǎo)偏愛(ài)的食物是可以在海面上捕獲的飛魚(yú)。軍艦鳥(niǎo)的羽毛并不防水，所以讓它們降落在水面上捕魚(yú)是不可能的。

現(xiàn)在，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了軍艦鳥(niǎo)令人驚訝的能力：它們能在空中連續(xù)飛行兩個(gè)月不著陸。

研究人員已經(jīng)知道這些鳥(niǎo)會(huì)在飛過(guò)印度洋和太平洋的長(zhǎng)途跋涉中覓食。在一項(xiàng)新研究中，科學(xué)家使用追蹤設(shè)備追蹤馬達(dá)加斯加附近歐羅巴島上的軍艦鳥(niǎo)的活動(dòng)和生命體征。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，軍艦鳥(niǎo)的高空飛行擁有高度專業(yè)化的策略。

“飛行中的大部分時(shí)間，它們很少拍打翅膀?！?/p>

亨利·維莫斯克奇是法國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)研究中心的生態(tài)學(xué)家。

“事實(shí)上，它們所做的就是在它們所飛行的高度像過(guò)山車一樣飛行。它們甚至可以爬升到 3000或 4000米的高度，而它們?cè)谂郎龝r(shí)根本不拍打翅膀。”

維莫斯克奇和他的同事發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些軍艦鳥(niǎo)借助積云形成的上升氣流盤(pán)旋爬升，就像老鷹與禿鷲一樣。然后它們會(huì)向下滑行，幾乎不需要拍打翅膀。利用對(duì)它們有利的大氣條件，軍艦鳥(niǎo)平均每天可以毫不費(fèi)力地飛行420公里，這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在《科學(xué)》雜志上。

研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn)，軍艦鳥(niǎo)在飛行途中忍受了一些痛苦的條件，包括刺激和寒冷的情況。

“進(jìn)入云層以后會(huì)遇到很多亂流。查看軍艦鳥(niǎo)追蹤器上的記錄時(shí)你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，它們?cè)?000米的高度飛行時(shí)，溫度已經(jīng)在零度以下。軍艦鳥(niǎo)是一種熱帶鳥(niǎo)，就像在北極生活的鵝一樣，軍艦鳥(niǎo)也沒(méi)有確切的活動(dòng)時(shí)間，因此它們會(huì)遇到極低的溫度，但軍艦鳥(niǎo)是典型的熱帶鳥(niǎo)?！?/p>

當(dāng)然，軍艦鳥(niǎo)肯定要在途中覓食。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，軍艦鳥(niǎo)會(huì)潛到海面上捕食，這消耗了其大部分能量，即使這只占它們旅途時(shí)間的10%。

“在爬升時(shí)，軍艦鳥(niǎo)有幾分鐘的時(shí)間處于完全不活動(dòng)狀態(tài)。這表明這段時(shí)間可能是它們的睡眠時(shí)間。”

沒(méi)錯(cuò)，就像許多其他人乘坐長(zhǎng)途航班時(shí)一樣，軍艦鳥(niǎo)也會(huì)在途中打個(gè)盹兒。

重點(diǎn)講解：

1. in fact 事實(shí)上，其實(shí);

例句：She is by no means poor: in fact, she's quite rich.

她可不窮，其實(shí)她很闊。

2. be associated with (與…)相關(guān)的;相聯(lián)系的;

例句：In children's minds, summers are associated with picnics.

在孩子們看來(lái)，夏天總是和郊游連在一起的。

3. to one's advantage (尤指轉(zhuǎn)變不利情況使之)對(duì)…有利;

例句：It will be to his advantage if he studies hard.

假如他努力學(xué)習(xí)，就會(huì)對(duì)他有利。

4. even though 即使;盡管;縱然;

例句：I like her even though she can be annoying.

盡管她有時(shí)很惱人，但我還是喜歡她。

2020托福聽(tīng)力練習(xí)：地衣含有三種以上成分

Lichens. They're probably the most common example of two organisms living in a symbiotic relationship. There's a fungus and a photosynthesizing partner, like algae. It's a bond that was born, as they say, when "Alice Algae," took a "lichen" to "Freddie Fungus."

But that simple description covered up a larger mystery: how could two different lichen species combine the same building blocks—same fungus, same algae—"and yet they look very different, have very different chemistry, and some of them even have distinctly different ecology."

