翻譯資格考試需注意些什么呢?今天小編給大家?guī)砹朔g資格考試需注意四大翻譯原則,希望可以幫助到同學(xué)們。下面小編就和大家分享,來欣賞一下吧。
翻譯資格考試需注意四大翻譯原則
考生在翻譯動(dòng)賓短語的時(shí)候,應(yīng)先考慮賓語的成分。賓語可能為名詞、名詞詞組和句子。不同成分的賓語決定了謂語的使用。比如在以下例子中“希望”的選擇面很大,既可以用hope連接句子,也可以用hope for,look forward to等連接名詞詞組,那么考生就得考慮賓語更容易翻譯成詞組或句子。因此,動(dòng)賓連接原則的核心思想是“先賓語,后謂語”,翻譯會(huì)豁然開朗。
中國人民始終希望天下太平,希望各國人民友好相處。
The Chinese people are always looking forward to global peace and friendship among all nations.
The Chinese people are always hoping that the world is at peace and people of all nations will coexist friendlily.
一、時(shí)態(tài)原則
時(shí)態(tài)在翻譯中比不像想象中那么簡單,往往是考試中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。時(shí)態(tài)有時(shí)可以體現(xiàn)一種感情因素,特別是進(jìn)行時(shí)的使用,比如在第一個(gè)例子中現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的使用體現(xiàn)出對(duì)中華民族的一種褒揚(yáng)、贊美的口吻,翻譯出了這句話的“精、氣、神”,最后一個(gè)例子中過去進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)常表示一種“特有的行為”,通常是偏向于negative的口吻,所以我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這句話十有八九是美國人自己寫的。
中華民族歷來愛好自由和和平。
The Chinese people have always been cherishing freedom and peace.
The Chinese people always cherish freedom and peace.
The Chinese people are always cherishing freedom and peace.
中國過去是、現(xiàn)在是、將來是……
China was and remains to be …
中國人民更深感自由與和平的珍貴。
The Chinese people have cherished freedom and peace than ever.
屆時(shí),……
At that time, ……
到2007年,上海市人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值預(yù)計(jì)達(dá)到7500美元。
By 2007, the per capita GDP in Shanghai is expected to reach US$7500.
從而我們可能要生活在一個(gè)根本無法掌控的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制中。
As a result we were going to be living in a fundamentally unmanaged economic system.
畢竟中國、古巴等一些在人權(quán)委員會(huì)中受到以美國為首批評(píng)的國家,總是投票或游說反對(duì)美國政府。
After all, China and Cuba and other targets of U.S. –led criticism in the committee were always going to vote and lobby against Washington.
二、主語確定原則
由于英語是主語顯著語(subject-prominent language),構(gòu)建在主謂軸(subject-predicate pivot)上,主語決定了句法結(jié)構(gòu);漢語為語義性語言,其中主語的重要性相對(duì)較低,無主語的現(xiàn)象比比皆是。因此在漢英轉(zhuǎn)化中最重要的就是確定主語,主語選擇成功了,句子越翻越順;選擇失敗,考生越翻越累。主語的確定歸根結(jié)底有三種方法:使用原主語;重新確定主語;增補(bǔ)主語。
這一目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn),最直接的應(yīng)該是老百姓住得更寬敞了,更舒服了。
The citizens will live more spaciously and comfortably, benefiting most directly from achieving the goal.
然而,持自由論觀點(diǎn)的民眾和少數(shù)民族反對(duì)一切美國公民必須隨身攜帶身份證的規(guī)定,他們結(jié)成聯(lián)盟,推翻了立法的最初幾次草案中關(guān)于實(shí)施全國統(tǒng)一身份證的主張。
The idea of a national ID, however, was locked out of earlier drafts of legislation by a coalition of civil rights and ethnic groups, who opposed a requirement that all non-citizens carry identifying documents.
其實(shí),撇開數(shù)學(xué),繞過那一大堆公式,一門學(xué)科的基本思想還是可以被我們理解和欣賞的。
To be frank, if we leave aside mathematics and bypass the abundant formulas, the basic principles of the discipline (of science) are understandable and appreciable.
