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　　初中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的教案一

漢語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)句不占優(yōu)勢(shì)。英文中大部分的被動(dòng)句都可以譯為漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句，只有在強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)意義時(shí)才使用被動(dòng)句。但是在漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句中，有的在邏輯上是被動(dòng)句，如："文章寫(xiě)完了"。在這樣的句子中，主語(yǔ)不是謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作施行者，而是承受者。漢譯時(shí)應(yīng)該靈活采取相應(yīng)的形式。此外，漢語(yǔ)本身特有一些表示被動(dòng)的語(yǔ)言手段可以加以利用。為了使譯文符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，翻譯被動(dòng)句時(shí)，常?？梢杂靡韵聨追N方法：

(1)被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)仍譯為主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)。

The car was severely damaged beyond any means of repair while the driver was safe and sound.

譯文：汽車(chē)損壞嚴(yán)重，已無(wú)法修理，而駕車(chē)者卻安然無(wú)恙。

The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of science.

譯文：此項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)得到科學(xué)界的高度評(píng)價(jià)。(或：科學(xué)界對(duì)此項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)給予高度評(píng)價(jià)。)

(2)將被動(dòng)句譯成主動(dòng)句，有時(shí)外加泛指人稱(chēng)代詞"人們"，"有人"，"大家"，"我們"做主語(yǔ)。

Rubber is found to be a good isolating material.

譯文：人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，橡膠是一種良好的絕緣材料。

The area has been marked out for building more hotels.

譯文：人們劃出這塊地區(qū)用于建造更多的旅店。

(3)把by 后動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者做主語(yǔ)，英文原句中的主語(yǔ)做賓語(yǔ)。

The result of the invention of the steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.

譯文：蒸汽機(jī)發(fā)明的結(jié)果是機(jī)械力代替了人力。

What measures have been or are being adopted by the government to reduce air pollution?

譯文：政府已經(jīng)采取或正在采取哪些措施去降低空氣的污染程度呢?

(4)譯成漢語(yǔ)中的無(wú)主句。

若根據(jù)上下文或特定情景，對(duì)行為主體一目了然，或者出于禮貌和婉轉(zhuǎn)起見(jiàn)，可以采用這種譯法。

The amount of carbon monoxide that an engine gives off can be reduced by special devices designed to make the engine burn the fuel more efficiently.

譯文：使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)更有效地燃燒燃料而設(shè)計(jì)的特殊裝置可以降低發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)一氧化碳的排放量。

Additional International Standards may be added to the series in the future.

譯文：將來(lái)還可能對(duì)本系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)增加若干項(xiàng)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

(5)改譯成漢語(yǔ)的判斷句，即帶表語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句。

如"是由…"、"是因…"、"是在…"等等。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是表示一種狀態(tài)時(shí)可以譯成漢語(yǔ)的判斷句型。

My first forty years were spent in Southern Europe.

譯文：我的前四十年在南歐度過(guò)。

These machines are operated by a worker only.

譯文：這些機(jī)器只由一名工人操縱。

(6)譯成正常的被動(dòng)句，以突出被動(dòng)意義。

這不僅包括被字句，還包括漢語(yǔ)特有的表示被動(dòng)的手段，如"受、被、叫、挨、讓、給、遭、由、為、為…所…、把、加以、使"等等都可以表示被動(dòng)意義。

In industry, natural materials difficult to get are often replaced by plastics.

譯文：在工業(yè)中，不易獲得的天然材料常常被塑料代替。

Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.

譯文：工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉，多年來(lái)在很大程度上被歷史學(xué)家和科學(xué)的思想家忽視了。

Problems should be resolved in good time.

譯文：?jiǎn)栴}應(yīng)該及時(shí)加以解決。

The Apollo Ⅻ crew reported that their spaceship was being followed by two UFOs.

譯文：阿波羅十二號(hào)的宇航員曾報(bào)告說(shuō)，它們的宇宙飛船正遭到兩個(gè)不明飛行物的跟蹤。(用"遭到")

　初中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的教案二

(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am /is /are +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

例：I am asked to the party today.

(2) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was /were+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

例：I was asked to the party last night.

(3) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am /is /are being +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

例：I am being asked to the party today.

(4) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was /were being +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

例：I was being asked to the party that time.

(5)一般將來(lái)時(shí)：助動(dòng)詞will +be +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

或：am /is /are going to +be +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

例：I will be asked to the party tomorrow.

例：I am going to be asked to the party tomorrow.

(6)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：助動(dòng)詞would +be +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

或：was /were going to +be +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

例：I would be asked to the party the next day.

例：I was going to be asked to the party the next day.

(7)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：助動(dòng)詞has /have +been +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

例：I has been asked to the party today.

(8) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)：助動(dòng)詞had +been +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

例：I had been asked to the party the day before.

另外,含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+助動(dòng)詞be +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞.

例：I may be asked to the party today.

　　初中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的教案三

(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am /is /are +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

例：i am asked to the party today.

(2) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was /were+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

例：i was asked to the party last night.

(3) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am /is /are being +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

例：i am being asked to the party today.

(4) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was /were being +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

例：i was being asked to the party that time.

(5)一般將來(lái)時(shí)：助動(dòng)詞will +be +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

或：am /is /are going to +be +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

例：i will be asked to the party tomorrow.

例：i am going to be asked to the party tomorrow.

(6)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：助動(dòng)詞would +be +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

或：was /were going to +be +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

例：i would be asked to the party the next day.

例：i was going to be asked to the party the next day.

(7)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：助動(dòng)詞has /have +been +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

例：i has been asked to the party today.

(8) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)：助動(dòng)詞had +been +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;

例：i had been asked to the party the day before.

另外,含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+助動(dòng)詞be +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞.

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