Toby Spribille, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Montana, and the University of Graz in Austria.

He and his colleagues studied two lichen species that fit that bill. Same underlying parts, different color and chemistry. They ground the lichens up, and then analyzed their RNA. What they expected to find was two genomes: one fungus, one alga. "And what we found is that, at the end of a lot of analysis, we had was three genomes, not two.And this was really surprising."

The third genome was from a type of yeast. And the more yeast was present, the more yellowish—and more toxic—the lichen was. The study appears in the journal Science.

But how could scientists spend so many years studying these lichens—and still miss this crucial third species? Spribille says it could have been the type of genetic sequencing. Previous studies relied on DNA barcodes, which only sample some of the genome, to identify the underlying fungus and alga. Sort of like identifying the occupants of a completely dark room by shouting out a few names and seeing who answers.

What Spribille did, instead, was just turn all the lights on, with whole genome sequencing, revealing the identity of all occupants, and in doing so, "we eliminated anything that required going in and calling out somebody's name so to speak."

As for whether some lichens might have four, five species? "I certainly wouldn't rule it out at this point." Because this study indicates lichens are truly more than the sum of their parts. Including, of course, the parts we still don't know about.

地衣可能是兩種生物以共生關(guān)系存在的最常見(jiàn)例子。地衣由1種真菌和1種光合生物(如藻類)組成。這種聯(lián)系是固有的，就像他們說(shuō)的，“愛(ài)麗絲藻類”和“弗雷迪真菌”共生形成地衣。

但是這種簡(jiǎn)單的描述掩蓋了一個(gè)更深?yuàn)W的秘密：兩種不同的地衣物種如何結(jié)合同樣的成分——即同樣的真菌和同樣的藻類，“而且，它們看上去非常不同，它們的化學(xué)成分也不同，有些地衣甚至有著明顯不同的生態(tài)。””

托比·斯普利比爾是蒙大拿大學(xué)和奧地利格拉茨大學(xué)的進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家。

他和同事對(duì)符合上述條件的兩種地衣進(jìn)行了研究。這兩種地衣的基本成分相同，但顏色和化學(xué)成分不同。他們將地衣磨碎，然后分析了它們的核糖核酸。他們?cè)詾闀?huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)基因組：一個(gè)是真菌，另一個(gè)是藻類?！暗詈螅谶M(jìn)行大量分析以后，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)的是三個(gè)基因組，而不是兩個(gè)。這真是太讓人驚訝了?！?/p>

第三個(gè)基因組來(lái)自于一種酵母。酵母的含量越多，地衣顏色越黃，毒性也越強(qiáng)。這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)表在《科學(xué)》雜志上。

但是，科學(xué)家們?cè)趺磿?huì)在研究地衣多年后仍未發(fā)現(xiàn)這至關(guān)重要的第三物種?斯普利比爾表示，可能是由于基因測(cè)序的方法不一樣。此前的研究依賴于DNA條形碼，只是對(duì)這一基因組中的一部分進(jìn)行抽樣調(diào)查，用以確認(rèn)潛在的真菌和藻類。這就好像在一間完全黑暗的房間里，通過(guò)喊出幾個(gè)名字，看看誰(shuí)作出回答，來(lái)確定居住者身份。

而斯普利比爾的做法是，打開(kāi)房間內(nèi)所有的燈，通過(guò)全基因組測(cè)序來(lái)揭示所有居住者的身份，并且通過(guò)這種方法，“可以說(shuō)，我們不需要進(jìn)入房間喊出某人的名字?！?/p>

至于是否有地衣含有第四或第五種成分?“現(xiàn)在我不能完全排除這一可能性。”因?yàn)檫@項(xiàng)研究表明，地衣不僅僅是各部分的單純相加。還包括我們目前尚不知道的成分。

重點(diǎn)講解：

1. cover up 隱藏，遮掩(事實(shí));

例句：He suspects there's a conspiracy to cover up the crime.

他懷疑有人密謀掩蓋犯罪事實(shí)。

2. grind up 磨碎;碾碎;將…磨成粉;

例句：We grind up the wheat to make flour.

我們把小麥磨成面粉。

3. rely on 依賴;依靠;

例句：We must rely on ourselves, no other option.

我們必須依靠自己,沒(méi)有其他選擇.