無論是外人入境,或是文化入侵,政府都已無能為力。
They cannot control who crosses their borders either physically or culturally.
從地雷禁用條款到京都防止氣候變暖條約等一些列問題,美國政府總是對(duì)國際輿論置若罔聞,使得這些(倒戈)國家越來越失望/懊惱。
They have been increasingly chagrined by Washington’s tendency to ignore the international consensus on issues ranging from the use of land mines to the Kyoto climate change treaty.
三、謂語最小化原則
在漢譯英中,動(dòng)詞的考察是必然的。其中動(dòng)詞和其他成分的轉(zhuǎn)換也是重中之重。如果考生把所有的動(dòng)詞都翻譯成動(dòng)詞的話,只能說明其還屬于“入門”境界。因此在第一個(gè)例子中共出現(xiàn)7個(gè)動(dòng)詞,而在譯文中只保留了4個(gè)動(dòng)詞。所以我們?cè)诜g中一定要注意動(dòng)詞和其他詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換,常見減少謂語的方法有:
a) 把動(dòng)詞變成名詞
b) 使用介詞短語
c) 使用分詞短語
d) 多使用to表示目的的狀語
e) 把并列謂語中最后一個(gè)謂語處理成“,which”的非限制性定語從句
雖然以上這些方法從本質(zhì)上講都是些小打小鬧的“噱頭”,但是不重視謂語的省略一定不會(huì)取得理想的成績。
今年的亞太經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易合作組織會(huì)議將主要側(cè)重兩個(gè)方面:一是加強(qiáng)亞太經(jīng)合組織成員之間的合作,共同應(yīng)對(duì)可能出現(xiàn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退,重樹信心;二是繼續(xù)推進(jìn)亞太經(jīng)合組織貿(mào)易投資自由化進(jìn)程,推動(dòng)世界貿(mào)易組織盡早開始新一輪談判。
The APEC meeting in this year will focus mainly on two aspects: one is on strengthening the cooperation among all APEC members to cope with the possible economic recession with rebuilt-up confidence; the other is on promoting the liberalization of trade and investment among all APEC members for the start of a new round of negotiations by WTO.
顯然,許多美國的傳統(tǒng)支持國家沒有投票支持美國,以此對(duì)美國奉行單邊主義表示不滿。
Many traditional U.S. supporters clearly withdrew their votes to signal displeasure over U.S. unilateralism.
四、動(dòng)賓換序原則
在英譯漢中,遇上特別長的賓語,初學(xué)者總是根據(jù)語法習(xí)慣亦步亦趨地處理主、謂、賓,結(jié)果造成龐大的賓語,頭輕腳重,特別不符合漢語的習(xí)慣,漢語之所以不喜歡賓語從句,在于漢語喜用主謂短句,對(duì)于較長的賓語,一般有兩種處理方式:一是把謂語變成直接能夠接賓語的表達(dá)形式,如react to不必翻譯成“對(duì)…作出反應(yīng)”,可變成“面對(duì)…”,這種方法在口譯中常常出現(xiàn),因?yàn)榭谧g往往無暇考慮句式的大變動(dòng);二是把賓語先譯出,然后再譯出主謂,如第一個(gè)例子,或使用謂語的相反含義,再接上原主語,如第二個(gè)例子,sustain表示“決定了”,那反義短語就是“取決于”。
The rest of the world will have to react to this millennial economic shift to Asia, and to the rising power of China.
在新千年,經(jīng)濟(jì)重心將向亞洲轉(zhuǎn)移,中國將迅速崛起,世界其他地區(qū)將不得不對(duì)此做出反應(yīng)。
The project budget sustains both the existence of graduate students and the fiscal solvency of the university.
