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　　初中被動語態(tài)的教案一

　　漢語中的被動句不占優(yōu)勢。英文中大部分的被動句都可以譯為漢語的主動句，只有在強調(diào)被動意義時才使用被動句。但是在漢語的主動句中，有的在邏輯上是被動句，如："文章寫完了"。在這樣的句子中，主語不是謂語的動作施行者，而是承受者。漢譯時應該靈活采取相應的形式。此外，漢語本身特有一些表示被動的語言手段可以加以利用。為了使譯文符合漢語習慣，翻譯被動句時，常?？梢杂靡韵聨追N方法：

　　(1)被動句的主語仍譯為主動句的主語。

　　The car was severely damaged beyond any means of repair while the driver was safe and sound.

　　譯文：汽車損壞嚴重，已無法修理，而駕車者卻安然無恙。

　　The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of science.

　　譯文：此項發(fā)現(xiàn)得到科學界的高度評價。(或：科學界對此項發(fā)現(xiàn)給予高度評價。)

　　(2)將被動句譯成主動句，有時外加泛指人稱代詞"人們"，"有人"，"大家"，"我們"做主語。

　　Rubber is found to be a good isolating material.

　　譯文：人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，橡膠是一種良好的絕緣材料。

　　The area has been marked out for building more hotels.

　　譯文：人們劃出這塊地區(qū)用于建造更多的旅店。

　　(3)把by 后動作的執(zhí)行者做主語，英文原句中的主語做賓語。

　　The result of the invention of the steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.

　　譯文：蒸汽機發(fā)明的結(jié)果是機械力代替了人力。

　　What measures have been or are being adopted by the government to reduce air pollution?

　　譯文：政府已經(jīng)采取或正在采取哪些措施去降低空氣的污染程度呢?

　　(4)譯成漢語中的無主句。

　　若根據(jù)上下文或特定情景，對行為主體一目了然，或者出于禮貌和婉轉(zhuǎn)起見，可以采用這種譯法。

　　The amount of carbon monoxide that an engine gives off can be reduced by special devices designed to make the engine burn the fuel more efficiently.

　　譯文：使發(fā)動機更有效地燃燒燃料而設(shè)計的特殊裝置可以降低發(fā)動機一氧化碳的排放量。

　　Additional International Standards may be added to the series in the future.

　　譯文：將來還可能對本系列標準增加若干項國際標準。

　　(5)改譯成漢語的判斷句，即帶表語的主動句。

　　如"是由…"、"是因…"、"是在…"等等。被動語態(tài)是表示一種狀態(tài)時可以譯成漢語的判斷句型。

　　My first forty years were spent in Southern Europe.

　　譯文：我的前四十年在南歐度過。

　　These machines are operated by a worker only.

　　譯文：這些機器只由一名工人操縱。

　　(6)譯成正常的被動句，以突出被動意義。

　　這不僅包括被字句，還包括漢語特有的表示被動的手段，如"受、被、叫、挨、讓、給、遭、由、為、為…所…、把、加以、使"等等都可以表示被動意義。

　　In industry, natural materials difficult to get are often replaced by plastics.

　　譯文：在工業(yè)中，不易獲得的天然材料常常被塑料代替。

　　Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.

　　譯文：工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉，多年來在很大程度上被歷史學家和科學的思想家忽視了。

　　Problems should be resolved in good time.

　　譯文：問題應該及時加以解決。

　　The Apollo Ⅻ crew reported that their spaceship was being followed by two UFOs.

　　譯文：阿波羅十二號的宇航員曾報告說，它們的宇宙飛船正遭到兩個不明飛行物的跟蹤。(用"遭到")

　　初中被動語態(tài)的教案二

　　(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時：am /is /are +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　例：I am asked to the party today.

　　(2) 一般過去時：was /were+及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　例：I was asked to the party last night.

　　(3) 現(xiàn)在進行時：am /is /are being +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　例：I am being asked to the party today.

　　(4) 過去進行時：was /were being +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　例：I was being asked to the party that time.

　　(5)一般將來時：助動詞will +be +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　或：am /is /are going to +be +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　例：I will be asked to the party tomorrow.

　　例：I am going to be asked to the party tomorrow.

　　(6)過去將來時：助動詞would +be +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　或：was /were going to +be +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　例：I would be asked to the party the next day.

　　例：I was going to be asked to the party the next day.

　　(7)現(xiàn)在完成時：助動詞has /have +been +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　例：I has been asked to the party today.

　　(8) 過去完成時：助動詞had +been +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　例：I had been asked to the party the day before.

　　另外,含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成為：情態(tài)動詞+助動詞be +及物動詞的過去分詞.

　　例：I may be asked to the party today.

　　初中被動語態(tài)的教案三

　　(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時：am /is /are +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　例：i am asked to the party today.

　　(2) 一般過去時：was /were+及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　例：i was asked to the party last night.

　　(3) 現(xiàn)在進行時：am /is /are being +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　例：i am being asked to the party today.

　　(4) 過去進行時：was /were being +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　例：i was being asked to the party that time.

　　(5)一般將來時：助動詞will +be +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　或：am /is /are going to +be +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　例：i will be asked to the party tomorrow.

　　例：i am going to be asked to the party tomorrow.

　　(6)過去將來時：助動詞would +be +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　或：was /were going to +be +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　例：i would be asked to the party the next day.

　　例：i was going to be asked to the party the next day.

　　(7)現(xiàn)在完成時：助動詞has /have +been +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　例：i has been asked to the party today.

　　(8) 過去完成時：助動詞had +been +及物動詞的過去分詞;

　　例：i had been asked to the party the day before.

　　另外,含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成為：情態(tài)動詞+助動詞be +及物動詞的過去分詞.

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