研究生是否存在,大學(xué)是否存在資金償還能力,這些都取決于項(xiàng)目預(yù)算。
翻譯資格考試高級(jí)口譯模擬試題
Crime control is a pretty complex question, the first step, of course, is deterrence to stop people from committing crime in the first place. That involves the economy. Are there enough jobs for everyone? There should be. And social structure, are there enough support system? And so on. When people are convicted, and put in prison, then the goal should be to have reform programs inside prisons. So they want person comes out, they don’t return to a life of crime. If the education program and drug treatment program have been cut, convicted criminals are not being reformed.
譯文:如何控制犯罪率是一個(gè)十分復(fù)雜的問題。首先,當(dāng)然要防止犯罪行為的發(fā)生。包括從經(jīng)濟(jì)方面來說,是否有足夠的工作提供給所有人?這個(gè)是應(yīng)該要保證的;從社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)來說,是否有足夠的社會(huì)保障體系?等等。而一旦人們犯了罪,被關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄了,那么監(jiān)獄里就需要有改造計(jì)劃,可以讓這些人出獄之后,不再回到犯罪生涯。如果停掉教育計(jì)劃和毒品治療方案,那就無法對(duì)這些犯人就行改造了。
評(píng)析:本篇段落翻譯選自2008年春季高口的聽力原文,這就暗示了廣大口譯考生,歷年的聽力原文等材料是平時(shí)訓(xùn)練的重要資源,平時(shí)多積累,考試的時(shí)候方可胸有成竹。
本篇段落關(guān)注的是一個(gè)常見的社會(huì)問題——如何控制犯罪率。段落給出了兩點(diǎn)建議,一個(gè)是要防患未然;二是在對(duì)犯人實(shí)施改造計(jì)劃。內(nèi)容對(duì)考生來說應(yīng)該并不陌生,語速也較為平緩,作為兩段翻譯的的第二段,在難度上是可以接受的。
本段詞匯較為常見。注意deterrence,意是“威懾,制止”,這里考生也可將名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞,譯為“防止犯罪行為的發(fā)生”;另外,convict這個(gè)單詞意為“判…有罪”,convicted criminals指“囚犯,犯人”。
段落的句子結(jié)構(gòu)較為簡單。考生只需注意這個(gè)長句:When people are convicted, and put into prison, the goal should be to have reform programs inside prisons, so that when the person comes out, they don't return to a life of crime. 這個(gè)句子雖長,但只要理解語義,理清分句之間的邏輯關(guān)系,如when引導(dǎo)的是從句,the goal 后面的內(nèi)容是主句,so that作的是目的狀語。劃分好結(jié)構(gòu),再按句子本身的語序進(jìn)行翻譯就可以了。
總體而言,本篇英譯中難度適中,主題也不偏頗另類,考生在平時(shí)注意對(duì)社會(huì)問題的積累,多進(jìn)行真題練習(xí),把握好時(shí)間和心態(tài),相信會(huì)順利完成翻譯。
翻譯資格考試高級(jí)口譯模擬試題
Mass urbanization of the world’s population is an unprecedented trend worldwide. The most important reason why people are moving to cities is economic. People are moving to the cities because that’s where they can find jobs and earn money. Until the 20th century, the major source of employment, full and part-time, was farming. Now, according to recent statistics, no more than 15 percent of all jobs are connected to farming. Jobs now are being created in information technology, manufacturing and service areas, such as tourism and financing, and all of these new jobs are in or around major cities.
譯文:世界人口大規(guī)模的城市化在世界范圍內(nèi)達(dá)到史無前例的規(guī)模。驅(qū)使人們不斷涌向城市的最重要原因是經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。人們都涌向城市是因?yàn)樵诔抢锟梢哉业焦ぷ骱蛼赍X。在20世紀(jì)以前,就業(yè)的主要途徑,不管是全職還是兼職,一直都是農(nóng)耕。而現(xiàn)在,根據(jù)最近的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),只有不到15%的工作是和農(nóng)業(yè)相關(guān)的。越來越多的工作產(chǎn)生于信息技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)、制造業(yè)和服務(wù)行業(yè),如旅游業(yè)和融資,而所有這些新興工作都在大城市及其周邊地區(qū)。
評(píng)析:本題是高口熱點(diǎn)話題“城市化”,在07年9月的高口NTGF部分也涉及到過城市化的問題,前一題的句子翻譯S2也提到了“人們搬進(jìn)大城市的原因,是追求高品質(zhì)的生活”,而這里主要圍繞工作展開??疾樵~匯都在大綱范圍內(nèi),像urbanization, manufacturing等都屬于常見熱詞,考生在平時(shí)對(duì)這些詞匯有所積累,翻譯起來并不難。相對(duì)passage 2, 這段話稍微有點(diǎn)長,這也提醒考生注意平時(shí)多練習(xí)聽寫記筆記,熟悉??荚掝},這樣在考試時(shí)才能拿高分。
翻譯資格考試高級(jí)口譯模擬試題
雖然導(dǎo)致不平等的原因很多,但我們可以大體上把它們分為三類。一類是社會(huì)條件或家庭出身,例如在中國,與出生于貧困農(nóng)村的人們相比,一個(gè)出生在大城市的人通常擁有更多的收入和更好的社會(huì)處境。另外一類是自然天賦,有些人天生聰明或健壯,有些人則天生愚笨或孱弱,前者一般也會(huì)比后者擁有更多的收入并處于更好的狀況。最后一類是抱負(fù)和努力程度,在其他條件相同的情況下,更有抱負(fù)和更努力的人們通常也會(huì)有更多的收入。
The causes of inequality are many and varied, and may be broadly grouped into three factors. The first is social condition or family background. In China, for example, someone born and bred in the city usually earns a higher income and enjoys better social services. The second is aptitude. The cleverer or stronger ones usually earn more and enjoy better conditions than the lesser endowed. The final one is ambition and diligence. All things being equal, someone who aims higher and works harder often earns more.
翻譯資格考試高級(jí)口譯模擬試題
從1750年以來,世界進(jìn)行了四次工業(yè)革命:第一次就是英國工業(yè)革命,中國失去了機(jī)會(huì)。第二次是十九世紀(jì)下半葉美國的工業(yè)革命,中國也同樣失去了機(jī)會(huì)。第三次工業(yè)革命,是20世紀(jì)后半葉出現(xiàn)的信息革命。當(dāng)時(shí)中國的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人敏銳地認(rèn)識(shí)到了這一重大歷史變化,中國抓住了這次信息革命的重大機(jī)遇。
進(jìn)入二十一世紀(jì),人類迎來了第四次工業(yè)革命——綠色工業(yè)革命??梢哉f這一次全球減排,就是綠色工業(yè)革命的標(biāo)志。我們希望這一次工業(yè)革命中國要成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者、創(chuàng)新者和驅(qū)動(dòng)者,和美國和歐盟和日本站在同一起跑線上領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這場(chǎng)革命。今后中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人面臨兩大迫切問題:一是如何實(shí)現(xiàn)中國經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型,即從高碳經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)向低碳經(jīng)濟(jì);二是如何參與全球治理,即從國家治理轉(zhuǎn)向地區(qū)治理、全球治理。
Since 1750, the world has seen four industrial revolutions. The first one took place in Britain; and China missed the boat. The second one occurred in the latter half of the 19th century; and China missed the boat. The third one was driven by the revolution in communication technology in the second half of the 20th Century. This time, Chinese leaders realized that it was a historic moment of change, and China caught the wave.
The 21st century is receiving the Fourth Industrial Revolution-the Green Revolution, symbolized by this global move to reduce emission. This time, we hope that China can be the innovator, the leader and driver running head-to-head with the U.S., Europe and Japan. To achieve this, China has to accomplish two things transition from a high carbon economy to a low carbon economy; second, participation in global governance. i.e., to shift its focus from national governance to regional and global governance.
翻譯資格考試需注意四大翻譯原則相關(guān)文章:
★ 翻譯資格考試中級(jí)口譯復(fù)習(xí)講義
★ 2020年翻譯資格考試中級(jí)口譯精選詞匯
★ 英語翻譯